Mind the Gap: Women and Acute Myocardial Infarctions-An Integrated Review of Literature.

Mortality rates of women suffering from an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) are high, and in young women are on the rise. The goal of this review is to investigate what is known about women's experience of AMI symptoms. By exploring the complexity and intersections evident in the literature though an integrative literature review process, it becomes apparent that the problem involves deeper contextual influences arisingfrom women's situation in society. Keyfindings in this review suggest that not recognizing the risk or symptoms of an AMI can lead to delayed health care seeking behaviours, and warrants the need for further education. Awareness of these findings has implications for women's health outcomes and mortality rates. This review adds value to clinical practice by reifying the potential gaps in knowledge currently available to women and health care providers, and suggests filling these gaps with new more inclusive ways of knowing surrounding this phenomenon.

A Relational Approach to Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Generator Replacement: An Integrative Review of the Role of Nursing in Shared Decision-Making.

BACKGROUND: Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) implantation rates are increasing as advances in heart failure and arrhythmia management progress. Consequently, the number of ICD generator replacements is rising and ICD replacement is an opportune time for shared decision-making (SDM). Nurses should have distinct roles and responsibilities in SDM processes. OBJECTIVES: To use a relational lens to localize the role of the nurse in SDM, and recommend ways in which nurses can be involved in SDM. METHODS: An integrative review of 17 articles was conducted to determine the role of nurses in SDM. RESULTS: Our analysis revealedfour themes that helped us articulate nurse involvement in SDM; knowledge as a basis for SDM, sharing power in the nurse-patient relationship, utilization of decisional support strategies, and communication. CONCLUSION: Our findings support the participation of nurses in SDM. Nursing implications are offered, specifically for the management of patients facing ICD replacement.

Writing history: case study of the university of Victoria School of Nursing.

A historical examination of a nursing curriculum is a bridge between past and present from which insights to guide curriculum development can be gleaned. In this paper, we use the case study method to examine how the University of Victoria School of Nursing (UVic SON), which was heavily influenced by the ideology of second wave feminism, contributed to a change in the direction of nursing education from task-orientation to a content and process orientation. This case study, informed by a feminist lens, enabled us to critically examine the introduction of a "revolutionary" caring curriculum at the UVic SON. Our research demonstrates the fault lines and current debates within which a feminist informed curriculum continues to struggle for legitimacy and cohesion. More work is needed to illuminate the historical basis of these debates and to understand more fully the complex landscape that has constructed the social and historical position of women and nursing in Canadian society today.

Defining the Exposome Using Popular Education and Concept Mapping With Communities in Atlanta, Georgia.

Introduction: The exposome concept provides a framework to better incorporate the environment into the study of health and disease and has been defined by academics to encompass all lifetime exposures including toxicants, diet, and lifestyle choices. However, initial applications of the exposome concept have been less apt at measuring social determinants of health, focusing primarily on conventional environmental exposures and lifestyle choices that do not reflect the complex lived experience of many communities. To bring community voice into the exposome concept, the HERCULES Exposome Research Center and its Stakeholder Advisory Board co-developed the Exposome Roadshow. We present and discuss the resulting community-exposome definition to inform and improve exposome research. Materials and Methods: Four communities from distinct areas across metro-Atlanta participated in separate 2-day Exposome Roadshow workshops with concept mapping. Aligned with a popular education approach in which community knowledge is used to work collectively for change, concept mapping provided a systematic method to collect and visualize community members' knowledge and create a shared understanding to take action. Community members brainstormed, sorted, and rated their responses to the prompt: "What in your environment is affecting your and your community's health?" Responses were analyzed and visually depicted by concept maps consisting of separate but interrelated clusters of ideas. Community members discussed and validated the maps, selecting a final map illustrating their community's exposome. Results: A total of 118 community members completed concept mapping. On average communities identified 7 clusters to define their exposome. The resulting concept maps offer a community definition of the exposome. Five major themes arose across all four communities: conventional environmental concerns, built environment, social relationships, crime and safety, and individual health and behaviors. Discussion: The resulting community-exposome definition demonstrates the importance of expanding the scope of exposures beyond traditional environmental influences to include the lived experience of individuals and communities. While newer exposome definitions align more closely with this community definition, traditional exposome methods do not routinely include these factors. To truly capture the totality of lifetime exposures and improve human health, researchers should incorporate community perspectives into exposome research.

Patients' perception of their experience of primary percutaneous intervention for ST segment elevation myocardial infarction.

Many patients experiencing ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) are currently treated with primary percutaneous intervention (PCI). This relatively new procedure has reduced the time patients with the diagnosis of STEMI spend in hospital. In this literature review we explore patients' perceptions of their experience of receiving primary percutaneous intervention (PCI) as a treatment for STEMI. We critiqued and graded for relevance 10 papers that included original research and other sources. Key findings indicate that there is considerable variability in how patients treated for STEMI perceive the experience of PCI. Further, there is a misalignment between some patients' perceptions and health professionals' perceptions of this experience related to the event as well as the language used to speak of it. Thus, we recommend that nurses assess patients' perception of the experience and patients' health literacy level, then tailor the content and language of patient and family education to ensure an effective educative intervention.

Developing palliative care competencies for the education of entry level baccalaureate prepared Canadian nurses.

Educational preparation of health professionals for Palliative and End of Life Care (PEOLC) is inadequate, and nurses are no exception. In 2004, the Canadian Association of Schools of Nursing struck a Task Force to develop PEOLC competencies to address this issue. The development of national PEOLC nursing competencies involved a multi-step, emergent, interactive, and iterative process. An overarching principle guiding this process was building national consensus about the essential PEOLC specific competencies for nurses among experts in this field while simultaneously generating, revising, and refining them. There have been three stages in this iterative, multi-step process: 1) Generating a preliminary set of competencies, 2) Building a national consensus among educators and experts in the field on PEOLC specific competencies for nurses, and 3) Refining the consensus based competencies for curriculum development. Ongoing follow up work for this project is focusing on the integration of these competencies into nursing curricula.

Igniting an agenda for health promotion for women: critical perspectives, evidence-based practice, and innovative knowledge translation.

Health promotion is a set of strategies for positively influencing health through a range of individual, community-based, and population interventions. Despite international recognition that gender is a primary determinant of health and that gender roles can negatively affect health, the health promotion field has not yet articulated how to integrate gender theoretically or practically into its vision. For example, interventions often fail to critically consider women's or men's diverse social locations, gender-based power relations, or sex-based differences in health status. Yet without such analyses, interventions can result in the accommodation or exploitation of gender relations that disadvantage women and compromise their health. In this paper, we seek to ignite an agenda for health promotion for women. We discuss the need for a conceptual framework that includes a sex-gender-diversity analysis and critically considers 'what counts' as health promotion to guide the development and implementation of evidence-based practice. We also consider how innovative knowledge translation practices, technology developments and action research can advance this agenda in ways that foster the participation of a wide range of stakeholders.

Using participatory research to challenge the status quo for women's cardiovascular health.

Cardiovascular health research has been dominated by medical and patriarchal paradigms, minimizing a broader perspective of causes of disease. Socioeconomic status as a risk for cardiovascular disease is well established by research, yet these findings have had little influence. Participatory research (PR) that frames mixed method research has potential to bring contextualized clinically relevant findings into program planning and policy-making arenas toward developing meaningful health and social policies relevant to primary prevention. In this article we provide an overview of a PR program that included two quantitative and one qualitative studies and then we discuss lessons learned. The PR process we found was empowering for lone mothers, and transformative for lone mothers and researchers. Further, PR as an approach to research opened spaces in practice and policy-making arenas to raise upstream issues relevant to the health of low income lone mothers. We conclude that while PR is an effective approach to social determinants research, as a time-intensive endeavor, and one that does not easily align with research tradition, researchers must consider the strengths and drawbacks of PR when planning to implement such an approach.

Families and heart transplantation: reversing the trajectory of end stage heart disease.

UNLABELLED: Family caregiving is central in the heart transplant (HT) process. METHOD: Using a constructivist grounded theory approach, study data were collected from 12 health professionals and 15 families in which one member was a HT recipient throughout three phases of the HT process. FINDINGS: Our interpretations suggest that family caregiving contributes to "reversing the downward trajectory" of end stage heart disease. This impacts the health of caregivers and disrupted family life. In some families, this caregiving work contributed to a smooth and uncomplicated recovery, while for others caregiving work was demanding and prolonged, or their loved one succumbed. Families reported that access to system-level supports for family caregiving varied. CONCLUSION: Family caregiving is an important factor in a successful recovery from HT. To ensure effective family caregiving, support should be available to family members in this role across all stages of the HT process.

Nurse Educator Pathway Project: a competency-based intersectoral curriculum.

In this paper, we begin by providing an overview of the Educator Pathway Project (EPP), an education infrastructure that was developed in response to emerging critical nursing workplace issues, and the related demand for enhanced workplace education. We then describe the EPP competency-based curriculum designed to prepare nurses as preceptors, mentors, and educators to lead learning with diverse learner groups. This competency-based curriculum was developed through a collaboration of nurse leaders across practice, academic, and union sectors and drew from a widely embraced curriculum development model (Iwasiw, Goldenberg, & Andrusyzyn, 2005). The goal of the curriculum was to prepare nurses through a four-level career pathway model that contextualized practice and education theory to various education-related roles and levels of experience within the practice setting. Over 1,100 nurses participated in this innovative intersectoral nursing initiative.

Implementation of a Community Grant Program to Address Community-Driven Environmental Health Concerns.

Community-engaged approaches to research can increase trust, enhance the relevance and use of research, address issues of equity and justice, and increase community knowledge and capacity. The HERCULES Exposome Research Center sought to engage local Atlanta communities to learn about and address their self-identified environmental health concerns. To do this, HERCULES and their stakeholder partners collaboratively developed a community grant program. The program was evaluated using mixed qualitative methods that included document review and semi-structured interviews. This paper presents the development, implementation, and evaluation of the grant program. HERCULES awarded one-year grants of $2,500 to 12 organizations within the Atlanta region, for a total 13 grants and $32,500 in funding. Grantees reported accomplishments related to community knowledge, awareness, and engagement in addition to material accomplishments. All grantees planned to sustain their programs, and some received additional funding to do so. Some grantees remained actively involved with HERCULES beyond the grant program. The HERCULES Community Grant Program was able to increase awareness of HERCULES among applicant communities, establish or enhance relationships with community-based organizations, and identify local environmental health concerns while providing tangible results for grantees and the communities they serve. Mini-grant programs are a feasible approach to address community environmental health and establish new relationships. This model may benefit others who aim to establish community-academic relationships while addressing community health concerns.

Cost and Visit Duration of Same-Day Access at an Academic Ophthalmology Department vs Emergency Department.

Importance: Convenient outpatient access for ophthalmology patients seeking urgent care could offer savings compared with an emergency department (ED) visit. Objective: To evaluate the costs and visit durations of same-day access (SDA) in an ophthalmology department at an academic medical center vs ED care. Design, Setting, and Participants: This single-center study was a retrospective quality improvement analysis of an institutional electronic medical record system at the Wilmer Eye Institute clinics and the Johns Hopkins Hospital ED. On June 1, 2015, the Wilmer Eye Institute and Johns Hopkins Hospital initiated an official policy of providing SDA to patients calling for appointments (ie, the same-day project). All ophthalmology clinic locations created same-day appointment slots for at least 1 practitioner. In recognition of seasonal variations in patient visit volumes, the 10 months before implementation (August 1, 2014, to May 31, 2015) were compared with complementary periods in 2015 to 2016 and 2016 to 2017. Main Outcomes and Measures: The study tabulated encounters, charges, and visit length for outpatients seen on the same day or by previously scheduled appointments. For the ED patients, volume, diagnoses, charges, and length of stay data were collected. The numbers of SDA patients who indicated urgency were tabulated. Results: The number of SDA patients increased from 22 781 to 26 579 for the first year after SDA implementation. The mean charge was $258 (95% CI, $250-$266; median, $184; interquartile range [IQR], $175-$320), and the mean clinic transit time was 1.55 hours (95% CI, 1.54-1.57 hours; median, 1.28 hours). For patients seeking eye care in the ED, the mean professional fee was $401 (95% CI, $390-$411; median, $360; IQR, $255-$500), the mean (SD) total hospital charge was $1040 ($999) (95% CI, $729-$1079; median, $1002; IQR, $334-$1429), and the mean length of stay was 7.30 hours (95% CI, 7.01-7.57 hours; median, 7.20 hours). The top 4 ophthalmic diagnoses for ED patients were conjunctivitis, cornea abrasion, iritis, and visual loss, which were unchanged after SDA implementation. In calendar year 2017, a total of 4062 SDA patients reported urgency; their estimated savings in charges compared with an ED visit were $580 866 in professional fees and $3 176 484 in hospital charges. Conclusions and Relevance: Same-day access appears to be less expensive and to require less time in the health care system than a visit to the ED for an ophthalmic diagnosis. Substantial savings in time and money might be achieved if urgent eye care is delivered in the clinic rather than the ED.

Research Competencies Assessment Instrument for Nurses: Preliminary Psychometric Properties.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Clinician research competencies influence research use for evidence-based practice (EBP). We aimed to develop, refine, and psychometrically assess the Research Competencies Assessment Instrument for Nurses (RCAIN) to measure registered nurse research competencies (i.e., knowledge, skills, attitudes) focused on EBP-related domains: research process, knowledge synthesis, and knowledge translation activities. METHODS: The preliminary psychometrics (face, content, construct/criterion validity) were evaluated based on 63 completed surveys. RESULTS: The Cronbach's α coefficients were .871, .813, and .946 for each domain, respectively; interitem correlations ranged from .472 to .833 (explained variance: 68.5%). Three components/factors revealed: comprehension of and skills required in research process and application of knowledge and skills. The revised RCAIN consists of 19 five-point Likert-type questions. CONCLUSIONS: The RCAIN assesses modifiable characteristics and explains variance in practice, health system, and patient outcomes. Further assessments are underway.

Out of the mainstream: low-income, lone mothers' life experiences and perspectives on heart health.

Cardiovascular disease remains a health issue in North America, particularly for marginalized citizens. Although lifestyle issues and behavioral risk reduction continue to dominate prevention initiatives, an emerging literature suggests that contextual factors such as poverty and social exclusion also influence health. Using group and personal interviews (N = 38), this research explored the social and economic contexts shaping heart health-related experiences from the perspectives of low-income, lone mothers. The transcripts were analyzed using McKinlay and Marceau's upstream-midstream-downstream framework. The overriding pattern characterizing lone mothers' discussions was that the women felt out of the mainstream of everyday life. They lacked the resources and power to effect change, particularly regarding heart health behaviors that were not perceived to be a priority compared to more pressing survival issues. Results are discussed in terms of concepts from the population health and social determinants literature, concluding with policy implications for enhancing health while living in poverty.

Prevalence of acute and prodromal myocardial infarctions symptoms in adult women with confirmed diagnoses: a systematic review protocol.

REVIEW QUESTION/OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this review is to systematically review literature to determine the period of prevalence of prodromal and acute symptoms experienced by adult women diagnosed with an acute myocardial infarction (AMI).More specifically, the objective of this descriptive review is to assess the prevalence and describe the distribution of prodromal and acute symptoms experienced by adult women during an AMI event, evident in documented literature between 1994 and the present date.The specific question for this review is: how common and how are prodromal and acute symptoms of an AMI distributed in adult women diagnosed with an AMI? CENTER CONDUCTING THE REVIEW: University of Victoria and the Queen's Joanna Briggs Collaboration for Patient Safety: a Collaborating Centre of the Joanna Briggs Institute.

Changes in blood pressure among users of lay health worker or volunteer operated community-based blood pressure programs over time: a systematic review protocol.

REVIEW QUESTION/OBJECTIVE: The objective of this review is to identify studies reporting on lay health worker- or volunteer-led community-based programs for blood pressure screening and cardiovascular awareness in order to determine if these programs contribute to changes in blood pressure among participants over time.The specific question for this review is: What are the changes in blood pressure among adult users of community-based blood pressure screening and awareness programs operated by lay health workers or volunteers as measured by the differences in systolic and diastolic blood pressure between the user's first visit to the program and their last visit to the program? BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular diseases, such as stroke and heart disease, are quickly becoming global diseases manifesting in countries and communities where they traditionally had not been widespread. The World Health Organization (WHO) has reported that "in the Asia/Pacific region, [cardiovascular disease] has become increasingly prevalent in recent decades, and now accounts for about one third of all deaths". One risk factor that can lead to cardiovascular disease is hypertension. Based on WHO data from 2008, hypertension is now a global problem affecting 27% of the population 25 years of age or older.The risk for cardiovascular disease also appears to be higher among people in urban areas. A recent United Nations population report indicates that in the next 40 years we could see an increase in the world's population by 2.3 billion people. The majority of these people will be residing in urban areas, particularly in developing nations. Between 2011 and 2050, "the population living in urban areas is projected to gain 2.6 billion, passing from 3.6 billion in 2011 to 6.3 billion in 2050". Population growth in urban areas is therefore not only projected to include the expected population growth but also expected to include a shift of rural population to urban centers and "most of the population growth expected in urban areas will be concentrated in the cities and towns of the less developed regions". This growth of urban areas has the potential to put enormous pressures on health care systems that are already struggling to cope with the rapid increase in diseases thought to be more prevalent in Western societies, such as cardiovascular diseases.Hypertension may be difficult to treat due to a number of factors. Globally, access to antihypertensive medications, hypertension screening, and access to medical care vary from one country to another. Lifestyle factors, such as salt and alcohol consumption, stress, smoking, body weight, and exercise, are risk factors for hypertension that may be influenced by culture, which can in turn support or hinder lifestyle decisions that could significantly affect blood pressure. Hypertension, however, is easy to detect. A trained person with access to a low-cost sphygmomanometer can detect abnormal blood pressures quickly; however, access to trained personnel is not universally guaranteed. Globally - according to one model of skilled health care worker density and total requirement offered for discussion by the Global Health Workforce Alliance and WHO - there could currently be an estimated shortage of over seven million skilled health care workers (midwifes, nurses and physicians), as measured against a theoretical density of skilled health care workers to population. The shortage of skilled health care workers in this model could grow to over 12 million by 2035 if the assumptions of the model and population growth estimates are valid. Through rapid urbanization the potential for inequities in access to healthcare is also increased.Over the last few years, a number of community-based blood pressure screening and education initiatives have been established. These initiatives have been created either as part of research, as part of community outreach programs by publicly funded agencies, or as part of an outreach by not-for-profit organizations with a particular interest in reducing cardiovascular disease in specific hard-to-reach populations. Several systematic reviews have been conducted to assess different models for delivering services to people living with high blood pressure to assess community-based programs with a focus on cardiovascular disease, and to assess effectiveness of community health workers (CHW) in a variety of settings. These systematic reviews point to the importance of distinguishing between different categories of health care providers, their training and their roles in program delivery when assessing studies for possible inclusion in a systematic review.In a systematic review of studies from the US by Brownstein et al. focusing on the effectiveness of community health workers (CHWs) in the care of people with hypertension, this category of health care providers went under many different names. Community health workers in this review were defined as "any health workers who carried out functions related to health care deliver, were trained as part of an intervention, had no formal paraprofessional or professional designation, and had a relationship with the community being served". One of the findings from this review was the wide variety of formal training of the CHWs. In other parts of the world, a CHW might be defined differently. In their review of CHW-based programs focusing on children's health, Bhattacharyya, Winch, LeBan and Tien found that "in general CHWs are not paid salaries because the MOH (Ministry of Health) or donors do not consider salaries to be sustainable. Yet CHWs are often held accountable and supervised as if they were employees. Community health worker programs must recognize that CHWs are volunteers (emphasis in original), even if they receive small monetary or nonmonetary incentives. They are volunteering their time to serve the community". One Canadian model for delivering a cardiovascular awareness program designed to reach older adults through their primary care provider is based on volunteers with basic training to perform blood pressure measurements and cardiovascular health information.In a global review of a wide range of public health and health promotion initiatives operated by lay health workers from 2005, Lewin et al. identified over 40 different names or terms for a lay health worker. However, the definition of a lay health worker used by Lewin et al. is very similar to the definition of CHWs offered by Brownstein et al. Lewin et al.'s systematic review was the only study with a global focus that was located that reviewed studies of programs with a cardiovascular component using lay health workers. In this study, the sample size of studies focusing on lay health workers and cardiovascular disease was small (N=3) and the results from two of the studies were inconclusive to the point where the authors felt they could not pool the results.While a lay health worker may or may not receive some compensation for their work, volunteers in higher income areas of the world such as in North America typically do not receive any compensation. Volunteers, as observed by Bhattacharyya et al., are common in many parts of the world, and in some areas they provide delivery of programs and services that reach hundreds of thousands of individuals. One challenge for this systematic review will therefore be to isolate those programs that are delivered by lay health workers or volunteers who receive little or no compensation and programs where staff is paid. The importance of this distinction is on one hand related to cost - as observed by Bhattacharyya et al., many organizations responsible for delivery of community-based programs do not have funding for salaried staff. On the other hand there might be other factors in the relationship between a community being served by a program and the staff delivering the program. One such factor could be linked to the role of the person delivering the program as either a paid health care professional or an unpaid lay health worker or volunteer.Through this proposed JBI systematic review, the reviewers will focus on community-based blood pressure screening and health information programs delivered by either lay health workers or volunteers. Previous systematic reviews have indicated that programs focusing on blood pressure reduction delivered in a variety of settings and delivered by a variety of health care professionals might lower blood pressure among program participants over time. This systematic review will be limited to community-based programs rather than hospital or research facility-based programs, and to programs delivered by lay health workers or volunteers rather than programs delivered by paid community health workers, nurses or teams of health care providers under direction of a primary care provider. Compared to other recent systematic reviews which focused on studies with comparison groups and included few studies where lay health workers were involved, this systematic review will attempt to fill this gap in knowledge about programs delivered by lay health workers or volunteers by focusing on non-randomized controlled studies which report blood pressure changes over time in programs targeting the general population. Community-based programs might have a variety of designs with a number of different interventions, and where possible these designs and interventions will be identified and subgroup analysis conducted as appropriate. It is hoped that this systematic review can extend the work by Lewin et al. by identifying additional studies globally, focusing on programs delivered by lay health workers or volunteers but limited to studies reporting changes in blood pressure over time. Where possible, a meta-analysis of the changes in blood pressure over time among participants in these programs will be conducted. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)

Lone motherhood and risk for cardiovascular disease: the National Population Health Survey (NPHS), 1998-99.

PURPOSE: To examine whether lone parenthood among Canadian women is associated with risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). METHODS: The sample was from the National Population Health Survey (NPHS) and it included 2,184 mothers (women with dependent children < 18 years of age) of whom 478 were lone (22%) and 1,706 (78%) were partnered mothers. Descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regression were undertaken with weighted data. RESULTS: Compared to partnered mothers, lone mothers were significantly younger, and reported lower levels of education and income. Lone mothers reported significantly lower levels of health, less social support, and more distress and depression than partnered mothers. Further, lone mothers were significantly more likely to be smokers than partnered mothers. Odds ratios for being a lone mother and current smoker on social assistance in this analysis was 4.15 (95% CI 2.27-7.60), and for those reporting low or mid/high incomes respectively, were 2.99 (1.51-5.90) and 3.01 (1.93-4.70). There were no significant differences between the two groups for obesity or physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking is a significant CVD lifestyle risk for lone mothers. Smoking occurred in the context of considerable life stress, depression, and distress pointing to links between health behaviour, psychosocial factors, and CVD health. These results suggest that lone mothers are a key target group for primary prevention in the CVD field. Programs and policies that support lone mothers in their goals of attaining healthier lifestyles have the potential to contribute to the prevention of cardiovascular disease in Canadian women.