NIa-Pro of sugarcane mosaic virus targets Corn Cysteine Protease 1 (CCP1) to undermine salicylic acid-mediated defense in maize.

Papain-like cysteine proteases (PLCPs) play pivotal roles in plant defense against pathogen invasions. While pathogens can secrete effectors to target and inhibit PLCP activities, the roles of PLCPs in plant-virus interactions and the mechanisms through which viruses neutralize PLCP activities remain largely uncharted. Here, we demonstrate that the expression and activity of a maize PLCP CCP1 (Corn Cysteine Protease), is upregulated following sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) infection. Transient silencing of CCP1 led to a reduction in PLCP activities, thereby promoting SCMV infection in maize. Furthermore, the knockdown of CCP1 resulted in diminished salicylic acid (SA) levels and suppressed expression of SA-responsive pathogenesis-related genes. This suggests that CCP1 plays a role in modulating the SA signaling pathway. Interestingly, NIa-Pro, the primary protease of SCMV, was found to interact with CCP1, subsequently inhibiting its protease activity. A specific motif within NIa-Pro termed the inhibitor motif was identified as essential for its interaction with CCP1 and the suppression of its activity. We have also discovered that the key amino acids responsible for the interaction between NIa-Pro and CCP1 are crucial for the virulence of SCMV. In conclusion, our findings offer compelling evidence that SCMV undermines maize defense mechanisms through the interaction of NIa-Pro with CCP1. Together, these findings shed a new light on the mechanism(s) controlling the arms races between virus and plant.

Rapid functional activation of horizontally transferred eukaryotic intron-containing genes in the bacterial recipient.

Horizontal gene transfer has occurred across all domains of life and contributed substantially to the evolution of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Previous studies suggest that many horizontally transferred eukaryotic genes conferred selective advantages to bacterial recipients, but how these eukaryotic genes evolved into functional bacterial genes remained unclear, particularly how bacteria overcome the expressional barrier posed by eukaryotic introns. Here, we first confirmed that the presence of intron would inactivate the horizontally transferred gene in Escherichia coli even if this gene could be efficiently transcribed. Subsequent large-scale genetic screens for activation of gene function revealed that activation events could rapidly occur within several days of selective cultivation. Molecular analysis of activation events uncovered two distinct mechanisms how bacteria overcome the intron barrier: (i) intron was partially deleted and the resulting stop codon-removed mutation led to one intact foreign protein or (ii) intron was intactly retained but it mediated the translation initiation and the interaction of two split small proteins (derived from coding sequences up- and downstream of intron, respectively) to restore gene function. Our findings underscore the likelihood that horizontally transferred eukaryotic intron-containing genes could rapidly acquire functionality if they confer a selective advantage to the prokaryotic recipient.

Virus classification for viral genomic fragments using PhaGCN2.

Viruses are the most ubiquitous and diverse entities in the biome. Due to the rapid growth of newly identified viruses, there is an urgent need for accurate and comprehensive virus classification, particularly for novel viruses. Here, we present PhaGCN2, which can rapidly classify the taxonomy of viral sequences at the family level and supports the visualization of the associations of all families. We evaluate the performance of PhaGCN2 and compare it with the state-of-the-art virus classification tools, such as vConTACT2, CAT and VPF-Class, using the widely accepted metrics. The results show that PhaGCN2 largely improves the precision and recall of virus classification, increases the number of classifiable virus sequences in the Global Ocean Virome dataset (v2.0) by four times and classifies more than 90% of the Gut Phage Database. PhaGCN2 makes it possible to conduct high-throughput and automatic expansion of the database of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. The source code is freely available at https://github.com/KennthShang/PhaGCN2.0.

Patterns of perinatal polyunsaturated fatty acid status and associated dietary or candidate-genetic factors.

Perinatal exposure to omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) can be characterized through biomarkers in maternal or cord blood or breast milk. Objectives were to describe perinatal PUFA status combining multiple biofluids and to investigate how it was influenced by dietary intake during pregnancy and maternal FADS and ELOVL gene polymorphisms. This study involved 1,901 mother-child pairs from the EDEN cohort, with PUFA levels measured in maternal and cord erythrocytes, and colostrum. Maternal dietary PUFA intake during the last trimester was derived from a food frequency questionnaire. Twelve single-nucleotide polymorphisms in FADS and ELOVL genes were genotyped from maternal DNA. Principal component analysis incorporating PUFA levels from the three biofluids identified patterns of perinatal PUFA status. Spearman's correlations explored associations between patterns and PUFA dietary intake, and linear regression models examined pattern associations with FADS or ELOVL haplotypes. Five patterns were retained: "High omega-3 LC-PUFAs, low omega-6 LC-PUFAs"; "Omega-6 LC-PUFAs"; "Colostrum LC-PUFAs"; "Omega-6 precursor (LA) and DGLA"; "Omega-6 precursor and colostrum ALA". Maternal omega-3 LC-PUFA intakes were correlated with "High omega-3 LC-PUFAs, low omega-6 LC-PUFAs" (r(DHA) = 0.33) and "Omega-6 LC-PUFAs" (r(DHA) = -0.19) patterns. Strong associations were found between FADS haplotypes and PUFA patterns except for "High omega-3 LC-PUFAs, low omega-6 LC-PUFAs". Lack of genetic association with the "High omega-3 LC-PUFAs, low omega-6 LC-PUFAs" pattern, highly correlated with maternal omega-3 LC-PUFA intake, emphasizes the importance of adequate omega-3 LC-PUFA intake during pregnancy and lactation. This study offers a more comprehensive assessment of perinatal PUFA status and its determinants.

Long-term variations of urban-Rural disparities in infectious disease burden of over 8.44 million children, adolescents, and youth in China from 2013 to 2021: An observational study.

BACKGROUND: An accelerated epidemiological transition, spurred by economic development and urbanization, has led to a rapid transformation of the disease spectrum. However, this transition has resulted in a divergent change in the burden of infectious diseases between urban and rural areas. The objective of our study was to evaluate the long-term urban-rural disparities in infectious diseases among children, adolescents, and youths in China, while also examining the specific diseases driving these disparities. METHODS AND FINDINGS: This observational study examined data on 43 notifiable infectious diseases from 8,442,956 cases from individuals aged 4 to 24 years, with 4,487,043 cases in urban areas and 3,955,913 in rural areas. The data from 2013 to 2021 were obtained from China's Notifiable Infectious Disease Surveillance System. The 43 infectious diseases were categorized into 7 categories: vaccine-preventable, bacterial, gastrointestinal and enterovirus, sexually transmitted and bloodborne, vectorborne, zoonotic, and quarantinable diseases. The calculation of infectious disease incidence was stratified by urban and rural areas. We used the index of incidence rate ratio (IRR), calculated by dividing the urban incidence rate by the rural incidence rate for each disease category, to assess the urban-rural disparity. During the nine-year study period, most notifiable infectious diseases in both urban and rural areas exhibited either a decreased or stable pattern. However, a significant and progressively widening urban-rural disparity in notifiable infectious diseases was observed. Children, adolescents, and youths in urban areas experienced a higher average yearly incidence compared to their rural counterparts, with rates of 439 per 100,000 compared to 211 per 100,000, respectively (IRR: 2.078, 95% CI [2.075, 2.081]; p < 0.001). From 2013 to 2021, this disparity was primarily driven by higher incidences of pertussis (IRR: 1.782, 95% CI [1.705, 1.862]; p < 0.001) and seasonal influenza (IRR: 3.213, 95% CI [3.205, 3.220]; p < 0.001) among vaccine-preventable diseases, tuberculosis (IRR: 1.011, 95% CI [1.006, 1.015]; p < 0.001), and scarlet fever (IRR: 2.942, 95% CI [2.918, 2.966]; p < 0.001) among bacterial diseases, infectious diarrhea (IRR: 1.932, 95% CI [1.924, 1.939]; p < 0.001), and hand, foot, and mouth disease (IRR: 2.501, 95% CI [2.491, 2.510]; p < 0.001) among gastrointestinal and enterovirus diseases, dengue (IRR: 11.952, 95% CI [11.313, 12.628]; p < 0.001) among vectorborne diseases, and 4 sexually transmitted and bloodborne diseases (syphilis: IRR 1.743, 95% CI [1.731, 1.755], p < 0.001; gonorrhea: IRR 2.658, 95% CI [2.635, 2.682], p < 0.001; HIV/AIDS: IRR 2.269, 95% CI [2.239, 2.299], p < 0.001; hepatitis C: IRR 1.540, 95% CI [1.506, 1.575], p < 0.001), but was partially offset by lower incidences of most zoonotic and quarantinable diseases in urban areas (for example, brucellosis among zoonotic: IRR 0.516, 95% CI [0.498, 0.534], p < 0.001; hemorrhagic fever among quarantinable: IRR 0.930, 95% CI [0.881, 0.981], p = 0.008). Additionally, the overall urban-rural disparity was particularly pronounced in the middle (IRR: 1.704, 95% CI [1.699, 1.708]; p < 0.001) and northeastern regions (IRR: 1.713, 95% CI [1.700, 1.726]; p < 0.001) of China. A primary limitation of our study is that the incidence was calculated based on annual average population data without accounting for population mobility. CONCLUSIONS: A significant urban-rural disparity in notifiable infectious diseases among children, adolescents, and youths was evident from our study. The burden in urban areas exceeded that in rural areas by more than 2-fold, and this gap appears to be widening, particularly influenced by tuberculosis, scarlet fever, infectious diarrhea, and typhus. These findings underscore the urgent need for interventions to mitigate infectious diseases and address the growing urban-rural disparity.

High-Valence Metal Doping Induced Lattice Expansion for M-FeNi LDH toward Enhanced Urea Oxidation Electrocatalytic Activities.

The precise design of low-cost, efficient, and definite electrocatalysts is the key to sustainable renewable energy. The urea oxidation reaction (UOR) offers a promising alternative to the oxygen evolution reaction for energy-saving hydrogen generation. In this study, by tuning the lattice expansion, a series of M-FeNi layered double hydroxides (M-FeNi LDHs, M: Mo, Mn, V) with excellent UOR performance are synthesized. The hydrolytic transformation of Fe-MIL-88A is assisted by urea, Ni2+ and high-valence metals, to form a hollow M-FeNi LDH. Owing to the large atomic radius of the high-valence metal, lattice expansion is induced, and the electronic structure of the FeNi-LDH is regulated. Doping with high-valence metal is more favorable for the formation of the high-valence active species, NiOOH, for the UOR. Moreover, the hollow spindle structure promoted mass transport. Thus, the optimal Mo-FeNi LDH showed outstanding UOR electrocatalytic activity, with 1.32 V at 10 mA cm-2 . Remarkably, the Pt/C||Mo-FeNi LDH catalyst required a cell voltage of 1.38 V at 10 mA·cm-2 in urea-assisted water electrolysis. This study suggests a new direction for constructing nanostructures and modulating electronic structures, which is expected to ultimately lead to the development of a class of auxiliary electrocatalysts.

Improvement and exacerbation of multiple disparities in sexually transmitted infections among children and adolescents aged 6-22 years: An analysis of national surveillance data from 2013 to 2021.

To investigate the progress of disparities in human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), gonorrhea, and syphilis among children and adolescents aged 6-22 years in China during 2013-2021. A total of 614 325 cases data were extracted from the Chinese Information System for Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention during 2013-2021. Puberty health education data were drew from the Student Health Surveillance in 2021. Disparity patterns and average annual percentage changes (AAPCs) in sexually transmitted infections (STIs) incidence or new cases in China were examined using descriptive statistics and joinpoint regression. The incidence across 345 cities was stratified by gross domestic product (GDP). Between 2013 and 2021, there were 614 325 reported cases of HIV/AIDS, gonorrhea, and syphilis among children and adolescents aged 6-22, with an annual average incidence of 24.0967 per 100 000. The expansion of HIV/AIDS has halted, yet the surge in gonorrhea and syphilis remains notably pronounced. The ratio of male to female AIDS incidence increased from 2.75 (2.60, 2.90) to 7.13 (6.68, 7.62), but that of syphilis changed from 0.33 (0.32, 0.34) to 0.56 (0.55, 0.57). Students and out-of-school individuals aged 13-15 experienced a notably high increase in STI cases, surpassing other age groups, with an average annual percentage increase of 29.2% and 26.3%, respectively. Nonstudents consistently had a higher incidence rate than students, with an IRR reaching 31.80 (31.24, 32.37) in 2021. A noticeable clustering pattern of new cases emerged in the southeastern region of the Heihe-Tengchong line, extending inland from the coastal areas. Districts and counties with lower rates of puberty sexual health education tended to have higher average STI incidence rates. At the prefecture and city levels, there was a noticeable upward trend on average STI incidence rates in cities with per capita GDPs. Strategies to address those disparities include promoting equitable health education, and widespread sexual health education, particularly in areas with limited access to education and experiencing rapid economic development. The effectiveness of sexual health education intervention needs to be further evaluated in well-designed studies.

Hsa_circ_0004872 alleviates meningioma progression by sponging miR-190a-3p/PTEN signaling.

BACKGROUND: Meningioma, the most prevalent intracranial tumor, possesses a significant propensity for malignant transformation. Circular RNAs (circ-RNAs), a class of non-coding RNAs, have emerged as crucial players in tumorigenesis. This study explores the functional relevance of hsa_circ_0004872, a specific circ-RNA, in the context of meningioma. METHODS: Molecular structure and stability of hsa_circ_0004872 were elucidated through PCR identification. Meningioma cell proliferation and apoptosis were assessed using the CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry, respectively. Gene and protein expression were analyzed via qRT-PCR and western blot. Molecular interactions were confirmed through dual-luciferase reporter gene and RIP assays. RESULTS: Hsa_circ_0004872, derived from exons 2 to 4 of the host gene MAPK1, demonstrated enhanced stability compared to its host MAPK1. Clinical data described that hsa_circ_0004872 was reduced in meningioma tissues and cell lines, and negatively correlated to poor survival rate of meningioma patients. Overexpression of hsa_circ_0004872 exhibited inhibitory effects on cell proliferation and promotion of apoptosis in vitro. Subsequent investigations unveiled a direct interaction between hsa_circ_0004872 and miR-190a-3p, leading to the activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway through targeting PTEN. Notably, miR-190a-3p silence accelerated the apoptosis and proliferation inhibition of meningioma cells by inactivating PTEN/PI3K/AKT signaling, while miR-190a-3p overexpression showed an opposite effect, which greatly reversed the anti-tumor effects of hsa_circ_0004872 overexpression. CONCLUSION: In summary, our findings highlighted the intricate role of hsa_circ_0004872 in meningioma, shedding light on the regulatory mechanisms involving circ-RNAs in tumor progression. This positions hsa_circ_0004872 as a potential key regulatory factor in meningioma with implications for future therapeutic interventions.

Modeling disrupted synapse formation in wolfram syndrome using hESCs-derived neural cells and cerebral organoids identifies Riluzole as a therapeutic molecule.

Dysregulated neurite outgrowth and synapse formation underlie many psychiatric disorders, which are also manifested by wolfram syndrome (WS). Whether and how the causative gene WFS1 deficiency affects synapse formation remain elusive. By mirroring human brain development with cerebral organoids, WFS1-deficient cerebral organoids not only recapitulate the neuronal loss in WS patients, but also exhibit significantly impaired synapse formation and function associated with reduced astrocytes. WFS1 deficiency in neurons autonomously delays neuronal differentiation with altered expressions of genes associated with psychiatric disorders, and impairs neurite outgrowth and synapse formation with elevated cytosolic calcium. Intriguingly, WFS1 deficiency in astrocytes decreases the expression of glutamate transporter EAAT2 by NF-κB activation and induces excessive glutamate. When co-cultured with wildtype neurons, WFS1-deficient astrocytes lead to impaired neurite outgrowth and increased cytosolic calcium in neurons. Importantly, disrupted synapse formation and function in WFS1-deficient cerebral organoids and impaired neurite outgrowth affected by WFS1-deficient astrocytes are efficiently reversed with Riluzole treatment, by restoring EAAT2 expression in astrocytes. Furthermore, Riluzole rescues the depressive-like behavior in the forced swimming test and the impaired recognition and spatial memory in the novel object test and water maze test in Wfs1 conditional knockout mice. Altogether, our study provides novel insights into how WFS1 deficiency affects synapse formation and function, and offers a strategy to treat this disease.

Molecular Structures, Dipole Moments, and Electronic Properties of ß-HMX under External Electric Field from First-Principles Calculations.

In order to investigate the impact of an external electric field on the sensitivity of ß-HMX explosives, we employ first-principles calculations to determine the molecular structure, dipole moment, and electronic properties of both ß-HMX crystals and individual ß-HMX molecules under varying electric fields. When the external electric field is increasing along the [100], [010], and [001] crystallographic directions of ß-HMX, the calculation results indicate that an increase in the bond length (N1-N3/N1'-N3') of the triggering bond, an increase in the main Qnitro (N3, N3') value, an increase in the minimum surface electrostatic potential, and a decrease in band gap all contribute to a reduction in its stability. Among these directions, the [010] direction exhibits the highest sensitivity, which can be attributed to the significantly smaller effective mass along the [010] direction compared with the [001] and [100] directions. Moreover, the application of an external electric field along the Y direction of the coordinate system on individual ß-HMX molecules reveals that the strong polarization effect induced by the electric field enhances the decomposition of the N1-N3 bonds. In addition, due to the periodic potential energy of ß-HXM crystal, the polarization effect of ß-HMX crystal caused by an external electric field is much smaller than that of a single ß-HXM molecule.

Tandem gene duplication selected by activation of horizontally transferred gene in bacteria.

Horizontal gene transfer occurs frequently in bacteria, but the mechanism driving activation and optimization of the expression of horizontally transferred genes (HTGs) in new recipient strains is not clear. Our previous study found that spontaneous tandem DNA duplication resulted in rapid activation of HTGs. Here, we took advantage of this finding to develop a novel technique for tandem gene duplication, named tandem gene duplication selected by activation of horizontally transferred gene in bacteria (TDAH), in which tandem duplication was selected by the activation of horizontally transferred selectable marker gene. TDAH construction does not contain any reported functional elements based on homologous or site-specific recombination and DNA amplification. TDAH only contains an essential selectable marker for copy number selection and 9-bp-microhomology border sequences for precise illegitimate recombination. One transformation and 3 days were enough to produce a high-copy strain, so its procedure is simple and fast. Without subsequent knockout of the endogenous recombination system, TDAH could also generate the relatively stable high-copy tandem duplication for plasmid-carried and genome-integrated DNA. TDAH also showed an excellent capacity for increase gene expression and worked well in different industrial bacteria. We also applied TDAH to select the optimal high copy number of ribA for vitamin B2 production in E. coli; the yield was improved by 3.5 times and remained stable even after 12 subcultures. TDAH is a useful tool for recombinant protein production and expression optimization of biosynthetic pathways. KEY POINTS: • We develop a novel and efficient technique (TDAH) for tandem gene duplication in bacterium. TDAH is based on the mechanism of HTG rapid activation. TDAH does not contain any reported functional elements based on homologous recombination and DNA amplification. TDAH only contains an essential selectable marker for copy number selection, so its construction and procedure are very simple and fast. • TDAH is the first reported selected and stable tandem-gene-duplication technique in which the selected high-copy plasmid-carried and genome-integrated DNA could remain stable without the subsequent knockout of recombination system. • TDAH showed an excellent capacity for regulating gene expression and worked well in different industrial bacteria, indicating it is a useful tool for recombinant protein production and expression optimization of biosynthetic pathways. • TDAH was applied to select the optimal high copy number of ribA for vitamin B2 production in E. coli; the yield was improved by 3.5-fold and remained stable even after 12 subcultures.

Association between cooking patterns and the prevalence of hyperlipidemia in Eastern China.

BACKGROUND: Hyperlipidemia is a major risk factor for many diseases. Previous studies have shown that diet is closely associated with hyperlipidemia. However, the relationship between cooking methods and hyperlipidemia remains unclear. The objective of this study was to identify the major cooking patterns existing in the Eastern Chinese population and evaluate their association with the prevalence of hyperlipidemia. METHODS: We interviewed 4,710 residents in Eastern China regarding the consumption frequency of each cooking method when they prepare food at home or when eating out and regarding the prevalence of hyperlipidemia. Factor analysis, Chi-square tests, analysis of variance, and binary logistic regression analysis were used to identify the cooking patterns and analyze the characteristics of participants' categories of cooking patterns and the relationship between different cooking patterns and prevalence of hyperlipidemia. RESULTS: Three major cooking patterns were identified: Traditional Chinese, Bland (little or no oil is used to process the food), and High-temperature cooking patterns. After controlling for potential confounders, participants in the highest quartile of the Bland cooking pattern had lower odds of hyperlipidemia than those in the lowest quartile. Nevertheless, no significant associations were observed between the Traditional Chinese and High-temperature cooking patterns and the prevalence of hyperlipidemia. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the association between cooking patterns and the prevalence of hyperlipidemia and indicates that the Bland cooking pattern is associated with a reduced prevalence of hyperlipidemia.

The coevolution of bullying and friendship networks.

The coevolution of bullying and friendship networks and the moderating effects of classroom bullying popularity norms were examined in a sample of 965 students (52.1% boys) in 22 fourth- and fifth-grade classes. Longitudinal social network analysis showed that children were more likely to bully their friends' victims (bully influence effect) and to be bullied by their friends' bullies (victim influence effect); two children bullying the same child were likely to be friends (bully selection effect), and two victims bullied by the same child were likely to be friends (victim selection effect). Bullying popularity norms served as moderators, and the bully selection effect was significant weaker in the context of low bullying popularity norms. This study adds understanding of bullying as a group process and provides implications for preventing school bullying.

Copper-Mediated Oxidative Chloro- and Bromodifluoromethylation of Phenols.

The first oxidative chloro- and bromodifluoromethylation of phenols with (CH3)3SiCF2X and CuX (X = Cl or Br) in the presence of Selectfluor under mild reaction conditions was developed. This protocol provided a practical and efficient method for the synthesis of a diverse range of biologically valuable and synthetically challenging chloro- and bromodifluoromethyl aryl ethers. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest that this reaction proceeded through a difluorocarbene-involved oxidative coupling process.

The function of astrocytes and their role in neurological diseases.

Astrocytes have countless links with neurons. Previously, astrocytes were only considered a scaffold of neurons; in fact, astrocytes perform a variety of functions, including providing support for neuronal structures and energy metabolism, offering isolation and protection and influencing the formation, function and elimination of synapses. Because of these functions, astrocytes play an critical role in central nervous system (CNS) diseases. The regulation of the secretiory factors, receptors, channels and pathways of astrocytes can effectively inhibit the occurrence and development of CNS diseases, such as neuromyelitis optica (NMO), multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and Huntington's disease. The expression of aquaporin 4 in AS is directly related to NMO and indirectly involved in the clearance of Aß and tau proteins in AD. Connexin 43 has a bidirectional effect on glutamate diffusion at different stages of stroke. Interestingly, astrocytes reduce the occurrence of PD through multiple effects such as secretion of related factors, mitochondrial autophagy and aquaporin 4. Therefore, this review is focused on the structure and function of astrocytes and the correlation between astrocytes and CNS diseases and drug treatment to explore the new functions of astrocytes with the astrocytes as the target. This, in turn, would provide a reference for the development of new drugs to protect neurons and promote the recovery of nerve function.

Flower color polymorphism of a wild Iris on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau.

BACKGROUND: Flower color plays a crucial role in attracting pollinators and facilitating environmental adaptation. Investigating the causes of flower color polymorphism and understanding their potential effects on both ecology and genetics can enhance our understanding of flower color polymorphism in wild plant. RESULTS: In this study, we examined the differences of potential male and female fitness between purple- and yellow- flower individuals in Iris potaninii on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and screened key genes and positively selective genes involved in flower color change. Our results showed that yellow flower exhibited a higher pollen-to-ovule ratio. Yellow flowers were derived from purple flowers due to the loss of anthocyanins, and F3H could be an essential gene affecting flower color variation though expression regulation and sequence polymorphism in this species. Furthermore, our findings suggest that genes positively selected in yellow-flowered I. potaninii might be involved in nucleotide excision repair and plant-pathogen interactions. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that F3H induces the flower color variation of Iris potaninii, and the subsequent ecological and additive positive selection on yellow flowers may further enhance plant adaptations to alpine environments.

Higher temperature variability in deforested mountain regions impacts the competitive advantage of nocturnal species.

Deforestation is a major contributor to biodiversity loss, yet the impact of forest loss on daily microclimate variability and its implications for species with different daily activity patterns remain poorly understood. Using a recently developed microclimate model, we investigated the effects of deforestation on the daily temperature range (DTR) in low-elevation tropical regions and high-elevation temperate regions. Our results show that deforestation substantially increases DTR in these areas, suggesting a potential impact on species interactions. To test this hypothesis, we studied the competitive interactions between nocturnal burying beetles and all-day-active blowfly maggots in forested and deforested habitats in Taiwan. We show that deforestation leads to increased DTR at higher elevations, which enhances the competitiveness of blowfly maggots during the day and leads to a higher failure rate of carcass burial by the beetles at night. Thus, deforestation-induced temperature variability not only modulates exploitative competition between species with different daily activity patterns, but also likely exacerbates the negative impacts of climate change on nocturnal organisms. In order to limit potential adverse effects on species interactions and their ecological functions, our study highlights the need to protect forests, especially in areas where deforestation can greatly alter temperature variability.

Causality of genetically determined metabolites and metabolic pathways on osteoarthritis: a two-sample mendelian randomization study.

BACKGROUND: Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most prevalent musculoskeletal diseases and is the leading cause of pain and disability in the aged population. However, the underlying biological mechanism has not been fully understood. This study aims to reveal the causal effect of circulation metabolites on OA susceptibility. METHODS: A two-sample Mendelian Randomization (MR) analysis was performed to estimate the causality of GDMs on OA. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 486 metabolites was used as the exposure, whereas 8 different OA phenotypes, including any-site OA (All OA), knee and/or hip OA (knee/hip OA), knee OA, hip OA, spine OA, finger and/or thumb OA (hand OA), finger OA, thumb OA, were set the outcomes. Inverse-variance weighted (IVW) was used for calculating causal estimates. Methods including weight mode, weight median, MR-egger, and MR-PRESSO were used for the sensitive analysis. Furthermore, metabolic pathway analysis was performed via the web-based Metaconflict 4.0. All statistical analyses were performed in R software. RESULTS: In this MR analysis, a total of 235 causative associations between metabolites and different OA phenotypes were observed. After false discovery rate (FDR) correction and sensitive analysis, 9 robust causative associations between 7 metabolites (e.g., arginine, kynurenine, and isovalerylcarnitine) and 5 OA phenotypes were finally identified. Additionally, eleven significant metabolic pathways in 4 OA phenotypes were identified by metabolic pathway analysis. CONCLUSION: The finding of our study suggested that identified metabolites and metabolic pathways can be considered useful circulating metabolic biomarkers for OA screening and prevention in clinical practice, and can also serve as candidate molecules for future mechanism exploration and drug target selection.

Near-perfect quantitatively tunable Q factors of quasi-bound states in the continuum via material-based thermal-optic perturbations.

We successfully achieved high-Q dual-band quasi-bound states in the continuum (BICs) by introducing geometrical perturbations and thermally induced material perturbations into silicon half-disk nanodimers. Importantly, it is found that the Q factor obtained from the thermally induced material perturbations fits better with the inverse quadratic function of the asymmetry relation than that of the geometrical-perturbations-based system. Notably, we demonstrated that changes occurring at the sub-K scale can enable the simultaneous realization of the full width at half maximum offset distance for quasi-BICs and a maximum contrast ratio exceeding 44 dB. Our research provides novel, to the best of our knowledge, insights for potential applications in nano-lasers, temperature sensors, and infrared imaging.

N-Trifluoromethoxyphthalimide: A Shelf-Stable Reagent for Nucleophilic Trifluoromethoxylation.

Due to the unique properties of the OCF3 group, trifluoromethyl ether compounds play an important role in pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. Recently, considerable attention has been focused on the development of practical and convenient reagents for the direct incorporation of the OCF3 group into organic compounds. Herein, we reported a new trifluoromethoxylating reagent N-trifluoromethoxyphthalimide (Phth-OCF3). The reagent was a stable solid and released an OCF3 anion under mild reaction conditions. We demonstrated the application of Phth-OCF3 for the nucleophilic trifluoromethoxylation of various alkyl electrophiles.