Ultrastrong yet Ductile 2D Titanium Nanomaterial for On-Skin Conformal Triboelectric Sensing.

Conventional titanium (e.g., bulk or thin films) is well-known for its relatively high mechanical strength, excellent corrosion resistance, and superior biocompatibility, which are suitable for biomedical engineering and wearable devices. However, the strength of conventional titanium often trades off its ductility, and their use in wearable devices has not been explored yet. In this work, we fabricated a series of large-sized 2D titanium nanomaterials with the method of polymer surface buckling enabled exfoliation (PSBEE), which possess a unique heterogeneous nanostructure containing nanosized titanium, titanium oxide, and MXene-like phases. As a result, these 2D titaniums exhibit both superb mechanical strength (6-13 GPa) and remarkable ductility (25-35%) at room temperature, outperforming all other titanium-based materials reported so far. More interestingly, we demonstrate that the 2D titanium nanomaterials also showed good performance in triboelectric sensing and can be used to fabricate self-powered, on-skin conformal triboelectric sensors with good mechanical reliability.

High-output soft-contact fiber-structure triboelectric nanogenerator and its sterilization application.

Infectious diseases are spreading rapidly with the flow of the world's population, and the prevention of epidemic diseases is particularly important for public and personal health. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a simple, efficient and non-toxic method to control the spread of bacteria and viruses. The newly developed triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) can generate a high voltage, which inhibits bacterial reproduction. However, the output performance is the main factor limiting real-world applications of TENGs. Herein, we report a soft-contact fiber-structure TENG to avoid insufficient friction states and to improve the output, especially at a high rotation speed. Rabbit hair, carbon nanotubes, polyvinylidene difluoride film and paper all contain fiber structures that are used to guarantee soft contact between the friction layers and improve the contact state and abrasion problem. Compared with a direct-contact triboelectric nanogenerator, the outputs of this soft-contact fiber-structure TENG are improved by about 350%. Meanwhile, the open-circuit voltage can be enhanced to 3440 V, which solves the matching problems when driving high-voltage devices. A TENG-driven ultraviolet sterilization system is then developed. The bactericidal rate of this sterilization system can reach 91%, which significantly reduces the risk of disease spread. This work improves a forward-looking strategy to improve the output and service life of the TENG. It also expands the applications of self-powered TENG sterilization systems.

Triboelectric Nanogenerator (TENG) Mass Spectrometry of Falsified Antimalarials.

RATIONALE: An epidemic of low quality medicines continues to endanger patients worldwide. Detection of such "medicines" requires low cost, ambient ionization sources coupled to fieldable mass spectrometers for optimum sensitivity and specificity. With the use of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), the charge required to produce gas-phase ions for mass analysis can be obtained without the need for high voltage electrical circuitry, simplifying and lowering the cost of next-generation mass spectrometry instruments. METHODS: A sliding freestanding (SF) TENG was coupled to a toothpick electrospray setup for the purposes of testing if falsified medicines could be fingerprinted by this approach. Extracts from both genuine and falsified medicines were deposited on the toothpick and the SF TENG actuated to generate electrical charges, resulting in gas-phase ions for both active pharmaceutical ingredients and excipients. RESULTS: Our previous work had shown that direct analysis in real-time (DART) ambient mass spectrometry can identify the components of multiple classes of falsified antimalarial medicines. Experiments performed in this study show that a simple extraction into methanol along with the use of a SF TENG-powered toothpick electrospray can provide similar detection capabilities, but with much simpler and rugged instrumentation, and without the need for compressed gases or high voltage ion source power supplies. CONCLUSIONS: TENG toothpick MS allows for rapid analyte ion detection in a safe and low-cost manner, providing robust sampling and ionization capabilities.

Understanding Self-Catalyzed Epitaxial Growth of III-V Nanowires toward Controlled Synthesis.

The self-catalyzed growth of III-V nanowires has drawn plenty of attention due to the potential of integration in current Si-based technologies. The homoparticle-assisted vapor-liquid-solid growth mechanism has been demonstrated for self-catalyzed III-V nanowire growth. However, the understandings of the preferred growth sites of these nanowires are still limited, which obstructs the controlled synthesis and the applications of self-catalyzed nanowire arrays. Here, we experimentally demonstrated that thermally created pits could serve as the preferred sites for self-catalyzed InAs nanowire growth. On that basis, we performed a pregrowth annealing strategy to promote the nanowire density by enhancing the pits formation on the substrate surface and enable the nanowire growth on the substrate that was not capable to facilitate the growth. The discovery of the preferred self-catalyzed nanowire growth sites and the pregrowth annealing strategy have shown great potentials for controlled self-catalyzed III-V nanowire array growth with preferred locations and density.

Simultaneously Enhancing Light Emission and Suppressing Efficiency Droop in GaN Microwire-Based Ultraviolet Light-Emitting Diode by the Piezo-Phototronic Effect.

Achievement of p-n homojuncted GaN enables the birth of III-nitride light emitters. Owing to the wurtzite-structure of GaN, piezoelectric polarization charges present at the interface can effectively control/tune the optoelectric behaviors of local charge-carriers (i.e., the piezo-phototronic effect). Here, we demonstrate the significantly enhanced light-output efficiency and suppressed efficiency droop in GaN microwire (MW)-based p-n junction ultraviolet light-emitting diode (UV LED) by the piezo-phototronic effect. By applying a -0.12% static compressive strain perpendicular to the p-n junction interface, the relative external quantum efficiency of the LED is enhanced by over 600%. Furthermore, efficiency droop is markedly reduced from 46.6% to 7.5% and corresponding droop onset current density shifts from 10 to 26.7 A cm-2. Enhanced electrons confinement and improved holes injection efficiency by the piezo-phototronic effect are revealed and theoretically confirmed as the physical mechanisms. This study offers an unconventional path to develop high efficiency, strong brightness and high power III-nitride light sources.

Fabrication of Sub-25 nm Diameter GaSb Nanopillar Arrays by Nanoscale Self-Mask Effect.

GaSb individual nanowires and nanowire arrays are considered as intriguing candidates for electronic and photonic applications. In this paper, we report a new mask-free method to fabricate large area GaSb nanopillar arrays through reactive ion etching of GaSb substrates facilitated by O2 plasma. We have shown that nanoscale oxide self-masks could form thereby facilitating the formation of GaSb nanopillars. We have achieved GaSb nanowires with diameters less than 25 nm and an aspect ratio of 24. Additionally, GaSb nanopillar arrays with desired heights, diameters, and density can be obtained by choosing the plasma chemistry and/or controlling etching parameters, such as bias power and pressure. The nanopillar arrays prepared also exhibit tunable broadband antireflection properties.

Understanding self-aligned planar growth of InAs nanowires.

Semiconducting nanowires have attracted lots of attention because of their potential applications. Compared with free-standing nanowires, self-aligned planar nanowires grown epitaxially on the substrate have shown advantageous properties such as being twin defect free and ready for device fabrication, opening potentials for the large-scale device applications. Understanding of planar nanowire growth, which is essential for selective growth of planar vs free-standing wires, is still limited. In this paper, we reported different growth behaviors for self-aligned planar and free-standing InAs nanowires under identical growth conditions. We present a new model based on a revised Gibbs­Thomson equation for the planar nanowires. Using this model, we predicted and successfully confirmed through experiments that higher arsenic vapor partial pressure promoted free-standing InAs nanowire growth. A smaller critical diameter for planar nanowire growth was predicted and achieved experimentally. Successful control and understanding of planar and free-standing nanowire growth established in our work opens up the potential of large-scale integration of self-aligned nanowires for practical device applications.

High-performance self-desalination powered by triboelectric-electromagnetic hybrid nanogenerator.

Freshwater is an essential resource in today's world, and how to produce freshwater with low or even zero power consumption is a major challenge. Here, a desalination system powered by a triboelectric-electromagnetic hybrid nanogenerator (TEHG) is presented, which can utilize the water's own energy to remove the salt ions from itself, demonstrating a new concept of "self-desalination". At a relatively low rotation speed of 150 rpm, the system can dilute NaCl brine from 4000 ppm to 145 ppm with a high salt removal rate of 147.1 µg cm-2 min-1 and a freshwater productivity of up to 31.1 L m-2 h-1. The actual seawater can also be treated with a total ion removal efficiency of 99.6 % and a freshwater productivity of 2.7 L m-2 h-1, which is superior to other renewable-energy-powered desalination systems. More importantly, fully self-powered desalination process can be realized by manual cranking and hydrokinetic energy impact, both of which are capable of treating 1000 ppm salt feed to the drinking water level. The TEHG-powered desalination system not only provides excellent desalination performance but also addresses the challenges of power consumption and limited capacity, which offers a completely new paradigm of "self-desalination".

Biomimetic bimodal haptic perception using triboelectric effect.

Multimodal haptic perception is essential for enhancing perceptual experiences in augmented reality applications. To date, several artificial tactile interfaces have been developed to perceive pressure and precontact signals, while simultaneously detecting object type and softness with quantified modulus still remains challenging. Here, inspired by the campaniform sensilla on insect antennae, we proposed a hemispherical bimodal intelligent tactile sensor (BITS) array using the triboelectric effect. The system is capable of softness identification, modulus quantification, and material type recognition. In principle, due to the varied deformability of materials, the BITS generates unique triboelectric output fingerprints when in contact with the tested object. Furthermore, owing to the different electron affinities, the BITS array can accurately recognize material type (99.4% accuracy), facilitating softness recognition (100% accuracy) and modulus quantification. It is promising that the BITS based on the triboelectric effect has the potential to be miniaturized to provide real-time accurate haptic information as an artificial antenna toward applications of human-machine integration.

A Compact-Sized Fully Self-Powered Wireless Flowmeter Based on Triboelectric Discharge.

Flow sensing exhibits significant potential for monitoring, controlling, and optimizing processes in industries, resource management, and environmental protection. However, achieving wireless real-time and omnidirectional sensing of gas/liquid flow on a simple, self-contained device without external power support has remained a formidable challenge. In this study, a compact-sized, fully self-powered wireless sensing flowmeter (CSWF) is introduced with a small size diameter of down to less than 50 mm, which can transmit real-time and omnidirectional wireless signals, as driven by a rotating triboelectric nanogenerator (R-TENG). The R-TENG triggers the breakdown discharge of a gas discharge tube (GDT), which enables flow rate wireless sensing through emitted electromagnetic waves. Importantly, the performance of the CSWF is not affected by the R-TENG's varied output, while the transmission distance is greater than 10 m. Real-time wireless remote monitoring of wind speed and water flow rate is successfully demonstrated. This research introduces an approach to achieve a wireless, self-powered environmental monitoring system with a diverse range of potential applications, including prolonged meteorological observations, marine environment monitoring, early warning systems for natural disasters, and remote ecosystem monitoring.

Celebrating 60 Years of The Chinese University of Hong Kong: Research Highlights in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology.

Recent breakthroughs and advances in nanoscience and nanotechnology have profoundly impacted young-generation education, accelerated knowledge transfer to enhance the quality of life, and improved environmental and economic sustainability. The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK), a globally recognized education and research institute, has played a crucial role in promoting major strategic research directions in nanoscience, including translational biomedicine and information and automation technology, as well as environment and sustainability. To celebrate the 60th Anniversary of CUHK, we present this Virtual Issue that showcases the cutting-edge research at CUHK published in ACS Nano.

Understanding the impact of Schottky barriers on the performance of narrow bandgap nanowire field effect transistors.

Semiconductor nanowires have been explored as alternative electronic materials for high performance device applications exhibiting low power consumption specs. Electrical transport in III-V nanowire (NW) field-effect transistors (FETs) is frequently governed by Schottky barriers between the source/drain and the NW channel. Consequently the device performance is greatly impacted by the contacts. Here we present a simple model that explains how ambipolar device characteristics of NW-FETs and in particular the achievable on/off current ratio can be analyzed to gain a detailed idea of (a) the bandgap of the synthesized NWs and (b) the potential performance of various NW materials. In particular, we compare the model with our own transport measurements on InSb and InAs NW-FETs as well as results published by other groups. The analysis confirms excellent agreement with the predictions of the model, highlighting the potential of our approach to understand novel NW based materials and devices and to bridge material development and device applications.

The shift of percent excess mortality from zero-COVID policy to living-with-COVID policy in Singapore, South Korea, Australia, New Zealand and Hong Kong SAR.

Introduction: With the economic recession and pandemic fatigue, milder viral variants and higher vaccine coverage along the time lay the basis for lifting anti-COVID policies to restore COVID-19 normalcy. However, when and how to adjust the anti-COVID policies remain under debate in many countries. Methods: In this study, four countries (Singapore, South Korea, Australia, and New Zealand) and one region (Hong Kong SAR), that have shifted from the zero-COVID (ZC) policy to or close to the living-with-COVID (LWC) during or after the Omicron outbreak, were selected as research objects. All-cause mortality data were collected for these objects from 2009 to 2019. The expected mortality was estimated by a simple linear regression method. Excess mortality over time was calculated as the difference between the expected mortality and the observed mortality. Finally, percent excess mortality (PEM) was calculated as the excess mortality divided by the expected mortality. Results: In the examined four countries, PEM fluctuated around 0% and was lower than 10% most of the time under the ZC policy before 2022. After shifting to the LWC policy, all the examined countries increased the PEM. Briefly, countries with high population density (Singapore and South Korea) experienced an average PEM of 20-40% during the first half of 2022, and followed by a lower average PEM of 15-18% during the second half of 2022. For countries with low population density under the LWC policy, Australia experienced an average PEM of 39.85% during the first half of 2022, while New Zealand was the only country in our analysis that achieved no more than 10% in average PEM all the time. On the contrary, Hong Kong SAR under their ZC policy attained an average PEM of 71.14% during the first half of 2022, while its average PEM decreased to 9.19% in the second half of 2022 with LWC-like policy. Conclusion: PEM under different policies within each country/region overtime demonstrated that the mortality burden caused by COVID-19 had been reduced overtime. Moreover, anti-COVID policies are suggested to control the excess mortality to achieve as low as 10% in PEM.

Metallic glass-based triboelectric nanogenerators.

Surface wear is a major hindrance in the solid/solid interface of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG), severely affecting their output performance and stability. To reduce the mechanical input and surface wear, solid/liquid-interface alternatives have been investigated; however, charge generation capability is still lower than that in previously reported solid/solid-interface TENGs. Thus, achieving triboelectric interface with high surface charge generation capability and low surface wear remains a technological challenge. Here, we employ metallic glass as one triboelectric interface and show it can enhance the triboelectrification efficiency by up to 339.2%, with improved output performance. Through mechanical and electrical characterizations, we show that metallic glass presents a lower friction coefficient and better wear resistance, as compared with copper. Attributed to their low atomic density and the absence of grain boundaries, all samples show a higher triboelectrification efficiency than copper. Additionally, the devices demonstrate excellent humidity resistance. Under different gas pressures, we also show that metallic glass-based triboelectric nanogenerators can approach the theoretical limit of charge generation, exceeding that of Cu-based TENG by 35.2%. A peak power density of 15 MW·m-2 is achieved. In short, this work demonstrates a humidity- and wear-resistant metallic glass-based TENG with high triboelectrification efficiency.

Persistent triboelectrification-induced electroluminescence for self-powered all-optical wireless user identification and multi-mode anti-counterfeiting.

Persistent triboelectrification-induced electroluminescence (TIEL) is highly desirable to break the constraints in the transient-emitting behavior of existing TIEL technologies as it addresses the hindrance caused by incomplete information in optical communication. In this work, a novel self-powered persistent TIEL material (SP-PTM) has been created for the first time, by incorporating the long-afterglow phosphors SrAl2O4:Eu2+, Dy3+ (SAOED) in the material design. It was found that the blue-green transient TIEL derived from ZnS:Cu, Al serves as a reliable excitation source to trigger the persistent photoluminescence (PL) of SAOED. Notably, the aligned dipole moment formed along the vertical direction in the bottom ferroelectric ceramics layer acts as an "optical antenna" to promote variation in the electric field of the upper luminescent layer. Accordingly, the SP-PTM exhibits intense and persistent TIEL for about 10 s in the absence of a continuous power supply. Due to such unique TIEL afterglow behavior, the SP-PTM is applicable in many fields, such as user identification and multi-mode anti-counterfeiting. The SP-PTM proposed in this work not only represents a breakthrough in TIEL materials due to its recording capability and versatile responsivity but also contributes a new strategy to the development of high-performance mechanical-light energy-conversion systems, which may inspire various functional applications.

Excellent-Moisture-Resistance Fluorinated Polyimide Composite Film and Self-Powered Acoustic Sensing.

As a clean, sustainable energy source, sound can carry a wealth of information and play a huge role in the Internet of Things era. In recent years, triboelectric acoustic sensors have received increasing attention due to the advantages of self-power supply and high sensitivity. However, the triboelectric charge is susceptible to ambient humidity, which reduces the reliability of the sensor and limits the application scenarios significantly. In this paper, a highly moisture-resistant fluorinated polyimide composited with an amorphous fluoropolymer film was prepared. The charge injection performance, triboelectric performance, and moisture resistance of the composite film were investigated. In addition, we developed a self-powered, highly sensitive, and moisture-resistant porous-structure acoustic sensor based on contact electrification. The detection characteristics of the acoustic sensor are also obtained.

Passive Internet of Events Enabled by Broadly Compatible Self-Powered Visualized Platform Toward Real-Time Surveillance.

Surveillance is an intricate challenge worldwide especially in those complicated environments such as nuclear plants, banks, crowded areas, barns, etc. Deploying self-powered wireless sensor nodes can increase the system's event detection capabilities by collecting environmental changes, while the incompatibility among components (energy harvesters, sensors, and wireless modules) limits their application. Here, a broadly compatible self-powered visualized platform (SPVP) is reported to construct a passive internet of events (IoE) network for surveillance systems. By encoding electric signals into reference and working LEDs, SPVP can visualize resistance change generated by commercial resistive sensors with a broad working range (<107  Ω) and the transmission distance is up to 30 meters. Visible light signals are captured by surveillance cameras and processed by the cloud to achieve real-time event monitoring and identification, which forms the passive IoE network. It is demonstrated that the passive-IoE-based surveillance system can detect intrusion, theft, fire alarm, and distress signals quickly (30 ms) for 106 cycles. Moreover, the confidential information can be encrypted by SPVPs and accessed through a phone application. This universal scheme may have huge potential for the construction of safe and smart cities.

Universal Energy Solution for Triboelectric Sensors Toward the 5G Era and Internet of Things.

The launching of 5G technology provides excellent opportunity for the prosperous development of Internet of Things (IoT) devices and intelligent wireless sensor nodes. However, deploying of tremendous wireless sensor nodes network presents a great challenge to sustainable power supply and self-powered active sensing. Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has shown great capability for powering wireless sensors and work as self-powered sensors since its discovery in 2012. Nevertheless, its inherent property of large internal impedance and pulsed "high-voltage and low-current" output characteristic seriously limit its direct application as stable power supply. Herein, a generic triboelectric sensor module (TSM) is developed toward managing the high output of TENG into signals that can be directly utilized by commercial electronics. Finally, an IoT-based smart switching system is realized by integrating the TSM with a typical vertical contact-separation mode TENG and microcontroller, which is able to monitor the real-time appliance status and location information. Such design of a universal energy solution for triboelectric sensors is applicable for managing and normalizing the wide output range generated from various working modes of TENGs and suitable for facile integration with IoT platform, representing a significant step toward scaling up TENG applications in future smart sensing.

Recent Advances in Triboelectric Nanogenerators: From Technological Progress to Commercial Applications.

Serious climate changes and energy-related environmental problems are currently critical issues in the world. In order to reduce carbon emissions and save our environment, renewable energy harvesting technologies will serve as a key solution in the near future. Among them, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), which is one of the most promising mechanical energy harvesters by means of contact electrification phenomenon, are explosively developing due to abundant wasting mechanical energy sources and a number of superior advantages in a wide availability and selection of materials, relatively simple device configurations, and low-cost processing. Significant experimental and theoretical efforts have been achieved toward understanding fundamental behaviors and a wide range of demonstrations since its report in 2012. As a result, considerable technological advancement has been exhibited and it advances the timeline of achievement in the proposed roadmap. Now, the technology has reached the stage of prototype development with verification of performance beyond the lab scale environment toward its commercialization. In this review, distinguished authors in the world worked together to summarize the state of the art in theory, materials, devices, systems, circuits, and applications in TENG fields. The great research achievements of researchers in this field around the world over the past decade are expected to play a major role in coming to fruition of unexpectedly accelerated technological advances over the next decade.

Synthesis of antimony-based nanowires using the simple vapor deposition method.

III-V nanowires have attracted plenty of attention because of their potential outstanding performance in a wide range of applications. However, compared to other III-V nanowires, the synthesis of high quality Sb-based nanowires is less developed, which obstructs the progress towards further applications. In this study we report high quality GaSb and InSb nanowires synthesized by a simple vapor deposition method. Epitaxial growth of nanowires on growth substrates is demonstrated. Te doped GaSb nanowires are achieved through in situ doping during the vapor deposition process. Electrical measurements of nanowire field-effect transistors show high performance of the synthesized InSb nanowires.