Synthesis of functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles for colorimetric and fluorescence sensing of selective metal (Fe3+) ions in aqueous solution.

The fabrication of red fluorescent hybrid mesoporous silica-based nanosensor materials has promised the bioimaging and selective detection of toxic pollutants in aqueous solutions. In this study, we present a hybrid mesoporous silica nanosensor in which the propidium iodide (PI) was used to conveniently integrate into the mesopore walls using bis(trimethoxysilylpropyl silane) precursors. Various characterization techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), N2 adsorption-desorption, zeta potential, particle size analysis, thermogravimetric, and UV-visible analysis were used to analyze the prepared materials. The prepared PI integrated mesoporous silica nanoparticles (PI-MSNs) selective metal ion sensing capabilities were tested with a variety of heavy metal ions (100 mM), including Ni2+, Cd2+, Co2+, Zn2+, Cr3+, Cu2+, Al3+, Mg2+, Hg2+ and Fe3+ ions. Among the investigated metal ions, the prepared PI-MSNs demonstrated selective monitoring of Fe3+ ions with a significant visible colorimetric pink color change into orange and quenching of pink fluorescence in an aqueous suspension. The selective sensing behavior of PI-MSNs might be due to the interaction of Fe3+ ions with the integrated PI functional fluorophore present in the mesopore walls. Therefore, we emphasize that the prepared PI-MSNs could be efficient for selective monitoring of Fe3+ ions in an aqueous solution and in the biological cellular microenvironment.

The Identification of Oral Cariogenic Bacteria through Colorimetric Sensor Array Based on Single-Atom Nanozymes.

Effective identification of multiple cariogenic bacteria in saliva samples is important for oral disease prevention and treatment. Here, a simple colorimetric sensor array is developed for the identification of cariogenic bacteria using single-atom nanozymes (SANs) assisted by machine learning. Interestingly, cariogenic bacteria can increase oxidase-like activity of iron (Fe)─nitrogen (N)─carbon (C) SANs by accelerating electron transfer, and inversely reduce the activity of Fe─N─C further reconstruction with urea. Through machine-learning-assisted sensor array, colorimetric responses are developed as "fingerprints" of cariogenic bacteria. Multiple cariogenic bacteria can be well distinguished by linear discriminant analysis and bacteria at different genera can also be distinguished by hierarchical cluster analysis. Furthermore, colorimetric sensor array has demonstrated excellent performance for the identification of mixed cariogenic bacteria in artificial saliva samples. In view of convenience, precise, and high-throughput discrimination, the developed colorimetric sensor array based on SANs assisted by machine learning, has great potential for the identification of oral cariogenic bacteria so as to serve for oral disease prevention and treatment.

Chromogenic Chemosensor for Simultaneous Detection of PO4 3- and CO3 2- Anions in Organo-Aqueous Solutions: Application in Arduino Based Electronic Color Sensor Device and Logic Gate.

Three new chromogenic receptors have been synthesized with the primary objective of facilitating the selective recognition of PO4 3-and CO3 2- ions in an organo-aqueous medium. R1 and R2 exhibit an extraordinary detection limit aligning with both EPA and WHO guidelines. R1 shows LOD of 0.135 ppm for PO4 3- and 0.175 ppm for CO3 2-, while R2 sets forth a LOD of 0.427 ppm for PO4 3- and 0.729 ppm for CO3 2-. The binding mechanism involves intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) band are substantiated by comprehensive studies that include UV-Vis titration, 1H-NMR titration, DFT studies and electrochemical studies. Chemosensors were employed in the formulation of logic gate, the fabrication of a paper strip test kit and its application in RGB color sensor device.

Fabrication of Highly Sensitive and Selective Nitrite Colorimetric Sensor Based on the Enhanced Peroxidase Mimetic Activity of Using Acetic Acid Capped Zinc Oxide Nanosheets.

Nitrite ions (NO2-), as one of the leading type-A inorganic-anion, showing significant-effects in the aquatic environment and also to humans health. Whereas, the higher uptake causes detrimental threat to human health leading to various chronic diseases, thus demanding efficient, reliable and convenient method for its monitoring. For this purpose, in the present research study we have fabricated the mimetic nonozyme like catalyst based colorimetric nitrite sensor. The acetic acid capped Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanosheets (NSs) were introduce as per-oxidase mimetic like catalyst which shows high efficiency towards the oxidative catalysis of colorless tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to oxidized-TMB (blue color) in the presence of Hydrogen-peroxide (H2O2). The present nitrite ions will stimulate the as formed oxidized-TMB (TMBox), and will caused diazotization reaction (diazotized-TMBox), which will not only decreases the peak intensity of UV-visible peak of TMBox at 652 nm but will also produces another peak at 446 nm called as diazotized-TMBox peak, proving the catalytic reaction between the nitrite ions and TMBox. Further, the prepared colorimetric sensor exhibits better sensitivity with a wider range of concentration (1 × 10-3-4.50 × 10-1 µM), lowest limit of detection (LOD) of 0.22 ± 0.05 nM and small limit of quantification (LOQ) 0.78 ± 0.05 nM having R2 value of 0.998. Further, the colorimetric sensor also manifest strong selectivity towards NO2- as compared to other interference in drinking water system. Resultantly, the prepared sensor with outstanding repeatability, stability, reproducibility, re-usability and its practicability in real water samples also exploit its diverse applications in food safety supervision and environmental monitoring.

A colorimetric/electrochemical sensor based on coral-like CuCo2O4@AuNPs composites for sensitive dopamine detection.

As a central neurotransmitter, DA (dopamine) plays a vital part in human metabolism, and its accurate detection is of great significance in disease diagnosis. In this work, we used Cu/Co bimetallic metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as templates and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to construct novel nanocomposite coral-like CuCo2O4@AuNPs with strong peroxidase activity and electrochemical response. The coral-like CuCo2O4@AuNPs showed excellent peroxidase activity, and the Km value was as low as 0.358 mM. In the presence of H2O2, the colorless substrate 3,3',5,5', -tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) can be catalytically oxidized into a blue product. Simultaneously, coral-like CuCo2O4@AuNPs, as an electroactive substance, possess strong electrocatalytic activity, which enhances the electron-transfer rate and promotes excellent current response. In the presence of DA, coral-like CuCo2O4@AuNPs can catalyze the oxidation of DA to dopaquinone, which further enhances the electrochemical signal. In addition, DA captures hydroxyl radicals and inhibits the oxidation of TMB, resulting in an obvious color change (blue turns colorless) and realizing colorimetric detection with the naked eye. On this basis, we successfully established a dual-mode colorimetric/electrochemical sensor using coral-like CuCo2O4@AuNP nanocomposites as a dual-signal probe. Combining colorimetric and electrochemical detection, the sensor achieved a wide linear range (0-1 mM) and a low detection limit (0.07 µM) for DA concentration. It was also successfully used for the detection of DA in human serum and urine with good results. In summary, this work provides an intuitive, economical, sensitive, and promising platform for DA detection.

Transparent, flexible, and eco-friendly starch-based films for reversible optoelectronic noses for food spoilage monitoring in smart packaging.

A reversible optoelectronic nose is presented consisting of ten acid-base indicators incorporated into a starch-based film, covering a wide pH range. The starch substrate is odorless, biocompatible, flexible, and exhibits high tensile resistance. This optical artificial olfaction system was used to detect the early stages of food decomposition by exposing it to the volatile compounds produced during the spoialge process of three food products (beef, chicken, and pork). A smartphone was used to capture the color changes caused by intermolecular interactions between each dye and the emitted volatiles over time. Digital images were processed to generate a differential color map, which uses the observed color shifts to create a unique signature for each food product. To effectively discriminate among different samples and exposure times, we employed chemometric tools, including hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA). This approach detects food deterioration in a practical, cost-effective, and user-friendly manner, making it suitable for smart packaging. Additionally, the use of starch-based films in the food industry is preferable due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability characteristics.

A portable intelligent hydrogel platform for multicolor visual detection of HAase.

Hyaluronidase (HAase) is an important endoglycosidase involved in numerous physiological and pathological processes, such as apoptosis, senescence, and cancer progression. Simple, convenient, and sensitive detection of HAase is important for clinical diagnosis. Herein, an easy-to-operate multicolor visual sensing strategy was developed for HAase determination. The proposed sensor was composed of an enzyme-responsive hydrogel and a nanochromogenic system (gold nanobipyramids (AuNBPs)). The enzyme-responsive hydrogel, formed by polyethyleneimine-hyaluronic acid (PEI-HA), was specifically hydrolyzed with HAase, leading to the release of platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs). Subsequently, PtNPs catalyzed the mixed system of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) and H2O2 to produce TMB2+ under acidic conditions. Then, TMB2+ effectively etched the AuNBPs and resulted in morphological changes in the AuNBPs, accompanied by a blueshift in the localized surface plasmon resonance peak and vibrant colors. Therefore, HAase can be semiquantitatively determined by directly observing the color change of AuNBPs with the naked eye. On the basis of this, the method has a linear detection range of HAase concentrations between 0.6 and 40 U/mL, with a detection limit of 0.3 U/mL. In addition, our designed multicolor biosensor successfully detected the concentration of HAase in human serum samples. The results showed no obvious difference between this method and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, indicating the good accuracy and usability of the suggested method.

Highly selective colorimetric determination of glutathione based on sandwich-structured nanoenzymes composed of gold nanoparticle-coated molecular imprinted metal-organic frameworks.

A sandwich-structured composite nanoenzyme (NH2-MIL-101(Fe)@Au@MIP) was prepared using molecularly imprinted polymers, metal-organic frameworks, and gold nanoparticles and a highly selective glutathione (GSH) colorimetric sensor was constructed. The inner part of the composite nanoenzymes is a metal-organic framework loaded with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), NH2-MIL-101(Fe)@Au, which has superior peroxidase-like activity compared with  NH2-MIL-101(Fe). This is due to the surface plasmon resonance effect of AuNPs. GSH can form strong Au-S bonds with AuNPs, which can significantly reduce the enzymatic activity of NH2-MIL-101(Fe)@Au, thereby changing the absorbance at 450 nm of the sensing system. The degree of change in absorbance is correlated with the concentration of GSH. In the outer part, the molecularly imprinted polymer with oxidized glutathione (GSSG) as a dummy template provided specific pores, which significantly improved the selectivity of the sensing system. The sensor showed good GSH sensing performance in the range 1 ~ 50 µM with a lower limit of detection (LOD) of 0.231 µM and good sensing performance in fetal bovine serum, indicating its high potential for clinical diagnostic applications.

Modular coupling MOF nanozyme with natural enzyme on hollow fiber membrane for rapid and reusable detection of H2O2 and glucose.

A novel strategy based on gradient porous hollow fiber membrane (GPF) is proposed for the modular assembly of enzyme-nanozyme cascade systems. The porous structure of GPF provided sufficient specific surface area, while the gradient structure effectively minimized the leaching of enzymes and nanozymes. To enhance stability, we prepared and immobilized metal-organic framework (MOF) nanozymes, resulting in the fabrication of GPF-MOF with excellent stability and reusability for colorimetric H2O2 detection. To improve specificity and expand the detection range, micro-crosslinked natural enzymes were modularly assembled, using glucose oxidase as the model enzyme. The assembled system, GPF-mGOx@MOF, achieved a low detection limit of 0.009 mM and a linear range of 0.2 to 11 mM. The sensor retained 87.2% and 80.7% of initial activity after being stored for 49 days and 9 recycles, respectively. Additionally, the reliability of the biosensor was validated through glucose determination of human blood and urine samples, yielding comparable results to a commercial glucose meter.

Gold nanoparticle-based selective and efficient spectrophotometric assay for the insecticide methamidophos.

A reliable, rapid, and inexpensive nano-sized chemosensor is presented for methamidophos (MET) - an insecticide. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)-stabilized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were synthesized by a simple one-pot, two-phase chemical reduction method. The synthesized PLA-AuNPs were subsequently employed for selective, efficient, and quantitative detection of MET. MET is one of the highly toxic pesticides used for eradication of agricultural and urban insects. Upon the addition of MET, the wine-red color of PLA-AuNPs swiftly transformed into greyish-blue, further corroborated by a significant bathochromic and hyperchromic shift in the SPR band. The presence of other interfering insecticides, metal salts, and drugs did not have any pronounced effect on quantitative MET detection. The detection limit, the quantification limit, and linear dynamic range of MET utilizing PLA-AuNPs were  0.0027 µM, 0.005 µM, and 0.005-1000 µM, respectively. The PLA-AuNP-based assay renders an efficient, rapid, accurate, and selective quantification of MET in food, biological, and environmental samples. The proposed sensor provides an appropriate platform for fast and on-the-spot determination of MET without requiring a well-equipped lab setup.

Hg2+-enhanced oxidase-like activity of platinum nanoparticles immobilized on porphyrin-based porous organic polymer for the colorimetric detection and removal of Hg2.

Porphyrin-based porous organic polymer (POP) with uniformly immobilized platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) were designed and synthesized, and it was demonstrated that such nanocomposites (Pt/POP) have oxidase-like activity. Surprisingly, Hg2+ significantly enhanced the oxidase-like activity of Pt/POP. The enhancement was attributed to the capture of Hg2+ by the thioether group in Pt/POP and the subsequent redox reaction of Hg2+ with Pt NPs, accelerating the electron transfer. In the presence of Hg2+, Pt/POP catalyzed the colorless 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to turn blue rapidly and changed its absorbance at 652 nm. Based on this, a fast-response colorimetric sensor was constructed for the sensitive detection of Hg2+ with a linear range of 0.2-50 µM and a detection limit of 36.5 nM. Importantly, Pt/POP can be used as an adsorbent for the efficient removal of Hg2+ with a removal efficiency as high as 99.4%. This work provides a valuable strategy for colorimetric detection and efficient removal of Hg2+.

Positively Charged Organosilanes Covalently Linked to the Silica Network as Modulating Tools for the Salinity Correction of pH Values Obtained with Colorimetric Sensor Arrays (CSAs).

Seven increasing levels of water salinity from 0.029 to 0.600 M (as NaCl) were used to investigate the dependence of pH measurement, performed using colorimetric sensor arrays (CSAs), on ionic strength. The CSAs were arrays of sensing spots prepared in the form of sol-gel-embedding Bromothymol Blue (BB) and Bromocresol Green (BCG) in a porous nitrocellulose support. The support was impregnated over the entire thickness (≈100 µm), allowing for the signal (Hue) acquisition on the opposite side to the contact with the sample solution. Three CSAs were prepared, M1, M2, and M3. M1 contained a free cationic surfactant, hexadecyltrimethylammonium p-toluenesulfonate (CTApTs), for modulating the pKa of the indicators. In M2, the surfactant dimethyloctadecyl[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]ammonium chloride (DTSACl) was covalently bonded to the sol-gel. M3 was prepared like M2 but using a larger amount of ethanol as the solvent for the synthesis. The modulation of the CTApTs or the DTSACl concentration enabled the tuning of the pKa. In general, the pKa modulation ability decreased with the increase in salinity. The presence of a surfactant covalently linked to the backbone partially reduced the competitiveness of the anionic species, improving the results. Nevertheless, the salt effect was still present, and a correction algorithm was required. Between pH 5.00 and 12.00, this correction could be made automatically by using spots taken as references to produce sensors independent of salinity. As the salt effect is virtually absent above 0.160 M, M2 and M3 can be used for future applications in seawater.

Trimetallic FeCoNi Metal-Organic Framework with Enhanced Peroxidase-like Activity for the Construction of a Colorimetric Sensor for Rapid Detection of Thiophenol in Water Samples.

In recent years, nanozymes have attracted particular interest and attention as catalysts because of their high catalytic efficiency and stability compared with natural enzymes, whereas how to use simple methods to further improve the catalytic activity of nanozymes is still challenging. In this work, we report a trimetallic metal-organic framework (MOF) based on Fe, Co and Ni, which was prepared by replacing partial original Fe nodes of the Fe-MOF with Co and Ni nodes. The obtained FeCoNi-MOF shows both oxidase-like activity and peroxidase-like activity. FeCoNi-MOF can not only oxidize the chromogenic substrate 3,3,5,5-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to its blue oxidation product oxTMB directly, but also catalyze the activation of H2O2 to oxidize the TMB. Compared with corresponding monometallic/bimetallic MOFs, the FeCoNi-MOF with equimolar metals hereby prepared exhibited higher peroxidase-like activity, faster colorimetric reaction speed (1.26-2.57 folds), shorter reaction time (20 min) and stronger affinity with TMB (2.50-5.89 folds) and H2O2 (1.73-3.94 folds), owing to the splendid synergistic electron transfer effect between Fe, Co and Ni. Considering its outstanding advantages, a promising FeCoNi-MOF-based sensing platform has been designated for the colorimetric detection of the biomarker H2O2 and environmental pollutant TP, and lower limits of detection (LODs) (1.75 µM for H2O2 and 0.045 µM for TP) and wider linear ranges (6-800 µM for H2O2 and 0.5-80 µM for TP) were obtained. In addition, the newly constructed colorimetric platform for TP has been applied successfully for the determination of TP in real water samples with average recoveries ranging from 94.6% to 112.1%. Finally, the colorimetric sensing platform based on FeCoNi-MOF is converted to a cost-effective paper strip sensor, which renders the detection of TP more rapid and convenient.

Colorimetric identification of multiple terpenoids based on bimetallic FeCu/NPCs nanozymes.

Nanozymes have been relatively well explored, and bimetal-doped nanozymes have attracted much exploration due to their superior catalytic activity. We developed bimetallic FeCu/NPCs and Cu/NPCs nanozymes, which have good catalytic properties due to the coordination of Fe and Cu with N and P. The nanozymes acted as sensing elements in a cascade reaction system to effectively recognize seven terpenoids, including menthol (Men), paeoniflorin (Pae), camphor (Cam), paclitaxel (Pac), andrographolide (Andro), ginkgolide A (Gin A), and piperone (Pip). Terpenoids act as inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and reduce the hydrolysis of acetylcholine (ATCh), providing insight into establishing a simple and distinct assay for terpenoids. Notably, the sensor array distinguished seven terpenoids with concentrations as low as 10 ng/mL and achieved high-precision detection of mixed samples with different molar ratios and 21 unknown samples. Finally, the sensor array successfully distinguished and identified multiple terpenoids in herbal samples.

Recent advances on natural colorants-based intelligent colorimetric food freshness indicators: fabrication, multifunctional applications and optimization strategies.

With the increasing concerns of food safety and public health, tremendous efforts have been concentrated on the development of effective, reliable, nondestructive methods to evaluate the freshness level of different kinds of food. Natural colorants-based intelligent colorimetric indicators which are typically constructed with natural colorants and polymer matrices has been regarded as an innovative approach to notify the customers and retailers of the food quality during the storage and transportation procedure in real-time. This review briefly elucidates the mechanism of natural colorants used for intelligent colorimetric indicators and fabrication methodologies of natural colorants-based food freshness indicators. Subsequently, their multifunctional applications in intelligent food packaging systems like antioxidant packaging, antimicrobial packaging, biodegradable packaging, UV-blocking packaging and inkless packaging are well introduced. This paper also summarizes several optimizing strategies for the practical application of this advanced technology from different perspectives. Strategies like adopting a hydrophobic matrix, constructing double-layer film and encapsulation have been developed to improve the stability of the indicators. Co-pigmentation, metal ion complexation, pigment-mixing and using substrates with high surface area are proved to be effective to enhance the sensitivity of the indicators. Approaches include multi-index evaluation, machine learning and smartphone-assisted evaluation have been proven to improve the accuracy of the intelligent food freshness indicators. Finally, future research opportunities and challenges are proposed. Based on the fundamental understanding of natural colorants-based intelligent colorimetric food freshness indicators, and the latest research and findings from literature, this review article will help to develop better, lower cost and more reliable food freshness evaluation technique for modern food industry.

A Formyl Chromone Based Schiff Base Derivative: An Efficient Colorimetric and Fluorescence Chemosensor for the Selective Detection of Hg2+ Ions.

A novel chromone-based Schiff base L was designed and synthesized by condensing an equimolar amount of 3-formyl chromone and 2,4-dinitro phenyl hydrazine. Schiff base L was developed as a potent colorimetric and fluorescent molecular probe to recognize Hg2+ ions over other competitive metal ions. In the presence of Hg2+, Schiff base L displays a naked-eye detectable color change under day and UV365 nm light. Various UV-Vis and fluorescence studies of L were performed in the absence and presence of Hg2+ to determine the sensitivity and the sensing mechanism. With high selectivity and specificity, the detection limit and association constant of L for Hg2+ were estimated at 1.87 µM and 1.234 × 107 M-1, respectively. The developed sensor L was applied to real soil samples for the detection of Hg2+.

Enhanced peroxidase-like activity of 2(3), 9(10), 16(17), 23(24)-octamethoxyphthalocyanine modified CoFe LDH for a sensor array for reducing substances with catechol structure.

Improving the catalytic activity of artificial nanozymes to realize the real-time detection of small molecules becomes an important task. Herein, a highly active nanozyme, 2(3), 9(10), 16(17), 23(24)-octamethoxyphthalocyanine (Pc(OH)8) modified CoFe LDH microspheres (Pc(OH)8-CoFe LDH) have been prepared by the two-step hydrothermal method. The 3,3',5,5'-tetramylbenzidine (TMB), a chromogenic substrate, was fast oxidized into blue oxTMB by H2O2 in the presence of Pc(OH)8-CoFe LDH, indicating that Pc(OH)8-CoFe LDH possesses high peroxidase-like activity rather than pure CoFe LDH. The enhancement peroxidase-like activity of the Pc(OH)8-CoFe LDH is ascribed to the synergistic action between Pc(OH)8 and CoFe LDH. Experimental results of radical scavenger and fluorescence probe verify that superoxide radical (•O2-) plays an important role during the catalytic reaction. Interestingly, the absorption intensity of reaction system has been enhanced largely, due to adding of the reducing substances containing catechol structure. Based on this, the three reducing substances (dopamine, procyanidin B2, catechins) containing catechol structure were distinguished from other reducing substances without catechol structure. Thus, a colorimetric array has been constructed using reaction time as the sensing element to realize the sensitive and selective recognition of catechol structures at a certain concentration.

Reduced graphene oxide-persimmon tannin/Pt@Pd nanozyme-based cascade colorimetric sensor for detection of 1,5-anhydroglucitol.

1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG) is of considerable clinical relevance as a biochemical marker of glucose metabolism in the assessment and monitoring of diabetes. Herein, a simple colorimetric biosensor was constructed for the identification and detection of 1,5-AG by using pyranose oxidase (PROD) enzyme cascaded with reduced graphene oxide/persimmon tannin/Pt@Pd (RGO-PT/Pt@Pd NPs) nanozyme. The as-prepared RGO-PT/Pt@Pd NPs had excellent peroxidase-like activity and can be applied as a nanozyme. First, PROD enzyme reacts with the target 1,5-AG, decomposing 1,5-AG into 1,5-anhydrofuctose (1,5-AF) and H2O2. At this point, the highly catalytic RGO-PT/Pt@Pd NPs nanozyme produces a cascade with PROD enzyme which catalyzes the decomposition of H2O2 to produce O2. This in turn oxidizes the substrate 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) and produces a color change in the solution. Finally, the detection of 1,5-AG was achieved by measuring the absorption peak at 652 nm with an ultraviolet visible (UV-vis) spectrophotometer. Under optimal conditions, the linear operating range of the 1,5-AG enzyme cascade colorimetric sensor was 1.0-100.0 µg/mL, and the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.81 µg/mL. The proposed colorimetric biosensor was successfully applied to detect 1,5-AG in spiked human serum samples with the recoveries of 97.2-103.9% and RSDs of 1.94-4.48%. It provides a promising developmental assay for clinical detection of 1,5-AG.

State-of-the-art molecular imprinted colorimetric sensors and their on-site inspecting applications.

Molecular imprinted colorimetric sensors can realize visual semi-quantitative analysis without the use of any equipment. With the advantages of low cost, fast response, ease of handling, and excellent recognition ability, the molecular imprinted colorimetric sensor shows great application potential in the field of sample rapid assay. Molecular imprinted colorimetric sensors can be prepared in various forms to meet the needs of different sample determination, such as film, hydrogel, strip, and adsorption coating. In this review, the preparation methods for various types of molecularly imprinted colorimetric sensors are systematically introduced. Their applications in the field of on-site biological sample detection, drug detection, disease treatment, chiral substance detection and separation, environmental analysis, and food safety detection are introduced. The limitations encountered in the practical application are presented, and the future development directions prospect.

Immobilization of biomolecular anthocyanin natural sensor into plasma-cured polyethylene terephthalate fibers from recycled plastic waste for determination of ammonia.

Polyester textiles have been applied in numerous industrial applications. Polyester fibers are characterized with being excellent insulators to electricity, having excellent flexural and impact strength, ease of manufacture, low-cost, as well as having resistance to moisture and chemicals. However, polyester fibers cannot be stained due to the absence of active dyeing sites on the surface of the fibrous structure. Thus, polyester cannot be dyed after it has been extruded. Herein, we report the development of novel-colored polyester fabrics using plasma-assisted dyeing and anthocyanin natural probe for determination of ammonia that may cause severe harmful effects to human organs and even death. Anthocyanin was extracted from red cabbage and characterized. The water-soluble anthocyanin was fastened to polyester fibers by mordant (potash alum) to generate anthocyanin-mordant coordinative complex nanoparticles. Polyester can be treated with thin layer of anthocyanin probe after activation with plasma. The results showed excellent colorfastness, ultraviolet blocking, and antibacterial performance of the anthocyanin-dyed polyester (APET) fibers. The APET fibers showed great potential for developing a portable colorimetric device for an on-site detection of ammonia. APET displayed a detection limit of aqueous ammonia in the range of 25-200 ppb, displaying a change in color from purple (542 nm) to white (387 nm).