Pregnancy in women with mitochondrial disease-A literature review and suggested guidance for preconception and pregnancy care.

Mitochondrial donation to reduce the risk of primary mitochondrial disease transmission from mother to child is now permitted under Australian law as part of a clinical trial. The energy demands of pregnancy have the potential to worsen mitochondrial disease symptoms and severity in affected women. We conducted a systematic literature review on mitochondrial disease in pregnancy; five cohort studies and 19 case reports were included. For many women with mitochondrial disease, pregnancy does not have a negative effect on health status. However, serious adverse outcomes may occur. We provide suggested guidelines for preconception counselling and antenatal care.

Cerebellar ataxia, neuropathy and vestibular areflexia syndrome (CANVAS): genetic and clinical aspects.

Cerebellar ataxia, neuropathy and vestibular areflexia syndrome (CANVAS) typically presents in middle life with a combination of neuropathy, ataxia and vestibular disease, with patients reporting progressive imbalance, oscillopsia, sensory disturbance and a dry cough. Examination identifies a sensory neuropathy or neuronopathy and bilaterally impaired vestibulo-ocular reflex. The underlying genetic basis is of biallelic AAGGG expansions in the second intron of replication factor complex subunit 1 (RFC1). The frequency and phenotype spectrum of RFC1 disease is expanding, ranging from typical CANVAS to site-restricted variants affecting the sensory nerves, cerebellum and/or the vestibular system. Given the wide phenotype spectrum of RFC1, the differential diagnosis is broad. RFC1 disease due to biallelic AAGGG expansions is probably the most common cause of recessive ataxia. The key to suspecting the disease (and prompt genetic testing) is a thorough clinical examination assessing the three affected systems and noting the presence of chronic cough.

Low Prevalence of NOTCH2NLC GGC Repeat Expansion in White Patients with Movement Disorders.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of the GGC-repeat expansion in NOTCH2NLC in whites presenting with movement disorders. METHODS: We searched for the GGC-repeat expansion in NOTCH2NLC using repeat-primed polymerase chain reaction in 203 patients with essential tremor, 825 patients with PD, 194 patients with spinocerebellar ataxia, 207 patients with "possible" or "probable" MSA, and 336 patients with pathologically confirmed MSA. We also screened 30,008 patients enrolled in the 100,000 Genomes Project for the same mutation using ExpansionHunter, followed by repeat-primed polymerase chain reaction. All possible expansions were confirmed by Southern blotting and/or long-read sequencing. RESULTS: We identified 1 patient who carried the NOTCH2NLC mutation in the essential tremor cohort, and 1 patient presenting with recurrent encephalopathy and postural tremor/parkinsonism in the 100,000 Genomes Project. CONCLUSIONS: GGC-repeat expansion in NOTCH2NLC is rare in whites presenting with movement disorders. In addition, existing whole-genome sequencing data are useful in case ascertainment. © 2020 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

A Maori specific RFC1 pathogenic repeat configuration in CANVAS, likely due to a founder allele.

Cerebellar ataxia with neuropathy and bilateral vestibular areflexia syndrome (CANVAS) is a recently recognized neurodegenerative disease with onset in mid- to late adulthood. The genetic basis for a large proportion of Caucasian patients was recently shown to be the biallelic expansion of a pentanucleotide (AAGGG)n repeat in RFC1. Here, we describe the first instance of CANVAS genetic testing in New Zealand Maori and Cook Island Maori individuals. We show a novel, possibly population-specific CANVAS configuration (AAAGG)10-25(AAGGG)exp, which was the cause of CANVAS in all patients. There were no apparent phenotypic differences compared with European CANVAS patients. Presence of a common disease haplotype among this cohort suggests this novel repeat expansion configuration is a founder effect in this population, which may indicate that CANVAS will be especially prevalent in this group. Haplotype dating estimated the most recent common ancestor at ∼1430 ce. We also show the same core haplotype as previously described, supporting a single origin of the CANVAS mutation.

A novel RFC1 repeat motif (ACAGG) in two Asia-Pacific CANVAS families.

Cerebellar ataxia, neuropathy and vestibular areflexia syndrome (CANVAS) is a progressive late-onset, neurological disease. Recently, a pentanucleotide expansion in intron 2 of RFC1 was identified as the genetic cause of CANVAS. We screened an Asian-Pacific cohort for CANVAS and identified a novel RFC1 repeat expansion motif, (ACAGG)exp, in three affected individuals. This motif was associated with additional clinical features including fasciculations and elevated serum creatine kinase. These features have not previously been described in individuals with genetically-confirmed CANVAS. Haplotype analysis showed our patients shared the same core haplotype as previously published, supporting the possibility of a single origin of the RFC1 disease allele. We analysed data from >26 000 genetically diverse individuals in gnomAD to show enrichment of (ACAGG) in non-European populations.

Cerebellar ataxia, neuropathy, vestibular areflexia syndrome due to RFC1 repeat expansion.

Ataxia, causing imbalance, dizziness and falls, is a leading cause of neurological disability. We have recently identified a biallelic intronic AAGGG repeat expansion in replication factor complex subunit 1 (RFC1) as the cause of cerebellar ataxia, neuropathy, vestibular areflexia syndrome (CANVAS) and a major cause of late onset ataxia. Here we describe the full spectrum of the disease phenotype in our first 100 genetically confirmed carriers of biallelic repeat expansions in RFC1 and identify the sensory neuropathy as a common feature in all cases to date. All patients were Caucasian and half were sporadic. Patients typically reported progressive unsteadiness starting in the sixth decade. A dry spasmodic cough was also frequently associated and often preceded by decades the onset of walking difficulty. Sensory symptoms, oscillopsia, dysautonomia and dysarthria were also variably associated. The disease seems to follow a pattern of spatial progression from the early involvement of sensory neurons, to the later appearance of vestibular and cerebellar dysfunction. Half of the patients needed walking aids after 10 years of disease duration and a quarter were wheelchair dependent after 15 years. Overall, two-thirds of cases had full CANVAS. Sensory neuropathy was the only manifestation in 15 patients. Sixteen patients additionally showed cerebellar involvement, and six showed vestibular involvement. The disease is very likely to be underdiagnosed. Repeat expansion in RFC1 should be considered in all cases of sensory ataxic neuropathy, particularly, but not only, if cerebellar dysfunction, vestibular involvement and cough coexist.

Psychometric Testing of Three Chinese Online-Related Addictive Behavior Instruments among Hong Kong University Students.

Given that there is a lack of instruments assessing internet-related addictions among Chinese population, this study aimed to validate the Chinese version of the nine-item Internet Gaming Disorder Scales- Short Form (IGDS-SF9), Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS), and Smartphone Application-Based Addiction Scale (SABAS) among Hong Kong university students. Participants aged between 17 and 30 years participated in the present study (n = 307; 32.4% males; mean [SD] age = 21.64 [8.11]). All the participants completed the IGDS-SF9, BSMAS, SABAS, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) were used to examine the factorial structures and the unidimensionality for IGDS-SF9, BSMAS, and SABAS. CFAs demonstrated that the three scales were all unidimensional with satisfactory fit indices: comparative fit index = 0.969 to 0.992. In addition, the IGDS-SF9 and BSMAS were slightly modified based on the modification index in CFA. The Chinese IGDS-SF9, BSMAS, and SABAS are valid instruments to assess the addiction levels of internet-related activities for Hong Kong university students.

PPP2R5D heterozygous pathogenic variant causes early-onset parkinsonism and treatment implications: A case report.

Neurodevelopmental disorders with early-onset parkinsonism have diverse genetic aetiologies and can mimic Parkinson's disease. We report the clinical evaluation and neuroimaging studies of a woman with intellectual disability and levodopa-responsive akinetic rigid parkinsonism. Whole-genome sequencing of family trio identified a de novo missense variant in PPP2R5D in the proband.

POLR3A-related disorders: From spastic ataxia to generalised dystonia and long-term efficacy of deep brain stimulation.

While biallelic POLR3A loss-of-function variants are traditionally linked to hypomyelinating leukodystrophy, patients with a specific splice variant c.1909+22G>A manifest as adolescent-onset spastic ataxia without overt leukodystrophy. In this study, we reported eight new cases, POLR3A-related disorder with c.1909+22 variant. One of these patients showed expanded phenotypic spectrum of generalised dystonia and her sister remained asymptomatic except for hypodontia. Two patients with dystonic arm tremor responded to deep brain stimulation. In our systemic literature review, we found that POLR3A-related disorder with c.1909+22 variant has attenuated disease severity but frequency of dystonia and upper limb tremor did not differ among genotypes.

Prevalence and Characterization of NOTCH2NLC GGC Repeat Expansions in Koreans: From a Hospital Cohort Analysis to a Population-Wide Study.

Background and Objectives: GGC repeat expansions in the NOTCH2NLC gene are associated with a broad spectrum of progressive neurologic disorders, notably, neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease (NIID). We aimed to investigate the population-wide prevalence and clinical manifestations of NOTCH2NLC-related disorders in Koreans. Methods: We conducted a study using 2 different cohorts from the Korean population. Patients with available brain MRI scans from Seoul National University Hospital (SNUH) were thoroughly reviewed, and NIID-suspected patients presenting the zigzag edging signs underwent genetic evaluation for NOTCH2NLC repeats by Cas9-mediated nanopore sequencing. In addition, we analyzed whole-genome sequencing data from 3,887 individuals in the Korea Biobank cohort to estimate the distribution of the repeat counts in Koreans and to identify putative patients with expanded alleles and neurologic phenotypes. Results: In the SNUH cohort, among 90 adult-onset leukoencephalopathy patients with unknown etiologies, we found 20 patients with zigzag edging signs. Except for 2 diagnosed with fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome and 2 with unavailable samples, all 16 patients (17.8%) were diagnosed with NIID (repeat range: 87-217). By analyzing the Korea Biobank cohort, we estimated the distribution of repeat counts and threshold (>64) for Koreans, identifying 6 potential patients with NIID. Furthermore, long-read sequencing enabled the elucidation of transmission and epigenetic patterns of NOTCH2NLC repeats within a family affected by pediatric-onset NIID. Discussion: This study presents the population-wide distribution of NOTCH2NLC repeats and the estimated prevalence of NIID in Koreans, providing valuable insights into the association between repeat counts and disease manifestations in diverse neurologic disorders.

Spinocerebellar ataxia: an update.

Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) is a heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative ataxic disorders with autosomal dominant inheritance. We aim to provide an update on the recent clinical and scientific progresses in SCA where numerous novel genes have been identified with next-generation sequencing techniques. The main disease mechanisms of these SCAs include toxic RNA gain-of-function, mitochondrial dysfunction, channelopathies, autophagy and transcription dysregulation. Recent studies have also demonstrated the importance of DNA repair pathways in modifying SCA with CAG expansions. In addition, we summarise the latest technological advances in detecting known and novel repeat expansion in SCA. Finally, we discuss the roles of antisense oligonucleotides and RNA-based therapy as potential treatments.

Biallelic expansion of an intronic repeat in RFC1 is a common cause of late-onset ataxia.

Late-onset ataxia is common, often idiopathic, and can result from cerebellar, proprioceptive, or vestibular impairment; when in combination, it is also termed cerebellar ataxia, neuropathy, vestibular areflexia syndrome (CANVAS). We used non-parametric linkage analysis and genome sequencing to identify a biallelic intronic AAGGG repeat expansion in the replication factor C subunit 1 (RFC1) gene as the cause of familial CANVAS and a frequent cause of late-onset ataxia, particularly if sensory neuronopathy and bilateral vestibular areflexia coexist. The expansion, which occurs in the poly(A) tail of an AluSx3 element and differs in both size and nucleotide sequence from the reference (AAAAG)11 allele, does not affect RFC1 expression in patient peripheral and brain tissue, suggesting no overt loss of function. These data, along with an expansion carrier frequency of 0.7% in Europeans, implies that biallelic AAGGG expansion in RFC1 is a frequent cause of late-onset ataxia.