MicroRNA-133a-3p inhibits lung adenocarcinoma development and cisplatin resistance through targeting GINS4.

GINS subunit complex 4 (GINS4) is fundamental to DNA replication and G1/S phase transition of the cell cycle in eukaryotes. Further, recent studies implied that GINS4 can mediate the progression of several tumors, but its mechanism in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is not clarified. Therefore, the role of GINS4 in LUAD was explored. MiR-133a-3p and GINS4 mRNA expression were tested through qRT-PCR. Protein levels of the two genes were assayed by western blot. Their targeting relationship was predicted and verified by bioinformatics prediction and dual-luciferase analysis. The functions of miR-133a-3p and GINS4 in LUAD were evaluated by Transwell, wound healing, CCK8 and flow cytometry assays. MTT assay and caspase-3 activity detection were utilized to measure the regulation of miR-133a-3p/GINS4 in the cisplatin sensitivity of LUAD cells. The results showed that GINS4 was highly expressed in LUAD cells (P<0.05). MiR-133a-3p, which was the upstream gene of GINS4 in LUAD, negatively mediated GINS4 expression. Moreover, overexpressing GINS4 enhanced the proliferative, migratory and invasive abilities of LUAD cells and inhibited cell apoptosis and the sensitivity to cisplatin, while overexpressed miR-133a-3p caused the contrary results. However, the promoting effects of GINS4 overexpression on LUAD could be offset by miR-133a-3p overexpression. MiR-133a-3p could regulate malignant behaviors and cisplatin sensitivity of LUAD cells through negatively regulating GINS4. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated that GINS4 was overexpressed in LUAD and promoted the malignant behavior of LUAD cells. Moreover, miR-133a-3p could negatively regulate GINS4, thereby suppressing the malignant progression and increasing the cisplatin sensitivity of LUAD.

Control Method of the Dual-Winding Motor for Online High-Frequency Resistance Measurement in Fuel Cell Vehicle.

The dual-winding motor drive has recently been proposed in the field of fuel cell vehicles due to its performance and high robust advantages. Efforts for this new topology have been made by many researchers. However, the high-frequency resistance measurement of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell based on dual-winding motor drive architecture, which is important for water management to optimize the lifespan of fuel cells, was not employed in earlier works. In this paper, a new control method of the dual-winding motor is proposed by introducing a dc input current control to realize high-frequency resistance measurement and normal drive control simultaneously, without using extra dc-dc converter. On the basis of the revealed energy exchange principles among electrical ports and mechanical port of the dual-winding motor, the load ripple caused by high-frequency current perturbation is optimized based on the q-axis current distribution between two winding sets. The decoupling control algorithm for the coupling effect within and across windings is also discussed to improve the dynamic response during high-frequency resistance measurement. Finally, simulation results verify the effectiveness and improvement of the proposed method. Fast Fourier transform results indicated that the total harmonic distortion of the dc input current was reduced from 22.53% to 4.47% of the fundamental, and the torque ripple was suppressed from about ±4.5 Nm to ±0.5 Nm at the given operation points.

Vehicle Interaction Behavior Prediction with Self-Attention.

The structured road is a scene with high interaction between vehicles, but due to the high uncertainty of behavior, the prediction of vehicle interaction behavior is still a challenge. This prediction is significant for controlling the ego-vehicle. We propose an interaction behavior prediction model based on vehicle cluster (VC) by self-attention (VC-Attention) to improve the prediction performance. Firstly, a five-vehicle based cluster structure is designed to extract the interactive features between ego-vehicle and target vehicle, such as Deceleration Rate to Avoid a Crash (DRAC) and the lane gap. In addition, the proposed model utilizes the sliding window algorithm to extract VC behavior information. Then the temporal characteristics of the three interactive features mentioned above will be caught by two layers of self-attention encoder with six heads respectively. Finally, target vehicle's future behavior will be predicted by a sub-network consists of a fully connected layer and SoftMax module. The experimental results show that this method has achieved accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score of more than 92% and time to event of 2.9 s on a Next Generation Simulation (NGSIM) dataset. It accurately predicts the interactive behaviors in class-imbalance prediction and adapts to various driving scenarios.

Small Object Detection in Traffic Scenes Based on Attention Feature Fusion.

There are many small objects in traffic scenes, but due to their low resolution and limited information, their detection is still a challenge. Small object detection is very important for the understanding of traffic scene environments. To improve the detection accuracy of small objects in traffic scenes, we propose a small object detection method in traffic scenes based on attention feature fusion. First, a multi-scale channel attention block (MS-CAB) is designed, which uses local and global scales to aggregate the effective information of the feature maps. Based on this block, an attention feature fusion block (AFFB) is proposed, which can better integrate contextual information from different layers. Finally, the AFFB is used to replace the linear fusion module in the object detection network and obtain the final network structure. The experimental results show that, compared to the benchmark model YOLOv5s, this method has achieved a higher mean Average Precison (mAP) under the premise of ensuring real-time performance. It increases the mAP of all objects by 0.9 percentage points on the validation set of the traffic scene dataset BDD100K, and at the same time, increases the mAP of small objects by 3.5%.

Leaf-shape remodeling: programmed cell death in fistular leaves of Allium fistulosum.

Some species of Allium in Liliaceae have fistular leaves. The fistular lamina of Allium fistulosum undergoes a process from solid to hollow during development. The aims were to reveal the process of fistular leaf formation involved in programmed cell death (PCD) and to compare the cytological events in the execution of cell death to those in the unusual leaf perforations or plant aerenchyma formation. In this study, light and transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize the development of fistular leaves and cytological events. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assays and gel electrophoresis were used to determine nuclear DNA cleavage during the PCD. The cavity arises in the leaf blade by degradation of specialized cells, the designated pre-cavity cells, in the center of the leaves. Nuclei of cells within the pre-cavity site become TUNEL-positive, indicating that DNA cleavage is an early event. Gel electrophoresis revealed that DNA internucleosomal cleavage occurred resulting in a characteristic DNA ladder. Ultrastructural analysis of cells at the different stages showed disrupted vacuoles, misshapen nuclei with condensed chromatin, degraded cytoplasm and organelles and emergence of secondary vacuoles. The cell walls degraded last, and residue of degraded cell walls aggregated together. These results revealed that PCD plays a critical role in the development of A. fistulosum fistular leaves. The continuous cavity in A. fistulosum leaves resemble the aerenchyma in the pith of some gramineous plants to improve gas exchange.

Crystal structure characterization, Hirshfeld surface analysis, and DFT calculation studies of 1-(6-amino-5-nitro-naphthalen-2-yl)ethanone.

The title compound, C12H10N2O3, was obtained by the de-acetyl-ation reaction of 1-(6-amino-5-nitro-naphthalen-2-yl)ethanone in a concentrated sulfuric acid methanol solution. The mol-ecule comprises a naphthalene ring system bearing an acetyl group (C-3), an amino group (C-7), and a nitro group (C-8). In the crystal, the mol-ecules are assembled into a two-dimensional network by N⋯H/H⋯N and O⋯H/H⋯O hydrogen-bonding inter-actions. n-π and π-π stacking inter-actions are the dominant inter-actions in the three-dimensional crystal packing. Hirshfeld surface analysis indicates that the most important contributions are from O⋯H/H⋯O (34.9%), H⋯H (33.7%), and C⋯H/H⋯C (11.0%) contacts. The energies of the frontier mol-ecular orbitals were computed using density functional theory (DFT) calculations at the B3LYP-D3BJ/def2-TZVP level of theory and the LUMO-HOMO energy gap of the mol-ecule is 3.765 eV.

Synthesis, crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of N-(6-acetyl-1-nitro-naphthalen-2-yl)acetamide.

The title compound, C14H12N2O4, was obtained from 2-acetyl-6-amino-naphthalene through two-step reactions of acetyl-ation and nitration. The mol-ecule comprises the naphthalene ring system consisting of functional systems bearing a acetyl group (C-2), a nitro group (C-5), and an acetyl-amino group (C-6). In the crystal, the mol-ecules are assembled into two-dimensional sheet-like structures by inter-molecular N-H⋯O and C-H⋯O hydrogen-bonding inter-actions. Hirshfeld surface analysis illustrates that the most important contributions to the crystal packing are from O⋯H/H⋯O (43.7%), H⋯H (31.0%), and C⋯H/H⋯C (8.5%) contacts.

Integrating Full-Length and Second-Generation Transcriptomics to Reveal Differentially Expressed Genes Associated with the Development of Corydalis yanhusuo Tuber.

Corydalis yanhusuo is a medicinal herb in China that has been widely used to treat various kinds of pain. The tuber is the main organ of C. yanhusuo used for medicinal purposes, but changes in related genes during the development of the tuber have rarely been reported. To identify the differentially expressed genes during tuber development, C. yanhusuo full-length transcriptomic sequencing was performed using single-molecule real-time technology, and tubers at three development stages were selected for comparative transcriptome analysis. A total of 90,496 full-length non-chimeric transcripts were obtained, and 19,341 transcripts were annotated in at least one public database. A total of 9221 differentially expressed genes were identified during the swelling process of C. yanhusuo tuber. A Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes associated with a "starch and sucrose metabolism pathway", "phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway", "isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis pathway", "zeatin biosynthesis pathway", and "brassinosteroid biosynthesis pathway" were predominantly enriched. In addition, the genes involved in cell wall metabolism were potentially associated with tuber swelling. These processes regulated and were involved in C. yanhusuo tuber development. The results provide a foundation for further research on tuber formation in medicinal plants.

Novel Mechanisms Underlying Rubber Accumulation and Programmed Cell Death in Laticiferous Canals of Decaisnea insignis Fruits: Cytological and Transcriptomic Analyses.

Natural rubber is one of the most important industrial raw materials, and its biosynthesis is still a fascinating process that is still largely unknown. In this research, we studied Decaisnea insignis, a unique rubber-producing plant that is different from other rubber-producing species due to the presence of lactiferous canals in its pericarp. The present study aims to provide novel insights into the mechanisms underlying rubber accumulation and PCD by subjecting the Decaisnea insignis laticiferous canals to light microscopy, TUNEL assay, and DAPI staining, as well as viability analysis, cellular ultrastructure analysis, and molecular analysis using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, immunofluorescence labeling, transmission electron microscopy, and transcriptome sequencing. At the cellular level, the origin of small rubber particles in the laticiferous canals had no morphological correlation with other organelles, and these particles were freely produced in the cytosol. The volume of the rubber particles increased at the sunken and expanding stage, which were identified as having the characteristics of programmed cell death (PCD); meanwhile, plenty of the rubber precursors or rubber particles were engulfed by the vacuoles, indicating a vacuole-mediated autophagy process. The accumulation of rubber particles occurred after the degeneration of protoplasts, suggesting a close association between rubber biosynthesis and PCD. The molecular analysis revealed the expression patterns of key genes involved in rubber biosynthesis. The upstream genes DiIPP, DiFPP, and DiGGPPS showed a decreasing trend during fruit ripening, while DiHRT, which is responsible for rubber particle extension, exhibited the highest expression level during the rubber particle formation. Moreover, the transcription factors related to PCD, DiLSD1, and DiLOL2 showed a negative correlation with the expression pattern of DiHRT, thus exhibiting strict rules of sequential expression during rubber biosynthesis. Additionally, the expression trends of DiXCP1 and DiCEP1, which act as proteases during PCD, were positively correlated with DiGGPPS expression. In conclusion, the findings suggest that the autophagic PCD may play a crucial role in rubber accumulation in D. insignis. Further research is still needed to fully understand the complex regulatory network underlying rubber biosynthesis in plants.

Developmental Programmed Cell Death Involved in Ontogenesis of Dictamnus dasycarpus Capitate Glandular Hairs.

Plant glandular trichomes have received much attention due to their commercial and biological value. Recent studies have focused on the development of various glands in plants, suggesting that programmed cell death (PCD) may play an important role during the development of plant secretory structures. However, the development processes and cytological characteristics in different types of plant secretory structures differed significantly. This study aims to provide new data on the developmental PCD of the capitate glandular hairs in Dictamnus dasycarpus. Light, scanning, immunofluorescence labeling, and transmission electron microscopy were used to determine the different developmental processes of the capitate glandular hairs from a cytological perspective. Morphologically, the capitate glandular hair originates from one initial epidermal cell and differentiates into a multicellular trichome characterized by two basal cells, two lines of stalk cells, and a multicellular head. It is also histochemically detected by essential oils. TUNEL-positive reactions identified nuclei with diffused fluorescence or an irregular figure by DAPI, and Evans blue staining showed that the head and stalk cells lost their viability. Ultrastructural evidence revealed the developmental process by two possible modes of PCD. Non-autolytic PCD was characterized by buckling cell walls and degenerated nuclei, mitochondria, plastids, multivesicular body (MVB), and end-expanded endoplasmic reticulum in the condensed cytoplasm, which were mainly observed in the head cells. The MVB was detected in the degraded vacuole, a degraded nucleus with condensed chromatin and diffused membrane, and eventual loss of the vacuole membrane integrity exhibited typical evidence of vacuole-mediated autolytic PCD in the stalk cells. Furthermore, protoplasm degeneration coupled with dark oil droplets and numerous micro-dark osmiophilic substances was observed during late stages. The secretion mode of essential oils is also described in this paper.

MiR-4652-5p Targets RND1 to Regulate Cell Adhesion and Promote Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma Progression.

Lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) is one subtype of non-small-cell lung cancer, whose pathogenesis has not been fully understood. Exploring molecular mechanisms of LUSC helps a lot with the development of LUSC novel therapy. Hence, our study aims to investigate novel molecular mechanisms. Differentially expressed miRNAs and mRNAs were acquired from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. A series of assays were applied to test cell functions, including qRT-PCR to analyze RND1 and miR-4652-5p expression, dual-luciferase reporter gene assay to verify the targeting relationship between these two genes, cell counting kit-8 and colony formation assays to evaluate the ability of LUSC cells to proliferate, transwell to examine the migratory and invasive abilities, and western blot to test expression of RND1 and cell adhesion-related proteins. RND1 was lowly expressed while miR-4652-5p was highly expressed in LUSC cells. The correlation between these two genes was significantly negative and miR-4652-5p could downregulate RND1 expression. Additionally, cellular function assays validated that RND1 suppressed LUSC cells to proliferate, migrate, and invade. Besides, this gene might also affect cell adhesion. Furthermore, rescue assay suggested that miR-4652-5p downregulated RND1 expression to promote the progression of LUSC cells. Together, miR-4652-5p targeted RND1 to modulate cell adhesion and the progression of LUSC cells.

Crystal structure and Hirshfeld analysis of (1aS,3aR,4aS,5aR)-15-acet-oxy-linden-7(11),8-trieno-12,8-lactone.

The structure of the title com-pound, C17H20O4 [systematic name: (1aS,3aR,4aS,5aR)-15-(acet-oxy)linden-7(11),8-trieno-12,8-lactone or (4aR,5S,5aR,6aS,6bR)-5-(acet-oxy-meth-yl)-4a,5,5a,6,6a,6b-hexa-hydro-3,6b-di-methyl-cyclo-propa[2,3]indeno-[5,6-b]furan-2(4H)-one, ent-chloranthalactone C], a natural product iso-lated from the whole plant Chloranthus japonicus Sieb., is a typical lin-den-ane-type sesquiterpenoid. The mol-ecule com-prises a bi-cyclo-[3.1.0]hexane ring (A/B system) bearing an acetoxymethyl (C-4) group, a bi-cyclo-[4.3.0]nonane ring (B/C system) containing a double bond (C-8/9) and a chiral quaternary carbon (C-10), and a 7(11)-en-12,8-olide structural moiety on the cyclo-hexan-8-ene (C ring). In the tetra-cyclic skeleton, the 1,3-cyclo-propane ring has a ß-con-figuration, and atoms H-5 and H3-14 have α- and ß-orientations, respectively. In the crystal, the mol-ecules are assembled into a two-dimensional network by weak O⋯H/H⋯O inter-actions. Hirshfeld surface analysis illustrates that the greatest contributions are from H⋯H (55.2%), O⋯H/H⋯O (34.6%) and C⋯H/H⋯C (8.9%) contacts.

Programmed cell death during the formation of rhytidome and interxylary cork in roots of Astragalus membranaceus (Leguminosae).

Programmed cell death (PCD) plays a critical role throughout the lives of plants, it is regarded as a highly regulated and active process of plant cell death during the times of biotic or abiotic stress. This study aims to provide developmental anatomical characteristics of the interxylary cork formation in the roots of Astragalus. membranaceus var. mongholicus, and to subsequently show cytomorphological evidence that PCD is involved in the development of rhytidome and interxylary cork. The developmental anatomy of rhytidome and interxylary cork of the perennial fresh main root of A. membranaceus var. mongholicus was studied using light microscopy, whereas the PCD in the development of rhytidome and interxylary cork was studied using fluorescence microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Histologically, it was observed that the parenchyma cells of secondary phloem and xylem in roots recovered their meristematic ability, and later developed into rhytidome and interxylary cork. Cytologically, ultrastructural characteristics such as nucleus malformation, vacuole disappearance, mitochondrial degeneration, and vesicle filling were observed. In roots, the nucleus of the phloem parenchyma cells were terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL)-positive from the pre-rhytidome stage to the formation of rhytidome stage and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI)-negative during the mature rhytidome stage. The TUNEL assay of the xylem parenchyma cells showed positive characteristics from the early stage of interxylary cork formation to the interxylary cork formation stage, whereas DAPI-negative characteristics were observed in the mature interxylary cork. Gel electrophoresis showed that DNA cleavage was random. Our results indicated that the formation of the rhytidome and interxylary cork involved the PCD process.

The complete chloroplast genome of Carex agglomerata C. B. Clarke (Cyperaceae), an endemic species from China.

Carex agglomerata C. B. Clarke is a sedge with excellent ornamental characters, it is an important ecosystem stabilizer. Here we report the complete chloroplast genome of C. agglomerata to provide a foundation for further phylogenetic studies on the Cyperaceae. The chloroplast (cp) genome is 184,157 bp in size and consists of a large single-copy (LSC) region 106,654 bp in length, a small single-copy (SSC) region of 36,099 bp, two inverted repeats (IR) regions each 20,702 bp. The total GC content of the cp genome is 33.9% with the LSC, SSC, and IR regions 32, 32.5, and 42.9%, respectively. The cp genome contains 128 genes, including 80 protein-coding, 40 tRNA, and eight rRNA genes. The phylogenetic analysis showed C. agglomerata is in a clade with Carex neurocarpa Maxim and Carex siderosticta Hance. This study provides a basis for further phylogenetic studies of Carex.

The Evolutionary Patterns of Genome Size in Ensifera (Insecta: Orthoptera).

Genomic size variation has long been a focus for biologists. However, due to the lack of genome size data, the mechanisms behind this variation and the biological significance of insect genome size are rarely studied systematically. The detailed taxonomy and phylogeny of the Ensifera, as well as the extensive documentation concerning their morphological, ecological, behavioral, and distributional characteristics, make them a strong model for studying the important scientific problem of genome size variation. However, data on the genome size of Ensifera are rather sparse. In our study, we used flow cytometry to determine the genome size of 32 species of Ensifera, the smallest one being only 1C = 0.952 pg with the largest species up to 1C = 19.135 pg, representing a 20-fold range. This provides a broader blueprint for the genome size variation of Orthoptera than was previously available. We also completed the assembly of nine mitochondrial genomes and combined mitochondrial genome data from public databases to construct phylogenetic trees containing 32 species of Ensifera and three outgroups. Based on these inferred phylogenetic trees, we detected the phylogenetic signal of genome size variation in Ensifera and found that it was strong in both males and females. Phylogenetic comparative analyses revealed that there were no correlations between genome size and body size or flight ability in Tettigoniidae. Reconstruction of ancestral genome size revealed that the genome size of Ensifera evolved in a complex pattern, in which the genome size of the grylloid clade tended to decrease while that of the non-grylloid clade expanded significantly albeit with fluctuations. However, the evolutionary mechanisms underlying variation of genome size in Ensifera are still unknown.

Comprehensive analysis to identify DLEU2L/TAOK1 axis as a prognostic biomarker in hepatocellular carcinoma.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the deadliest malignant tumors that are harmful to human health. Increasing evidence has underscored the critical role of the competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory networks among various human cancers. However, the complexity and behavior characteristics of the ceRNA network in HCC were still unclear. In this study, we aimed to clarify a phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)-related ceRNA regulatory network and identify potential prognostic markers associated with HCC. The expression profiles of three RNAs (long non-coding RNAs [lncRNAs], microRNAs [miRNAs], and mRNAs) were extracted from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The DLEU2L-hsa-miR-100-5p/ hsa-miR-99a-5p-TAOK1 ceRNA network related to the prognosis of HCC was obtained by performing bioinformatics analysis. Importantly, we identified the DLEU2L/TAOK1 axis in the ceRNA by using correlation analysis, and it appeared to become a clinical prognostic model by Cox regression analysis. Furthermore, methylation analyses suggested that the abnormal upregulation of the DLEU2L/TAOK1 axis likely resulted from hypomethylation, and immune infiltration analysis showed that the DLEU2L/TAOK1 axis may have an impact on the changes in the tumor immune microenvironment and the development of HCC. In summary, the current study constructing a ceRNA-based DLEU2L/TAOK1 axis might be a novel important prognostic factor associated with the diagnosis and prognosis of HCC.

Comparative mitochondrial genomics of Shoveliteratura triangula (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae, Meconematinae) and the first description of a female specimen.

This paper provides the first description of a female of Shoveliteratura triangula Shi, Bian Change, 2011, as well as the complete mitogenome sequence using next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology. The length of the entire mitogenome was 16,152 bp and contained the typical gene arrangement, base composition, and codon usage found in other related species. The overall base composition exhibited a clear anti-G (10.8%) and AT bias (70.5%). The third codon positions in all protein-coding genes (PCGs) displayed high AT-content values (81.4%) in contrast to lower values of 64.2%/64.5% in the first/second positions. Two tandem repeats, 2.49 repeats of 112 bp and 3.65 repeats of 201 bp, contributed 1013 bp to the length of the S. triangula control region (CR). A T-stretch as a recognition sequence of the replication origin and more than one distinct tandem repeat in the CR were common in the Tettigoniidae mitogenomes. Both the maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) analyses supported each subfamily of the Tettigoniidae as a monophyletic group. The relationships of the subfamilies were as follows: (Lipotactinae (Hexacentrinae (Conocephalinae (Meconematinae (Bradyporinae, Tettigoniinae))))). The newly sequenced species S. triangula was most closely related to Pseudokuzicus pieli.

Mitochondrial genome of a brachypterous species in Meconematinae: Acosmetura nigrogeniculata and its phylogenetic implication.

Acosmetura nigrogeniculata (Liu and Wang, 1998) is a brachypterous species in Meconematinae, which is only distributed in China. In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome of A. nigrogeniculata was determined and annotated. The 16,271 bp circular genome contained 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, and one control region. The overall base composition was 36.4% A, 34.8% T, 18.4% C, and 10.5% G, exhibiting obvious anti-G and AT bias (71.2%). The general genomic characters including nucleotides composition, gene arrangement, and codon usage were similar to those of other Meconematinae species. Phylogenetic analysis of all nine Meconematinae species indicated that the newly sequenced species were clustered closely with the brachypterous species Pseudosmetura snjiensis.

Efficacy of on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting and stent implantation combined with surgery on lung cancer.

PURPOSE: Diaphragmatic hernia following an esophagectomy for esophageal cancer (EC) can be both an early and late complication. The esophageal hiatus within the diaphragm is disrupted during the operation. However, the incidence of Post-Esophagectomy Diaphragmatic Hernia (PEDH) is unknown. PEDH can be life-threatening and surgical treatment is challenging. However, all PEDH do not require surgery. The rate of EC diagnosis is rising. Therefore, esophageal surgery, particularly esophagectomy, is gradually increasing. Undoubtedly, the numbers of PEDH increase as well. METHODS: This review describes the presentation and diagnosis of PEDH after surgery for esophageal malignancy, as well as the management options for PEDH. RESULTS: Fifteen papers regarding PEDH have been published. There are many different surgical approaches to complete an esophagectomy, while there are different approaches to repair PEDH. CONCLUSION: Upper GI surgeons need to have an index of suspicion for PEDH. They must investigate and operate these patients if this complication develops, since an immediate surgery has a high mortality and poor outcome.

The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Campylandra chinensis (Liliaceae).

The complete chloroplast genome of Campylandra chinensis from China was analyzed using next-generation sequencing. The chloroplast genome was a 169,419 bp circular molecule and was predicted to contain a large single copy (LSC) of 86,752 bp and a small single copy (SSC) of 21,363 bp, which were separated by a pair of 25,340 bp inverted repeats (IRs). A total of 132 unique genes were annotated, including 86 protein coding genes, 38 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. Among these genes, 19 genes contained one or two introns. The overall GC contents of the plastid genome was 37.2%. Phylogenetic analysis showed that C. chinensis and Polygonatum species clustered to one clade with a high bootstrap value at the base of the phylogenetic tree.