Venlafaxine aggravating interstitial pneumonia: A case report.

A 70-year-old male taking venlafaxine for depression developed interstitial pneumonia and was admitted with shortness of breath and dyspnea. A computed tomography (CT) chest scan showed diffuse multiple lung lesions in both lungs, suggesting interstitial changes with inflammation or exudation. Compared with the CT chest scan 1 month earlier, there were significant progresses and new findings. The clinical diagnosis was interstitial pneumonia with pulmonary infection. The patient had been treated with fluvoxamine 100 mg/day, duloxetine 60 mg/day, venlafaxine 75 mg/day for depression over the past 4 months. The exacerbation of interstitial pneumonia was suspected to be related to venlafaxine. Wheezing improved slightly after discontinuation of venlafaxine and treatment in the respiratory ICU. However, the patient could not tolerate the ICU environment, therefore became agitated, irritable, and anxious. Finally the patient gave up treatment and was discharged. Three months after discharge, the patient died of a sudden of interstitial pneumonia. A Naranjo assessment score of 3 was obtained, indicating a possible correlation between the patient's adverse drug reaction and the suspect drug.

Phosphine and Selenoether peri-Substituted Acenaphthenes and Their Transition-Metal Complexes: Structural and NMR Investigations.

A series of peri-substituted acenaphthene-based phosphine selenoether bidentate ligands Acenap(iPr2P)(SeAr) (L1-L4, Acenap = acenaphthene-5,6-diyl, Ar = Ph, mesityl, 2,4,6-trisopropylphenyl and supermesityl) were prepared. The rigid acenaphthene framework induces a forced overlap of the phosphine and selenoether lone pairs, resulting in a large magnitude of through-space 4JPSe coupling, ranging from 452 to 545 Hz. These rigid ligands L1-L4 were used to prepare a series of selected late d-block metals, mercury, and borane complexes, which were characterized, including by multinuclear NMR and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The Lewis acidic motifs (BH3, Mo(CO)4, Ag+, PdCl2, PtCl2, and HgCl2) bridge the two donor atoms (P and Se) in all but one case in the solid-state structures. Where the bridging motif contained NMR-active nuclei (11B, 107Ag, 109Ag, 195Pt, and 199Hg), JPM and JSeM couplings are observed directly, in addition to the altered JPSe in the respective NMR spectra. The solution NMR data are correlated with single-crystal diffraction data, and in the case of mercury(II) complexes, they are also correlated with the solid-state NMR data and coupling deformation density calculations. The latter indicate that the through-space interaction dominates in free L1, while in the L1HgCl2 complex, the main coupling pathway is via the metal atom and not through the carbon framework of the acenaphthene ring system.

Inhibitory effects of the anthocyanins from Lycium ruthenicum Murray on angiotensin-I-converting enzyme: in vitro and molecular docking studies.

BACKGROUND: Lycium ruthenicum Murray (LRM), a perennial shrub plant belonging to the Solanaceae family, is rich in anthocyanins, which have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, lipid-lowering, intestinal flora regulating, and other pharmacological qualities. This study was primarily aimed to investigate the inhibitory effect of different anthocyanin purities from LRM on angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) activity in vitro. Moreover, the inhibitory mechanism was further analyzed by molecular docking technology. RESULTS: Two main anthocyanin isomers were identified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and proton/carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance, namely petunidin-3-O-[rhamnopyranosyl-(trans-p-coumaroyl)]-5-O-(ß-d-glucopyranoside) (trans-Pt3R5G) and petunidin-3-O-[rhamnopyranosyl-(cis-p-coumaroyl)]-5-O-(ß-d-glucopyranoside) (cis-Pt3R5G), with a molar ratio of 9:1. Three purification grades of Pt3R5G all showed excellent inhibitory effects on ACE, with the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 ) values being 0.562, 0.421, and 0.106 mg·mL-1 . Increasing the purity may reduce the IC50 within a certain concentration range. An enzymatic kinetic experiment showed that the inhibitory effect of Pt3R5G on ACE was reversible and non-competitive: Pt3R5G and substrate were not in competition for the active sites of ACE. Molecular docking technology further revealed the possible mechanism was that Pt3R5G and ACE amino acid residues were interacting by hydrogen bonds to exert the inhibitory effect. CONCLUSION: The results indicated that Pt3R5G from LRM was highly effective at inhibiting ACE activity in vitro, with the hydrogen bonds of Pt3R5G and ACE amino acid residues exerting the inhibition. As a potential plant-based ACE inhibitor, Pt3R5G can be used as a functional ingredient for antihypertensive effects. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor attenuates myocardial remodeling and ventricular arrhythmia susceptibility via the JAK2-STAT3 pathway in a rabbit model of coronary microembolization.

BACKGROUND: Coronary microembolization (CME) has a poor prognosis, with ventricular arrhythmia being the most serious consequence. Understanding the underlying mechanisms could improve its management. We investigated the effects of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) on connexin-43 (Cx43) expression and ventricular arrhythmia susceptibility after CME. METHODS: Forty male rabbits were randomized into four groups (n = 10 each): Sham, CME, G-CSF, and AG490 (a JAK2 selective inhibitor). Rabbits in the CME, G-CSF, and AG490 groups underwent left anterior descending (LAD) artery catheterization and CME. Animals in the G-CSF and AG490 groups received intraperitoneal injection of G-CSF and G-CSF + AG490, respectively. The ventricular structure was assessed by echocardiography. Ventricular electrical properties were analyzed using cardiac electrophysiology. The myocardial interstitial collagen content and morphologic characteristics were evaluated using Masson and hematoxylin-eosin staining, respectively. RESULTS: Western blot and immunohistochemistry were employed to analyze the expressions of Cx43, G-CSF receptor (G-CSFR), JAK2, and STAT3. The ventricular effective refractory period (VERP), VERP dispersion, and inducibility and lethality of ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation were lower in the G-CSF than in the CME group (P < 0.01), indicating less severe myocardial damage and arrhythmias. The G-CSF group showed higher phosphorylated-Cx43 expression (P < 0.01 vs. CME). Those G-CSF-induced changes were reversed by A490, indicating the involvement of JAK2. G-CSFR, phosphorylated-JAK2, and phosphorylated-STAT3 protein levels were higher in the G-CSF group than in the AG490 (P < 0.01) and Sham (P < 0.05) groups. CONCLUSION: G-CSF might attenuate myocardial remodeling via JAK2-STAT3 signaling and thereby reduce ventricular arrhythmia susceptibility after CME.

Spatial and temporal variability and risk assessment of organophosphate esters in seawater and sediments of the Yangtze River estuary.

Organophosphate esters (OPEs) as substitutes for PBDEs have been widely detected in the marine environment, while little is known about the pollution characteristics and variation of OPEs in estuarine environments with complex hydrodynamic conditions and land-based input. Yangtze River Estuary (YRE) is a typical highly urbanized and industrialized estuary, with a complex hydrological environment and geochemical behavior. This study found that the concentrations of OPEs in both seawater and sediments in the YRE were higher in spring than in summer. Alkyl OPEs were the first contributor, with TnBP and TiBP as the main components, where the contribution of alkyl OPEs had exceeded 75 % in both seawater and sediments in spring, and 60 % in summer seawater, and even 80 % in sediments. In spring, OPEs peaked in the central to southern region near the YRE. In summer, OPEs were mainly concentrated in the southern branch waterway and southern nearshore area of the YRE and showed a decreasing trend to the northeast. The OPEs in the sediments were mainly concentrated in the Yangtze River Mud Area (YREMA) and the Zhe-Min Coastal Mud Area (ZMCMA). Based on the fugacity model and principal component analysis, sediments could be released into the aquatic environment as an endogenous source, and exogenous sources were mainly municipal and industrial sewage discharge sources, urban and marine traffic discharge sources, and atmospheric deposition sources. The ecological risk analysis showed that the Σ14OPEs had exhibited a low to moderate ecological risk in the southern branch waterway and the south-central region offshore.

Organophosphate esters (OPEs) pollution characteristics, bioaccumulation and human consumption implication in wild marine organisms from the Yellow River Estuary, China.

As the substitutes of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, organophosphate esters (OPEs) with high concentrations have accumulated in the estuaries, bays, and harbors. However, limited information is available about the OPEs in the estuary organism categories, especially under the multiple industrial pressure. This study investigated the occurrence, bioaccumulation and human consumption implication in wild marine organisms from the Yellow River Estuary, where located many petroleum and chemical manufacturing industries. This study found that concentrations of Σ13OPEs ranged from 547 ng/L to 1164 ng/L in seawater (median: 802 ng/L), from 384 to 1366 ng/g dw in the sediment (median: 601 ng/g dw), and from 419 to 959 ng/g dw (median: 560 ng/g dw) in the marine organisms. The congener compositions in the organisms were dominated by alkyl-OPEs (80.7 %), followed by halogenated-OPEs (18.8 %) and aryl-OPEs (0.5 %). Based on the principal component analysis, petrochemical pollution, and industrial wastewater discharge were distinguished as the main plausible sources of OPEs to the YRE ecosystem. Most OPEs had potential or strong bioaccumulation capacity on the organisms, with a positive correlation between log BAF (Bioaccumulation Factor) and log Kow of OPEs. The highest estimated daily intake value of OPEs was tri-n-propyl phosphate, exceeding 300 ng/kg·bw/day via consuming fish. The highest hazard quotients from OPEs ranged from 0.001 to 0.1, indicating a low risk to human health by consuming marine organisms in the YRE. As the consumption of OPEs increases year by year, the risks of OPEs still cannot be ignored.

A comprehensive review of goji berry processing and utilization.

Goji berry (wolfberry, Lycium), is a genus of Solanaceae, in which the roots, stems, leaves, and fruits are for both food and medicinal uses. In recent years, the demand for health food and research purposes has led to increasing attention being paid to the application of goji berry nutrients and resources. There are three general strategies to process and utilize the goji berry plant. First, the primary processing of goji berry products, such as dried goji berry pulp, and fruit wine with its by-products. Second, deep processing of sugar-peptides, carotenoids, and the extraction of other efficacy components with their by-products. Third, the utilization of plant-based by-products (roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruit residuals). However, the comprehensive use of goji berry is hampered by the non-standardized production technology of resource utilization and the absence of a multi-level co-production and processing technology systems. On the basis of this, we review some novel techniques that are made to more effectively use the resources found in goji berry or its by-products in order to serve as a guide for the thorough use of these resources and the high-quality growth of the goji berry processing industry.

Early use of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation for acute lung injury: a multicenter randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation is beneficial for patients with acute respiratory failure. However, its possible benefit for patients with acute lung injury (200 mm Hg < PaO(2)/FIO(2) ≤300 mm Hg) remains unclear. Our aim was to assess the safety and efficacy of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation for patients with acute lung injury and compare this with high-concentration oxygen therapy. DESIGN: A multicentered randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Ten multipurpose intensive care units. PATIENTS: Forty patients who fulfilled the criteria for acute lung injury were included in this study. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were randomly allocated to receive either noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (noninvasive positive pressure ventilation group) or high-concentration oxygen therapy through a Venturi mask (control group). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Twenty-one patients were assigned to the noninvasive positive pressure ventilation group and 19 were in the control group. At study entry, the patients' characteristics in the two groups were similar. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation application decreased the respiratory rate and improved PaO(2)/FIO(2) with time. The proportion of patients requiring intubation and the actual number of intubations in the noninvasive positive pressure ventilation group were significantly less than in the control group (one of 21 vs. seven of 19; p = .02, and one of 21 vs. four of 19; p = .04, respectively). Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation showed a trend for reducing inhospital mortality (one of 21 vs. five of 19; p = .09). The total number of organ failures in the noninvasive positive pressure ventilation group was significantly lower than in the control group (three vs. 14; p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation is safe for selected patients with acute lung injury. However, a larger randomized trial with need for intubation and mortality as the outcomes of interest is required.

Inter-annual variation and comprehensive evaluation of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in the Yellow Sea, China.

Considering the extensive production and continuous usage of organophosphate esters (OPEs) around the urbanized coasts in recent years, the inter-annual variation and the ecological risks of OPEs in the Yellow Sea (YS), China were systematically evaluated in summer 2015 and 2019. The major component of OPEs, halogenated-OPEs in 78 surface and bottom seawater samples collected from 39 locations in the YS in 2019 were compared with 62 samples at 31 sites conducted in the same periods and similar stations in 2015. The average concentration of halogenated-OPEs increased 1.57, 2.50 folds in the surface and bottom seawater, respectively, in recent 5 years. The proportion of TCPP to halogenated-OPEs exhibited an increasing trend from 56.49% in 2015 to 79.95% in 2019. The peak values of halogenated-OPEs changed from the nearshore regions (33°N-38°N) in 2015 to the nearshore and offshore regions (33°N-35°N) in 2019, implying the growing terrigenous emission sources, especially some large OPEs producers nearby the coastal zones in the northern area of Jiangsu province. The targeted halogenated-OPEs posed no significant or low ecological risks to the aquatic organisms in 2015 and 2019, however, the values of RQ showed an elevated trend in 2019. Therefore, the ecological risks of OPEs in this region still need continuous concern due to the gradually increasing OPEs usage and production.

Distribution, sources, and ecological risk of organophosphate esters in the urbanized Jiaozhou Bay, East China.

Organophosphate esters (OPEs), substitutes of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, have been found in a variety of marine environmental matrices, whereas little is known about the feature and sources of seawater OPEs from the environments simultaneously affected by multiple anthropogenic activities. Jiaozhou Bay is one typical bay heavily disturbed by human activities, which was semi-enclosed and surrounded by large amounts of discharged rivers and catchments, various types of ports, and aquaculture farms. This study found that concentrations of Σ13OPEs ranged from 23.90 to 366.40 ng/L (median: 37.76 ng/L) in the seawater and from 90.15 to 1183.14 ng/L (median: 940.61 ng/L) in the inflowing river water. Tris (2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate, triethyl phosphate, and tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate were the predominant congener, with the percentage of 43.76%, 22.80%, and 14.01%, respectively, in the bay water and 52.47%, 11.31%, and 23.66% in the river water. The overall spatial distribution was characterized by a higher concentration of Σ13OPEs and halogenated-OPEs in the nearshore sites and in the inflowing rivers, which were surrounded by urbanized areas with dense anthropogenic activities, especially along the eastern coast. Effluent discharge and vehicular and marine traffic emissions were distinguished as two main plausible sources of OPEs to Jiaozhou Bay, based on the principal component analysis and Spearman correlations. Ecological risk analysis indicated that Σ13OPEs posed a low risk to aquatic organisms in the bay and low-to-medium risks in the inflowing rivers.

Formation of an air-stable diborane via a stepwise BH3 addition of pyrido[1,2-a]isoindole with H2 evolution.

A novel and air-stable organo(hydro)diborane featuring a five-membered aryl ring supported bridging B-C-B three-centre-two-electron (3c-2e) bond has been reported. Pyrido[1,2-a]isoindole was found to undergo a stepwise BH3 addition reaction, during which a mono-BH3 adduct was formed from a electrophilic addition at the Cγ in pyrido[1,2-a]isoindole. A molecule of hydrogen was eliminated throughout the second step of addition reaction. DFT calculations indicate that the H2 evolution is concerted to the second BH3 addition rather than forming BC before the second BH3 attack.

[The characteristics of biofilm formation in endotracheal tubes in ventilated patients].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the etiology and drug resistance of biofilms in endotracheal tubes in respiratory intensive care unit (RICU). METHODS: A prospective cohort study was conducted. The biofilms were observed by scanning electron microscopy at different times of ventilation. The pathogens were identified and their resistance to antibiotics were analyzed. RESULTS: Twenty one VAP cases were identified in 39 mechanically ventilated patients (53.85%). Patchy biofilms were observed 2 d to 7 d after the initiation of ventilation. After 7 d to 10 d, 87.5% of the endotracheal tubes were covered by biofilms. Biofilms were identified in all the tubes longer than 10 d. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of VAP increased with prolonged mechanical ventilation. Meanwhile the antibiotic resistance rate increased and more pathogens isolated were consistent with those in the biofilms.

[The change and significance of the cardiopulmonary exercise test parameters in patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the change of exercise cardiopulmonary function in patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS). METHODS: Thirty OSAHS patients and 18 normal healthy adults (control group) were studied by cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET). The results including maximal oxygen uptake percent predicted (Vo(2)max% predicted), oxygen uptake to work rate (Vo(2)/WR), oxygen pulse percent predicted (Vo(2)/HRmax% predicted), anaerobic threshold to maximal oxygen uptake (AT/Vo(2)max), breathing reserve (V(E)max/MVV) and ventilatory equivalents for carbon dioxide (V(E)/V(CO2)) were compared between two groups. RESULTS: The levels of Vo(2)max% predicted, AT/Vo(2)max, Vo(2)/HRmax% predicted, Vo(2)/WR, and V(E)max/MVV in the OSAHS group [(83 +/- 5)%, (44 +/- 6)%, (79 +/- 5)%, (9.3 +/- 0.6) ml.min(-1).W(-1), (73 +/- 8)%] were lower than those in the control group [(88 +/- 5)%, (49 +/- 6)%, (83 +/- 4)%, (10.9 +/- 2.3) ml.min(-1).W(-1), (79 +/- 9)%, all P < 0.05]. The levels of V(E)/V(CO2) in the OSAHS group (29 +/- 3) was higher than the control group (26 +/- 3, P < 0.05). In the OSAHS group Vo(2)max% predicted, Vo(2)/HRmax% predicted, Vo(2)/WR AT/Vo(2)max and V(E)max/MVV correlated negatively with apnea-hypopnea index (AHI, r = -0.52, -0.62, -0.59, -0.37, -0.66, P < 0.05). Vo(2)max% predicted, Vo(2)/HRmax% predicted, Vo(2)/WR, AT/Vo(2)max and V(E)max/MVV correlated with lowest oxygen saturation (LSaO(2), r = 0.60, 0.63, 0.64, 0.40, 0.59, P < 0.05). V(E)/V(CO2) correlated with AHI (r = 0.57, P < 0.01) and correlated negatively with LSaO(2) (r = -0.62, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The cardiac output of patients with OSAHS can not meet the demand of hard exercise. At the same time, there is more significant ventilation-perfusion disturbance in OSAHS patients than normal subjects. The patients' exercise cardiopulmonary function has been compromised although there are no symptoms.

Palladium-catalyzed oxidative carbonylation of hydrazides: synthesis of 1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3H)-ones.

A novel palladium-catalyzed oxidative carbonylation reaction was developed via the carbon monoxide insertions between the amine group and the carbonyl group to realize the intramolecular cyclization, which provides efficient access to 1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3H)-ones with a wide range of substrates under mild conditions, resulting in good to excellent yields.

[Study on hemodynamic changes and cardiac troponin I level in pig model of acute experimental pulmonary embolism].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the hemodynamic effects and cardiac troponin I (cTn I), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), myoglobin (Mb) releasing kinetics of acute experimental pulmonary embolism of pigs. METHODS: Sixteen juvenile pigs, of either gender and weighing 30 to 40 kg were studied, 8 in the embolism group and 8 in the control group. The 8 embolism animals received 0.1 g/kg polystyrene beads (diameter range 0.65 to 0.67 mm) suspended in 0.9% saline by venous injection. Pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP), systemic arterial pressure (SAP), pulmonary capillary wedged pressure (PCWP), cardiac output (CO), blood gases and serum cTn I, CK-MB, and Mb were measured before and immediately, 30 min, 1 hour, 2 hour, and 3 hour after acute pulmonary embolism. RESULTS: PAP was increased to 2 - 3 fold of the baseline and the control level immediately, and then decreased to the baseline level in 2 to 3 hours. Serum cTn I and Mb increased significantly after embolism and remained at a higher level through the 3 hour experimental procedure. The CK-MB was not changed after acute pulmonary embolism. CONCLUSIONS: Acute pulmonary embolism caused lung gas exchange abnormality and acute pulmonary hypertension. The hemodynamic effects of acute pulmonary embolism include injury to the myocardial cells and releasing of cTn I and Mb to blood stream. cTn I can be detected in the early phase of acute pulmonary embolism, and maybe a useful marker in diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism.