Confined-walking mode for an elliptical polarized undulator and its application.

Elliptical polarized undulators (EPUs) are broadly used in the soft X-ray energy range. They have the advantage of providing photons with both varied energy and polarization through adjustments to the value of the gap and/or shift magnet arrays in an undulator. Yet these adjustments may create a disturbance on the stability of the electron beam in a storage ring. To correct such a disturbance, it is necessary to establish a feed-forward table of key nodes in the gap-shift-defined two-dimensional parameter space. Such a table can only be scanned during machine-study time. For a free-walking mode, whereby an undulator is allowed to manoeuvre in the whole gap-shift space, all the key nodes need to be scanned at the expense of a large amount of machine-study time. This will greatly delay the employment of a full-polarization capable undulator (especially circularly polarized). By analyzing data-collecting patterns of user experiments, this paper defines a reduced set of key nodes in gap-shift parameter space, with the number of key nodes to be scanned for feed-forwarding scaled down to one-third of the original; and introduces a new walking mode for EPUs: confined-walking mode, whereby the undulator is manoeuvred only within the reduced set of key nodes. Such a mode is firstly realized on the EPUs at the DREAMLINE beamline at Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF). Under confined-walking mode, the undulator movements are stable and there is no obvious disturbance to the electron beam with the feed-forward system in operation. Successful experiments have been carried out using the circularly polarized light obtained via the new walking mode. This mode is expected to be applied to future EPUs at SSRF with the increasing requirements for various polarization modes.

Design and performance of the APPLE-Knot undulator.

Along with the development of accelerator technology, synchrotron emittance has continuously decreased. This results in increased brightness, but also causes a heavy heat load on beamline optics. Recently, optical surfaces with 0.1 nm micro-roughness and 0.05 µrad slope error (r.m.s.) have become commercially available and surface distortions due to heat load have become a key factor in determining beamline performance, and heat load has become a serious problem at modern synchrotron radiation facilities. Here, APPLE-Knot undulators which can generate photons with arbitrary polarization, with low on-axis heat load, are reported.