Targeting Hippo pathway by specific interruption of YAP-TEAD interaction using cyclic YAP-like peptides.

Hippo signaling pathway is emerging as a novel target for anticancer therapy because it plays key roles in organ size control and tumorigenesis. As the downstream effectors, Yes-associated protein (YAP)-transcriptional enhancer activation domain family member (TEAD) association is essential for YAP-driven oncogenic activity, while TEAD is largely dispensable for normal tissue growth. We present the design of YAP-like peptides (17mer) to occupy the interface 3 on TEAD. Introducing cysteines at YAP sites 87 and 96 can induce disulfide formation, as confirmed by crystallography. The engineered peptide significantly improves the potency in disrupting YAP-TEAD interaction in vitro. To confirm that blocking YAP-TEAD complex formation by directly targeting on TEAD is a valid approach, we report a significant reduction in tumor growth rate in a hepatocellular carcinoma xenograft model after introducing the dominant-negative mutation (Y406H) of TEAD1 to abolish YAP-TEAD interaction. Our results suggest that targeting TEAD is a promising strategy against YAP-induced oncogenesis.

EGT1442, a potent and selective SGLT2 inhibitor, attenuates blood glucose and HbA(1c) levels in db/db mice and prolongs the survival of stroke-prone rats.

Sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) is a renal type III integral membrane protein that co-transports sodium and glucose from filtrate to epithelium in the proximal tubule. Human subjects with homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in SLC5A2 exhibit glucosuria without hypoglycemia or other obvious morbidity, suggesting that blockade of SGLT2 has the potential to promote normalization of blood glucose without hypoglycemia in the setting of type 2 diabetes. This report presents the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological activities of EGT1442, a recently discovered SGLT2 inhibitor in the C-aryl glucoside class. The inhibitory effects of EGT1442 for human SGLT1 and SGLT2 were evaluated in an AMG uptake assay and the in vivo efficacy of treatment with EGT1442 was investigated in rats and dogs after a single dose and in db/db mice after chronic administration. The effect of EGT1442 on median survival of SHRSP rats was also evaluated. The IC(50) values for EGT1442 against human SGLT1 and SGLT2 are 5.6µM and 2nM, respectively. In normal rats and dogs a saturable urinary glucose excretion was produced with an ED(50) of 0.38 and 0.09mg/kg, respectively. Following chronic administration to db/db mice, EGT1442 dose-dependently reduced HbA(1c) and blood glucose concentration without affecting body mass or insulin level. Additionally, EGT1442 significantly prolonged the median survival of SHRSP rats. EGT1442 showed favorable properties both in vitro and in vivo and could be beneficial to the management of type 2 diabetic patients.

C-aryl glucosides substituted at the 4'-position as potent and selective renal sodium-dependent glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

A series of C-aryl glucosides with various substituents at the 4'-position of the distal aryl ring have been synthesized and evaluated for inhibition of hSGLT1 and hSGLT2. Introduction of alkyl or alkoxy substituents at the 4'-position was found to improve SGLT2 potency, whereas introduction of a hydrophilic group at this position was deleterious. Compounds with alkoxy-, cycloalkoxy- or cycloalkenyloxy-ethoxy scaffolds exhibited good inhibitory activity and high selectivity toward SGLT2. Selected compounds were investigated for in vivo efficacy.

ortho-Substituted C-aryl glucosides as highly potent and selective renal sodium-dependent glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors.

A series of 2-substituted C-aryl glucosides have been synthesized and evaluated for inhibition of hSGLT1 and hSGLT2. Introduction of an appropriate ortho substituent at the proximal phenyl ring adjacent to the glycosidic bond was found to improve SGLT2 inhibitory activity and dramatically increase selectivity for hSGLT2 over hSGLT1. Selected compounds were investigated for in vivo efficacy.

Exploration of O-spiroketal C-arylglucosides as novel and selective renal sodium-dependent glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors.

A series of novel O-spiroketal C-arylglucosides have been prepared and evaluated in cell-based functional assays for activity against human sodium-dependent glucose co-transporters 1 and 2 (SGLT1 and 2). The core spiro[isobenzofuran-1,2'-pyran] structure proved to be an effective scaffold for diversification and a number of compounds with single digit nanomolar potency and high selectivity have been synthesized. Compound 5a promoted glucosuria when administered in vivo in rats and produced a significant blood glucose reduction effect.

Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of deuterated C-aryl glycoside as a potent and long-acting renal sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

SGLT2 inhibitors deuterated at sites susceptible to oxidative metabolism were found to have a slightly longer tmax and half-life (t1/2), dose-dependent increase in urinary glucose excretion (UGE) in rats, and slightly superior effects on UGE in dogs while retaining similar in vitro inhibitory activities against hSGLT2. In particular, deuterated compound 41 has the potential to be a robust long-acting antidiabetic agent.

Small molecule R1498 as a well-tolerated and orally active kinase inhibitor for hepatocellular carcinoma and gastric cancer treatment via targeting angiogenesis and mitosis pathways.

Protein kinases play important roles in tumor development and progression. Lots of kinase inhibitors have entered into market and show promising clinical benefits. Here we report the discovery of a novel small molecule, well-tolerated, orally active kinase inhibitor, R1498, majorly targeting both angiogenic and mitotic pathways for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and gastric cancer (GC). A series of biochemical and cell-based assays indicated that the target kinase cluster of R1498 included Aurora kinases and VEGFR2 et al. R1498 showed moderate in vitro growth inhibition on a panel of tumor cells with IC50 of micromole range. The in vivo anti-tumor efficacy of R1498 was evaluated on a panel of GC and HCC xenografts in a parallel comparison with another multikinase inhibitor sorafenib. R1498 demonstrated superior efficacy and toxicity profile over sorafenib in all test models with >80% tumor growth inhibition and tumor regression in some xenogratfts. The therapeutic potential of R1498 was also highlighted by its efficacy on three human GC primary tumor derived xenograft models with 10-30% tumor regression rate. R1498 was shown to actively inhibit the Aurora A activity in vivo, and decrease the vascularization in tumors. Furthermore, R1498 presented good in vivo exposure and therapeutic window in the pharmacokinetic and dose range finding studies. Theses evidences indicate that R1498 is a potent, well-tolerated, orally active multitarget kinase inhibitor with a unique antiangiogenic and antiproliferative profile, and provide strong confidence for further development for HCC and GC therapy.