Neuropharmacological Activity of the New Piperazine Derivative 2-(4-((1- Phenyl-1H-Pyrazol-4-yl)Methyl)Piperazin-1-yl)Ethyl Acetate is Modulated by Serotonergic and GABAergic Pathways.

BACKGROUND: Pharmacological treatments for mental disorders, such as anxiety and depression, present several limitations and adverse effects. Therefore, new pharmacotherapy with anxiolytic and antidepressant potential is necessary, and the study of compounds capable of interacting with more than one pharmacological target may provide new therapeutic options. OBJECTIVES: In this study, we proposed the design, synthesis of a new compound, 2-(4-((1- phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl acetate (LQFM192), pharmacological evaluation of its anxiolytic-like and antidepressant-like activities, as well as the possible mechanisms of action involved. METHODS: Administration of LQFM192 was carried out prior to the exposure of male Swiss mice to behavioral tests, such as the elevated plus-maze and forced swimming test. The involvement of the serotonergic system was studied by pretreatment with WAY-100635 or p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) and the involvement of the benzodiazepine site of the GABAA receptor by pretreatment with flumazenil. RESULTS: The treatment with LQFM192 at doses of 54 and 162 µmol/kg demonstrated anxiolyticlike activity that was blocked by WAY-100635, PCPA, and flumazenil pretreatments. The potential antidepressant-like activity was visualized at the same doses and blocked by WAY-100635 and PCPA. CONCLUSION: In summary, the anxiolytic-like activity of LQFM192 is mediated by the serotonergic system and the benzodiazepine site of the GABAA receptor, and the antidepressant-like activity through the serotonergic system.

Anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects of new phenylpiperazine derivative LQFM005 and its hydroxylated metabolite in mice.

The current treatments available for anxiety and depression are only palliative. Full remission has remained elusive, characterizing unmet medical needs. In the scope of an academic drug discovery program, we describe here the design, synthesis, in vitro metabolism prediction and pharmacological characterization of a new piperazine compound, 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-((1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methyl)piperazine (LQFM005), and of its main putative metabolite, 4-(4-((4-(4-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl)methyl)- 1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenol (LQFM235). The production of the metabolite was initially performed by in vitro biotransformation of LQFM005 using Aspergillus candidus and then by chemical synthesis. Oral administration of either 12 or 24 µmol/kg LQFM005 to mice did not affect spontaneous locomotor activity but increased the time spent in the center of the open field. Both LQFM005 and LQFM235 (24 µmol/kg) increased the time spent by the mice in the open arms of the elevated plus maze (EPM), a good indication of anxiolytic-like effect, and decreased the immobility time in the forced swimming test (FST), suggesting an antidepressant-like effect. The previous administration of WAY-100635 (a 5-HT1A antagonist) abolished the effects of LQFM005 in both EPM and FST. Binding experiments showed that LQFM005 and its metabolite bind to the 5-HT1A receptor with a moderate affinity (Ki around 5-9 µM). The two compounds are relatively safe, as indicated by cytotoxic assessment using the 3T3 fibroblast cell line and estimated LD50 around 600 mg/kg. In conclusion, oral administration of the newly synthesized phenylpiperazines produced anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects in behavioral tests, putatively in part through the activation of 5-HT1A receptors.

Potential antidepressant-like effect of piperazine derivative LQFM212 in mice: Role of monoaminergic pathway and brain-derived neurotrophic factor.

Major depression disorder (MDD) is one of the most widespread and debilitating psychiatric diseases and may be associated with other mental disorders such as anxiety. Despite advances in neurobiology studies, currently no established mechanism can explain all facets of MDD, and available drugs often show therapeutic delay for clinical effectiveness and response rates in patients are around 50 %. Previous activities of piperazine derivatives on CNS are indicators of its therapeutic potential for treating mental disorders. In this regard, we have previously shown that the piperazine derivative 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-((4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)methyl)phenol (LQFM212) has anxiolytic-like activity which involves serotonergic pathway, nicotinic receptors and BZD-site of GABAA receptor, without cognitive impairments. Herein, was evaluated the potential antidepressant-like effect of LQFM212 on forced swimming test (FST) after a single dose of 54 µmol/kg and after repeated treatment for 15 days in mice. Pretreatment with WAY-100635, PCPA, prazosin, SCH-23390, sulpiride or AMPT reversed the antidepressant-like effect on FST, suggesting that monoaminergic pathway contributes for effects of LQFM212. Furthermore, repeated treatment with LQFM212 increased hippocampal BDNF levels dosed by ELISA kit. In assessment of possible adverse effects, repeated treatment with LQFM212 did not alter the body weight of the animals, glutathione levels in the liver, and serum levels of AST, ALT, urea, and creatinine. Taken together, the results showed that LQFM212 has an antidepressant-like effect that involves monoaminergic pathway and increased BDNF levels. This compound represents promising candidate for prototype of psychoactive drugs for treatment of anxiety and depression disorders since these pathological conditions may exist in comorbidities.

Neuropharmacological assessment in mice and molecular docking of piperazine derivative LQFM212.

Piperazine derivatives are an attractive class of chemical compounds for the treatment of various mental illness. Herein, we demonstrated the synthesis of LQFM212, a piperazine derivative, behavioral evaluation in mice and computational studies. In neuropharmacological assessment, LQFM212 treatment at doses of 18, 54 or 162 µmol/kg increased the sleep duration in sodium pentobarbital-induced sleep test. LQFM212 at dose of 162 µmol/kg increased climbing time in the chimney test and decreased the number of squares crossed in the open field test, suggesting that LQFM212 in high doses reduces spontaneous movement. However, LQFM212 treatment at the doses of 18 or 54 µmol/kg increased the preference for the center of field which could be indicative of anxiolytic-like effects. In elevated plus maze and light-dark box tests, LQFM212 treatment altered all parameters observed that demonstrate anxiolytic-like activity. These effects were reversed by flumazenil, mecamylamine, WAY-100635 and PCPA, but not with ketanserin, showing that anxiolytic-like activity involve benzodiazepine site of GABAA receptor, nicotinic and serotonergic pathways. Molecular docking of LQFM212 showed that the ligand has more interactions with GABAA receptor than with 5-HT1A receptor. Despite the involvement of benzodiazepine site on anxiolytic-like effect of LQFM212, treatment with this compound did not alter cognitive function in the step-down avoidance test. In this sense, this piperazine derivative is a good prototype for treating anxiety disorders with putative mechanism of action.

Monoamine Involvement in the Antidepressant-Like Effect of ß-Caryophyllene.

BACKGROUND: Major depressive disorder is a psychiatric disorder that affects 4.4% of the population worldwide. Although the majority of antidepressant drugs ameliorate depressive symptoms, there is still a need for safer and more effective antidepressant. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the antidepressant-like activity of sesquiterpene compound ß-caryophyllene (BCP) for the possible contribution of the monoamine and hippocampal levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). METHODS: Male albino Swiss mice were subjected to the forced swimming test after acute treatment and to the tail suspension test after repeated treatment. Hippocampal levels of BDNF were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: The anti-immobility effect of BCP was reverted by pretreatment with an inhibitor of catecholamine synthesis α-methyl-p-tyrosine (100 mg/kg, i.p.), α2-adrenergic antagonist yohimbine (1 mg/kg, i.p.), and ß-adrenergic antagonist propranolol (2 mg/kg, i.p.), but not by pretreatment with either α1-adrenergic antagonist prazosin (1 mg/kg, i.p.) or 5-HT1A antagonist NAN-190 (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.), thereby suggesting the involvement of α2 and ß-adrenergic receptors, but not of the α1-adrenergic and 5-HT1A serotonergic receptors, in BCP's antidepressive-like activity. Furthermore, BCP increased BDNF levels in the hippocampus after 14 days of treatment. No treatments in this study altered locomotor activity in the open field test. CONCLUSION: This study provides a new mechanism of BCP-induced antidepressant-like effect mediated by some sub-types of catecholaminergic neurotransmitter system that could be a candidate for clinical tests of new treatments for depressive disorders.

Tert-butyl 4-((1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl) methyl) piperazine-1-carboxylate (LQFM104)- New piperazine derivative with antianxiety and antidepressant-like effects: Putative role of serotonergic system.

The piperazine derivatives correspond to an extensive chemical class of compounds with numerous neuropharmacological activities, including antidepressant (e.g., nefazodone, trazodone) and anxiolytic (e.g., buspirone) properties. Therefore, aiming to identify a new antidepressant and antianxiety lead-compound, our group designed, synthesized, and investigated the effects of a new piperazine compound, namely, LQFM104, on the behavior of mice. Male albino Swiss mice were treated with LQFM104 prior to predictive behavioral tests as open field (OFT), elevated plus maze (EPM), forced swimming (FST), and tail suspension tests (TST). The participation of the serotonergic system was evaluated by pretreatment with a 5-HT1A antagonist receptor (WAY100635) and serotonin (5-HT) synthesis inhibitor (p-chlorphenylalanine, pCPA) before oral administration of LQFM104 and behavioral tests. The treatment with LQFM104 did not interfere with locomotor activity but revealed suggestive data of anxiolytic-like effects by the increase in the time spent in the center of the OFT. This activity was confirmed by the results obtained in the EPM, and it was abolished after pretreatment with WAY100635 and pCPA. The immobility time decreased in both the FST and TST. The antidepressant-like activity was completely abolished after WAY100635 pretreatment. Altogether, these data revealed that LQFM104 possesses anxiolytic and antidepressant-like properties in behavioral tests on mice, and these activities are possibly mediated, directly and/or indirectly, by serotonergic pathways.

Central pharmacological activity of a new piperazine derivative: 4-(1-phenyl-1h-pyrazol-4-ylmethyl)-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid ethyl ester.

AIMS: Our study focuses on the design and synthesis of a new piperazinic derivate, 4-(1-phenyl-1h-Pyrazol-4-Ylmethyl)-Piperazine-1-Carboxylic Acid Ethyl ester (LQFM008), and evaluation of its anxiolytic-like profile in Swiss mice. MAIN METHODS: LQFM008 was evaluated in a screening test of the central nervous system including the rota-rod, sodium pentobarbital-induced sleep, open field, elevated plus maze and light-dark box tests. KEY FINDINGS: LQFM008 induced convulsions at the dose of 1.1 mmol/kg (i.p., s.c. or p.o.). LQFM008 up to 400 µmol/kg had no effect in the rota rod test. In the open field test, LQFM008 increased the number of crossings and the time spent at the central area as well as the sleeping time in sodium pentobarbital-induced sleep. In the elevated plus maze and light-dark box tests, this compound showed an anxiolytic-like activity. This anxiolytic-like activity was antagonized by NAN-190 (5-HT(1A) antagonist) but not by flumazenil (benzodiazepine antagonist). SIGNIFICANCE: The compound LQFM008 showed anxiolytic-like activity which may involve serotonergic pathway.

Anti-inflammatory effect of Spiranthera odoratissima A. St.-Hil. leaves involves reduction of TNF-α.

Spiranthera odoratissima A. St.-Hil., 'manacá', is a medicinal species used in Brazil, especially in central region, for the treatment of several diseases such as pain and inflammation. In this study, the methanol/aqueous phase of the ethanol extract of the leaves of 'manacá' (MAP), at the doses of 50, 150 and 500 mg/kg was used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and/or antinociceptive effects and the possible anti-inflammatory mechanism. The antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of MAP were assessed using formalin test, carrageenan-induced paw oedema. The myeloperoxidase activity, capillary permeability, leukocyte migration and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels were evaluated in pleural exudate. The MAP reduced the licking time only in the later phase of formalin test, and showed anti-inflammatory activity by reducing the paw oedema, migration cell, myeloperoxidase activity, capillary permeability and TNF-α levels. In conclusion, we confirmed the inflammatory activity of MAP and affirm that this effect involves the reduction of TNF-α level.