RESUMEN
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Data on long-term tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) therapy for pregnant women with active chronic hepatitis B (CHB) (immune clearance and reactivation phases, currently and previously diagnosed) and their infants are lacking. METHODS: Pregnant women with active CHB treated with TAF and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) were enrolled in this multicenter prospective study, and infants received immunoprophylaxis. The primary outcomes were rates of adverse (safety) events in pregnant women and defects in infants and fetuses. The secondary outcomes were virologic responses in pregnant women, infants' safety, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) status, and growth conditions. RESULTS: One hundred three and 104 pregnant women were enrolled and 102 and 104 infants were born in the TAF and TDF groups, respectively. In the TAF group, the mean age, gestational age, alanine aminotransferase level, and viral loads at treatment initiation were 29.3 years, 1.3 weeks, 122.2 U/L, and 5.1 log10 IU/mL, respectively. TAF was well-tolerated, and the most common adverse event was nausea (29.1%) during a mean of 2 years of treatment. Notably, 1 (1.0%) TAF-treated pregnant woman underwent induced abortion due to noncausal fetal cleft lip and palate. No infants in either group had birth defects. In the TAF group, the hepatitis B e antigen seroconversion rate was 20.7% at postpartum month 6, infants had normal growth parameters, and no infants were positive for HBsAg at 7 months. The TDF group had comparable safety and effectiveness profiles. CONCLUSIONS: TAF administered throughout or beginning in early pregnancy is generally safe and effective for pregnant women with active CHB and their infants.
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Labio Leporino , Fisura del Paladar , Hepatitis B Crónica , Hepatitis B , Femenino , Humanos , Embarazo , Recién Nacido , Adulto , Antígenos de Superficie de la Hepatitis B , Hepatitis B Crónica/tratamiento farmacológico , Mujeres Embarazadas , Estudios Prospectivos , Labio Leporino/inducido químicamente , Labio Leporino/tratamiento farmacológico , Fisura del Paladar/inducido químicamente , Fisura del Paladar/tratamiento farmacológico , Tenofovir/efectos adversos , Adenina/efectos adversos , China , Antivirales/efectos adversos , Hepatitis B/diagnósticoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Few safety and effectiveness results have been published regarding the administration of tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (TAF) during pregnancy for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of hepatitis B virus (HBV). METHODS: In this multicenter prospective observational study, pregnant women with HBV DNA levels higher than 200â 000 IU/mL who received TAF or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) from gestational weeks 24-35 to delivery were 1:1 enrolled and followed until postpartum month 6. Infants received immunoprophylaxis. The primary endpoint was the safety of mothers and infants. The secondary endpoint was the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive rate at 7 months for infants. RESULTS: In total, 116 and 116 mothers were enrolled, and 117 and 116 infants were born, in the TAF and TDF groups, respectively. TAF was well tolerated during a mean treatment duration of 11.0 weeks. The most common maternal adverse event was nausea (19.0%). One (0.9%), 3 (2.6%), and 9 (7.8%) mothers had abnormal alanine aminotransferase levels at delivery and at postpartum months 3 and 6, respectively. The TDF group had safety profiles that were comparable to those of the TAF group. No infants had birth defects in either group. The infants' physical and neurological development at birth and at 7 months in the TAF group were comparable with those in the TDF group. The HBsAg positive rate was 0% at 7 months in all 233 infants. CONCLUSIONS: Antiviral prophylaxis with TAF was determined to be generally safe for both mothers and infants and reduced the MTCT rate to 0%.
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Hepatitis B Crónica , Hepatitis B , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo , Alanina , Antivirales/efectos adversos , Femenino , Hepatitis B/tratamiento farmacológico , Hepatitis B/prevención & control , Hepatitis B Crónica/tratamiento farmacológico , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Transmisión Vertical de Enfermedad Infecciosa/prevención & control , Embarazo , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/tratamiento farmacológico , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/prevención & control , Estudios Prospectivos , Tenofovir/análogos & derivados , Carga ViralRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Liver injuries have been reported in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study aimed to investigate the clinical role played by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). METHODS: In this multicentre, retrospective study, the parameters of liver function tests in COVID-19 inpatients were compared between various time-points in reference to SARS-CoV-2 shedding, and 3 to 7 days before the first detection of viral shedding was regarded as the reference baseline. RESULTS: In total, 70 COVID-19 inpatients were enrolled. Twenty-two (31.4%) patients had a self-medication history after illness. At baseline, 10 (14.3%), 7 (10%), 9 (12.9%), 2 (2.9%), 15 (21.4%), and 4 (5.7%) patients already had abnormal alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), albumin, and total bilirubin (TBIL) values, respectively. ALT and AST abnormal rates and levels did not show any significant dynamic changes during the full period of viral shedding (all p > 0.05). The GGT abnormal rate (p = 0.008) and level (p = 0.033) significantly increased on day 10 of viral shedding. Meanwhile, no simultaneous significant increases in abnormal ALP rates and levels were observed. TBIL abnormal rates and levels significantly increased on days 1 and 5 of viral shedding (all p < 0.05). Albumin abnormal decrease rates increased, and levels decreased consistently from baseline to SARS-CoV-2 clearance day (all p < 0.05). Thirteen (18.6%) patients had chronic liver disease, two of whom died. The ALT and AST abnormal rates and levels did not increase in patients with chronic liver disease during SARS-CoV-2 shedding. CONCLUSIONS: SARS-CoV-2 does not directly lead to elevations in ALT and AST but may result in elevations in GGT and TBIL; albumin decreased extraordinarily even when SARS-CoV-2 shedding ended.
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COVID-19/complicaciones , Hígado/virología , Adulto , Anciano , Alanina Transaminasa/sangre , Aspartato Aminotransferasas/sangre , Biomarcadores/sangre , COVID-19/sangre , COVID-19/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Hígado/patología , Pruebas de Función Hepática/métodos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Retrospectivos , SARS-CoV-2 , Índice de Severidad de la EnfermedadRESUMEN
Currently, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been reported in almost all countries globally. No effective therapy has been documented for COVID-19, and the role of convalescent plasma therapy is unknown. In the current study, 6 patients with COVID-19 and respiratory failure received convalescent plasma a median of 21.5 days after viral shedding was first detected, all tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 RNA within 3 days after infusion, and 5 eventually died. In conclusion, convalescent plasma treatment can end SARS-CoV-2 shedding but cannot reduce the mortality rate in critically ill patients with end-stage COVID-19, and treatment should be initiated earlier.
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Anticuerpos Antivirales/uso terapéutico , Betacoronavirus/genética , Infecciones por Coronavirus/mortalidad , Infecciones por Coronavirus/terapia , Neumonía Viral/mortalidad , Neumonía Viral/terapia , Esparcimiento de Virus/inmunología , Adulto , Anciano , Donantes de Sangre , COVID-19 , China , Infecciones por Coronavirus/virología , Enfermedad Crítica , Femenino , Humanos , Inmunización Pasiva/efectos adversos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pandemias , Neumonía Viral/virología , ARN Viral/genética , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa , Estudios Retrospectivos , SARS-CoV-2 , Tasa de Supervivencia , Resultado del Tratamiento , Sueroterapia para COVID-19RESUMEN
Currently, COVID-19 has been reported in nearly all countries globally. To date, little is known about the viral shedding duration, clinical course and treatment efficacy of COVID-19 near Hubei Province, China. This multicentre, retrospective study was performed in 12 hospitals in Henan and Shaanxi Provinces from 20 January to 8 February 2020. Clinical outcomes were followed up until 26 March 2020. The viral shedding duration, full clinical course and treatment efficacy were analysed in different subgroups of patients. A total of 149 COVID-19 patients were enrolled. The median age was 42 years, and 61.1% (91) were males. Of them, 133 (89.3%) had fever, 131 of 144 (91%) had pneumonia, 27 (18.1%) required intensive care unit (ICU) management, 3 (2%) were pregnant, and 3 (2%) died. Two premature newborns were negative for SARS-CoV-2. In total, the median SARS-CoV-2 shedding period and clinical course were 12 (IQR: 9-17; mean: 13.4, 95% CI: 12.5, 14.2) and 20 (IQR: 16-24; mean: 21.2, 95% CI: 20.1, 22.3) days, respectively, and ICU patients had longer median viral shedding periods (21 [17-24] versus 11 [9-15]) and clinical courses (30 [22-33] vs. 19 [15.8-22]) than non-ICU patients (both p < .0001). SARS-CoV-2 clearances occurred at least 2 days before fatality in 3 non-survivors. Current treatment with any anti-viral agent or combination did not present the benefit of shortening viral shedding period and clinical course (all p > .05) in real-life settings. In conclusion, the viral shedding duration and clinical course in Henan and Shaanxi Provinces were shorter than those in Hubei Province, and current anti-viral therapies were ineffective for shortening viral shedding duration and clinical course in real-world settings. These findings expand our knowledge of the SARS-CoV-2 infection and may be helpful for management of the epidemic outbreak of COVID-19 worldwide. Further studies concerning effective anti-viral agents and vaccines are urgently needed.
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Antivirales/administración & dosificación , COVID-19/terapia , SARS-CoV-2/fisiología , Esparcimiento de Virus , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , COVID-19/virología , Niño , Preescolar , China , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Retrospectivos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
By using sediment trap and closed respirator, a year-round in situ investigation was made on the bio-deposition rate, ammonia excretion rate, and phosphate excretion rate in the Ruditapes philippinarum bottom-cultured area of Zhuanghe coast. The three test rates of R. philippinarum all showed obvious seasonal variability, with the bio-deposition rate ranged in 0.15-1.47 g x ind(-1) x d(-1) (annual average 0.61 g x ind(-1) x d(-1)), ammonia excretion rate ranged in 0.02-0.40 mg x ind(-1) x d(-1) (annual average 0.17 mg x ind(-1) x d(-1)), and phosphate excretion rate ranged in 0.01-0.39 mg x ind(-1) x d(-1)(annual average 0. 13 mg x ind(-1) x d(-1)). Based on these, it was estimated that the annual bio-deposit production by the bottom-cultured R. philippinarum in Zhuanghe coast could reach as high as 5.46 x 10(7) t dry mass, amounting to 9.07 x 10(6) t organic matter (OM), 1.00 x 10(6) t organic carbon (OC), or 1.18 x 10(5) t organic nitrogen (ON), and the annual NH4+ -N and PO4(3-)-P productions were 1.49 x 10(4) t and 1.15 x 10(4) t, respectively. Our results suggested that for the large scale and high density bivalve culture in China coasts, the potential impacts of self-pollutants by filter-feeding bivalves on the environment should not be neglected.
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Acuicultura , Bivalvos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Ecosistema , Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Animales , Bivalvos/metabolismo , China , Fosfatos/análisis , Compuestos de Amonio Cuaternario/análisis , Agua de MarRESUMEN
From December 2007 to April 2008, a laboratory experiment was conducted to study the effects of various starvation periods followed by the same refeeding period on the growth, survival, and biochemical composition of different size Ruditapes philippinarum at water temperature 3.0 degrees C-4.2 degrees C, salinity 25-27, and pH 7.90-8.16. No significant differences in the growth characteristics of R. philippinarum at low temperatures were observed among different size groups. The tolerance to starvation increased with increasing size, while the survival rate decreased with increasing starvation period, point-of-no return (PNR50) was not observed during the study period. For the larger size group (7 mm), the body moisture and lipid concentrations generally decreased with increasing starvation period. During starvation, the body protein content increased initially as a result of lipid being utilized for energy, but decreased thereafter when the lipid was depleting. Ash content remained unchanged during the study period, and was not affected by starvation or refeeding.
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Bivalvos/química , Bivalvos/fisiología , Composición Corporal , Conducta Alimentaria/fisiología , Inanición , Animales , Bivalvos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Metabolismo Energético/fisiología , Estaciones del Año , Tasa de SupervivenciaRESUMEN
We report here for the first time 12 polymorphic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a commercially important gastropod, Pacific abalone (Haliotis discus hannai) that were identified by searching expressed sequence tag database. These SNP loci (seven nuclear and five mitochondrial SNPs) were polymorphic among 37 wild abalone individuals, based on a four-primer allele-specific polymerase chain reaction analysis. All loci had two alleles and the minor allele frequency ranged from 0.027 to 0.473. For the seven nuclear SNPs, the expected and observed heterozygosities ranged from 0.053 to 0.499 and from 0.054 to 0.811, respectively.