Catheter directed therapy in high-risk pulmonary embolism: Analysis of 9 cases. / Terapia dirigida por catéter en embolia pulmonar de alto riesgo: análisis de 9 casos.

BACKGROUND: Mechanical thrombectomy is a useful technique in patients with high-risk pulmonary embolism. It is indicated as an alternative to systemic fibrinolysis when it is contraindicated or as an adjuvant therapy when it fails. OBJECTIVE: To describe clinical characteristics, evolution and survival of patients with high-risk pulmonary embolism who have undergone mechanical thrombectomy. METHOD: Single-center retrospective descriptive study of consecutive patients who underwent mechanical thrombectomy. Demographic, clinical and survival variables were analyzed. RESULTS: 9 patients were included (56% men, 44% women). All patients had pulmonary artery pressure assessed using a Swan-Ganz catheter before thrombectomy. The median pulmonary artery pressure before the procedure was 46mmHg (51-38mmHg). Systemic fibrinolysis was also performed in 5 cases, in 2 of them in the setting of cardiorespiratory arrest, without hemorrhagic complications. No patient died during hospitalization. Survival one month after the procedure was 100%. CONCLUSIONS: In our series, mechanical thrombectomy is a useful technique as an alternative to systemic fibrinolysis or as an adjuvant therapy to it.

Nicolau Syndrome Following Glatiramer Injection in a Middle-Aged Woman.

Nicolau syndrome is a rare adverse reaction that can occur in the setting of intramuscular, intravenous, and subcutaneous injections. Proper diagnosis and management are critical to avoid complications including abscesses, muscular atrophy, and necrotizing fasciitis. Here, we report a 55-year-old female with multiple sclerosis who presented to our clinic following a subcutaneous injection of 40mg of glatiramer. She immediately noted a sharp pain and erythema, which developed into a purple discoloration, became purulent, and eventually necrosed. The patient's wound was debrided, and she was advised to clean the wound with soap and water, apply topical mupirocin, and change dressings twice daily. She continued to receive appropriate follow-up care with weekly to bi-weekly debridement with excellent resolution.

Comparison of the accuracy of four diagnostic prediction rules for pulmonary embolism in patients admitted to the emergency department.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Ruling out pulmonary embolism (PE) through a combination of clinical assessment and D-dimer level can potentially avoid excessive use of computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA). We aimed to compare the diagnostic accuracy of the standard approach based on the Wells and Geneva scores combined with a standard D-dimer cut-off (500 ng/ml), with three alternative strategies (age-adjusted and the YEARS and PEGeD algorithms) in patients admitted to the emergency department (ED) with suspected PE. METHODS: Consecutive outpatients admitted to the ED who underwent CTPA due to suspected PE were retrospectively assessed. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, likelihood ratios and diagnostic odds ratios were calculated and compared between the different diagnostic prediction rules. RESULTS: We included 1402 patients (mean age 69±18 years, 54% female), and PE was confirmed in 25%. Compared to the standard approach (p<0.001), an age-adjusted strategy increased specificity with a non-significant decrease in sensitivity only in patients older than 70 years. Compared to the standard and age-adjusted approaches, the YEARS and PEGeD algorithms had the highest specificity across all ages, but were associated with a significant decrease in sensitivity (p<0.001), particularly in patients aged under 60 years (sensitivity of 81% in patients aged between 51 and 60 years). CONCLUSION: Compared to the standard approach, all algorithms were associated with increased specificity. The age-adjusted strategy was the only one not associated with a significant decrease in sensitivity compared to the standard approach, enabling CTPA requests to be reduced safely.

Bariatric and general surgical procedures in obese patients with a history of venous thromboembolism and concurrent anticoagulation therapy.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to examine the use and outcomes of perioperative anticoagulation (AC) in obese patients with a known history of venous thromboembolism event (VTE). METHOD: A retrospective review of a prospective database for patients with a VTE history undergoing bariatric and general surgery at a single center (1/2008-12/2017) was performed. Factors assessed included demographics, surgical details, and outcomes. RESULTS: Sixty-five patients underwent 76 procedures: 46 females (71%); mean age 51 years (range 26-73), mean weight 284 pounds (range 110-558), mean body mass index 45 (range 19-87). Comorbidities include hypertension (60%), gastroesophageal reflux disease (54%), osteoarthritis (49%), obstructive sleep apnea (45%), and diabetes (37%). Operations: 22 general surgeries (29%), 20 sleeve gastrectomies (26%), 12 revisions/conversions (16%), 12 Roux-en-Y gastric bypasses (16%), and 10 gastric bands (13%). Modalities: 67% laparoscopic, 28% robotic, and 5% open. Twenty-two patients (34%) had a pre-operative inferior vena cava filter placed with no complications. The mean length of stay was 4.4 days (range 1-31). Complications: seven 30-day readmissions (9%), one 30-day reoperation (1%), and two 90-day VTEs (3%). Thirty-day readmissions: four for inability to tolerate PO, two for small bowel obstruction, and one for symptomatic anastomotic ulcer. CONCLUSIONS: In our patients, post-operative AC could be started without an increased risk of bleeding in patients with a history of VTE undergoing bariatric surgery.

OBJETIVO: Examinar el uso y los resultados de la anticoagulación perioperatoria en pacientes bariátricos con antecedentes de tromboembolia venosa (TEV). MÉTODO: Revisión retrospectiva (base de datos prospectiva) de pacientes sometidos a cirugía general y bariátrica (1/2008-12/2017). Se evaluaron datos demográficos, detalles quirúrgicos y resultados. RESULTADOS: Sesenta y cinco pacientes se sometieron a 76 procedimientos: 46 mujeres (71%), edad media 51 años (rango: 26-73), peso medio 284 libras (rango: 110-558), índice de masa corporal medio 45 (rango: 19-87). Comorbilidad: hipertensión (60%), enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico (54%), osteoartritis (49%), apnea obstructiva del sueño (45%), diabetes (37%). Operaciones: 22 cirugía general (29%), 20 gastrectomías en manga (26%), 12 revisiones/conversiones (16%), 12 Y-de-Roux (16%), 10 bandas gástricas (13%). Modalidades: 67% laparoscópica, 28% robótica, 5% abierta. A 22 pacientes (34%) se les colocó un filtro de vena cava inferior preoperatorio sin complicaciones. La estancia media fue de 4.4 días (rango: 1-31). Complicaciones: 7 reingresos a los 30 días (9%), 1 reoperación a los 30 días (1%), 2 TEV a los 90 días (3%). Reingresos a los 30 días: 4 por incapacidad para tolerar la vía oral, 2 obstrucciones de intestino delgado y 1 úlcera anastomótica sintomática. CONCLUSIONES: En nuestros casos, la anticoagulación posoperatoria pudo iniciarse sin aumento del riesgo de sangrado en pacientes con antecedentes de TVE sometidos a cirugía bariátrica.

Soluble urokinase type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) and mortality in acute pulmonary embolism.

INTRODUCTION: The soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) potentially plays a role in immune-thrombosis, possibly by modulating plasmin activity or contributing to chemotaxis in a complex, poorly understood context. The role of suPAR levels in the short-term prognostic of patients with pulmonary embolism (PE) has not been evaluated. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This observational, prospective, single-center study enrolled consecutive patients aged 18 and above with confirmed acute symptomatic PE and no prior anticoagulant therapy. The primary objective was to assess the prognostic capacity of suPAR levels measured at the time of diagnosis in terms of mortality. RESULTS: Fifty-two patients, with a mean age of 73.8 years (±17), were included, with gender distribution evenly split at 50%. Seven (13.5%) patients died. The ROC curve for mortality yielded an AUC of 0.72 (95% CI 0.48-0.96), with an optimal suPAR cut-off of 5.5ng/mL. Bivariate analysis for suPAR>5.5ng/mL was associated with a crude odds ratio of 10 (95% CI 1.63-61.27; p=0.01) for 30-day mortality. Survival analysis showed a 30-day mortality hazard ratio of 8.33 (95% CI 1.69-40.99; p<0.01). CONCLUSION: suPAR emerges as a potential biomarker for short-term mortality prediction and holds the potential for enhanced stratification in patients with acute symptomatic PE.

Anti-Xa activity below range is related to thrombosis in patients with severe COVID-19.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to anlayse the relationship between anti-Xa activity below range and thomboembolic events. DESIGN: Single center prospective observational longitudinal cohort study (February-November 2021). SETTING: Patients admitted to the ICU of a University Hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Patients with severe COVID-19 pneumoniae. INTERVENTIONS: Enoxaparin was used for prophylactic and therapeutic anticoagulation. Enoxaparin dosing and dose adjustment were based on anti-Xa activity according to the hospital protocol. MAIN VARIABLES OF INTEREST: Target: thomboembolic events. PREDICTORS: demographics, pharmacotherapy, anti-Xa measurements, clinical data, and laboratory results. Logistic regression was used to identify independent risk factors for thomboembolic events. RESULTS: Data were available for 896 serum anti-Xa measurements from 228 subjects. Overall, 71.9% were male, with a median age of 62. Most patients needed invasive mechanical ventilation (87.7%) and mortality was 24.1%. A total of 28.9% new thomboembolic events were diagnosed. There were 27.1% anti-Xa measesurements below range. When multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed anti-Xa activity below range (RR, 4.2; p = 0.000), C-reactive protein (25 mg/L increase) (RR, 1.14; p = 0.005) and D-dimer (1000 ng/L increase) (RR, 1.06; p = 0.002) were the independent factors related to new thomboembolic events in patients with severe COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS: Anti-Xa activity below range, C-reactive protein and D-dimer were the independent factors related to thomboembolic events in patients with severe COVID-19. Purposely designed clinical trials should be carried out to confirm the benefit of an anti-Xa monitoring.

Tromboembolismo pulmonar agudo de riesgo intermedio: ¿está indicada la trombólisis sistémica? / Acute intermediate-risk pulmonary embolism: is systemic thrombolytic therapy indicated?

Introducción: el tromboembolismo pulmonar (TEP) se ha clasificado de acuerdo con las características del paciente y los hallazgos paraclínicos en riesgo bajo, intermedio y alto, siendo la mayor dificultad para el clínico el manejo del TEP de tipo intermedio, antes conocido como submasivo, donde existe controversia sobre las recomendaciones para trombólisis sistémica. Algunos autores y publicaciones señalan su uso, pero la Sociedad Europea de Cardiología (ESC) y la Asociación Americana de Hematología (ASH) no lo recomiendan. Materiales y métodos: revisión sistemática de la literatura con un total de 28 artículos extraídos de la búsqueda en las bases de datos; de estos, 7 cumplían con los criterios de inclusión (6 revisiones sistemáticas/metaanálisis y una prueba de análisis secuencial sobre ensayos aleatorizados), para un compendio de 39.879 pacientes con TEP. Resultados: dentro de los desenlaces evaluados, el sangrado mayor ocurrió en 8.1 a 9.24%, la mortalidad en quienes se les realizó trombólisis sistémica se reportó entre un 2.1 y 2.2%, encontrando disminución en el riesgo de deterioro hemodinámico al comparar la trombólisis sistémica con la anticoagulación, informando 4.1% versus 14.1% respectivamente. Discusión y conclusiones: en los estudios analizados, la trombólisis sistémica en los pacientes con TEP de riesgo intermedio no demostró impacto en cuanto a mortalidad ni desarrollo de hipertensión pulmonar secundaria, sin embargo, existe evidencia contradictoria respecto a su posible valor en la recurrencia del evento, que en la mayoría de los casos sobrepasa el riesgo de sangrado mayor (cercano a 10%).

Introduction: pulmonary embolism (PE) can be classified into low, intermediate, and high-risk, based on the patient characteristics and symptoms. Intermediate-risk PE, formerly known as submassive PE, poses the greatest challenge to clinicians, as indication for systemic thrombolytic therapy, remains controversial. Some authors and publications recommend its use, but the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the American Society of Hematology (ASH) do not. Materials and methods: a systematic literature review of 28 articles retrieved from search databases; of which, 7 met the inclusion criteria (6 systematic reviews/meta-analyses and a sequential analysis test on randomized trials) analyzing 39.879 PE patients. Results: among the assessed outcomes, major bleeding occurred in 8.1 to 9.24%, mortality in those who underwent systemic thrombolytic therapy was reported to be 2.1 to 2.2%; when comparing systemic thrombolytic therapy with anticoagulation therapy for preventing hemodynamic deterioration, the results were 4.1% and 14.1% respectively. Discussion and conclusions: the analyzed studies evidenced no impact on mortality or development of secondary pulmonary hypertension, in intermediate-risk PE patients receiving systemic thrombolytic therapy. However, results on its possible prevention of PE recurrence, while exceeding the risk of major bleeding (in nearly 10%), in most cases, are contradictory.

Associação do Nível de ST2 Solúvel com Mortalidade em 6 Meses e/ou Hospitalização Recorrente Relacionada a Doenças Cardiovasculares em Embolia Pulmonar / Association of soluble ST2 Level with 6-month Mortality and/or Recurrent Cardiovascular-Related Hospitalization in Pulmonary Embolism

Resumo Fundamento: A associação de supressão solúvel da tumorigênese-2 (sST2) com prognóstico em embolia pulmonar (EP) é desconhecida. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a relação entre os níveis de sST2 em pacientes com EP aguda e mortalidade em 6 meses e hospitalizações recorrentes. Métodos: Este estudo prospectivo incluiu 100 pacientes com EP aguda. Os pacientes foram classificados em dois grupos de acordo com a mortalidade em 6 meses e a presença de hospitalizações recorrentes relacionadas a doenças cardiovasculares. Dois grupos foram comparados. Um valor de p de 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Resultados: Os níveis de ST2 solúvel foram significativamente maiores no grupo com mortalidade e internações recorrentes. (138,6 ng/mL (56,7-236,8) vs. 38 ng/mL (26,3-75,4); p<0,001) O melhor limite de corte para níveis de sST2 na previsão de um desfecho composto de mortalidade em 6 meses e/ou a hospitalização recorrente relacionada a doenças cardiovasculares foi >89,9, com especificidade de 90,6% e sensibilidade de 65,2%, de acordo com a curva Receiver Operating Characteristic (área sob a curva = 0,798; IC 95%, 0,705-0,891; p <0,0001). Após ajuste para fatores de confusão que foram estatisticamente significativos na análise univariada ou para as variáveis correlacionadas com os níveis de sST2, nível de sST2 (OR = 1,019, IC 95%: 1,009-1,028, p 0,001) e proteína C reativa (PCR). (OR = 1,010, IC 95%: 1,001-1,021, p = 0,046) continuaram a ser preditores significativos de mortalidade em 6 meses e/ou hospitalização recorrente relacionada a doenças cardiovasculares no modelo de regressão logística múltipla através do método backward stepwise. Conclusões: O nível de ST2 solúvel parece ser um biomarcador para prever mortalidade em 6 meses e/ou hospitalização recorrente relacionada a doenças cardiovasculares em pacientes com EP aguda.

Abstract Background: The association of soluble suppression of tumorigenesis-2 (sST2) levels with prognosis in pulmonary embolism (PE) is unknown. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between sST2 levels in patients with acute PE and 6-month mortality and recurrent hospitalizations. Methods: This prospective study included 100 patients with acute PE. Patients were classified into two groups according to 6-month mortality and the presence of recurrent Cardiovascular-Related hospitalizations. Two groups were compared. A p-value of 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Soluble ST2 levels were significantly higher in the group with mortality and recurrent hospitalizations. (138.6 ng/mL (56.7-236.8) vs. 38 ng/mL (26.3-75.4); p<0.001) The best cut-off threshold for sST2 levels in the prediction of a composite outcome of 6-month mortality and/or recurrent Cardiovascular-Related hospitalization was found to be >89.9 with a specificity of 90.6% and a sensitivity of 65.2%, according to the receiver operating characteristic curve (area under the curve = 0.798; 95% CI, 0.705-0.891; p <0.0001). After adjusting for confounding factors that were either statistically significant in the univariate analysis or for the variables correlated with the sST2 levels, sST2 level (OR = 1.019, 95% CI: 1.009-1.028, p 0.001) and C-reactive protein (CRP ) (OR = 1.010, 95% CI: 1.001-1.021, p = 0.046) continued to be significant predictors of 6-month mortality and/or recurrent Cardiovascular-Related hospitalization in the multiple logistic regression model via backward stepwise method. Conclusion: Soluble ST2 level seems to be a biomarker to predict 6-month mortality and/or recurrent Cardiovascular-Related hospitalization in patients with acute PE.

Treatment of gastric varices with cyanoacrylate complicated by systemic embolization / Tratamiento de várices gástricas con cianoacrilato complicado con embolización sistémica

ABSTRACT Acute gastric variceal bleeding is a life-threatening condition that could be effectively treated with endoscopic cyanoacrylate injection diluted with lipiodol. The mixture acts as a tissue adhesive that polymerizes when in contact with blood in a gastric varix. This work reports a patient that presented to the emergency department with upper gastrointestinal bleeding due to acute variceal bleeding, who developed systemic embolization following cyanoacrylate injection therapy. This complication culminated in cerebral, splenic and renal infarctions with a fatal outcome. Systemic embolization is a very rare, but the most severe complication associated with endoscopic cyanoacrylate injection and should be considered in patients undergoing this treatment.

RESUMEN La hemorragia digestiva por várices gástricas es una afección potencialmente mortal que puede tratarse eficazmente con la inyección endoscópica de cianoacrilato diluida con lipiodol. La mezcla actúa como un adhesivo tisular que se polimeriza cuando entra en contacto con la sangre de la várice gástrica. Este trabajo nos reporta un paciente que acudió al servicio de urgencias con hemorragia digestiva alta debido a hemorragia aguda por várices, que desarrolló embolización sistémica después de la terapia con inyección de cianoacrilato. Esta complicación culminó en infartos cerebrales, esplénicos y renales con desenlace fatal. La embolización sistémica es una complicación muy rara, pero con alta mortalidad, asociada con la inyección endoscópica de cianoacrilato y debe considerarse en pacientes sometidos a este tratamiento.

Isquemia intestinal, una manifestación inusual de la embolia paradójica. Un reporte de caso / Intestinal ischaemia as a rare manifestation of a paradoxical embolism. A case report

Introducción. La embolia paradójica es un evento trombótico originado en la circulación venosa, que se manifiesta como embolismo arterial por medio de un defecto anatómico a nivel cardíaco o pulmonar. Se asocia principalmente a eventos cerebrovasculares, aunque se han encontrado casos de infarto agudo de miocardio, infarto renal y otros eventos isquémicos. Caso clínico. Paciente de 47 años, quien consultó por cuadro de dolor abdominal, que requirió manejo quirúrgico de urgencia, donde identificaron isquemia intestinal importante. Los estudios adicionales hallaron déficit de proteína S y persistencia de foramen oval permeable. Resultados. La presencia de trombosis arterial se conoce como trombosis de sitios inusuales y requiere de estudios para descartar trombofilias asociadas u otros estados protrombóticos. El déficit de proteína S es una trombofilia infrecuente, la cual se asocia en la vida adulta a eventos trombóticos de origen venoso. En presencia de defectos anatómicos, como un foramen oval permeable, puede progresar a embolia arterial, configurando un cuadro de embolismo paradójico. La estratificación de estos pacientes requiere imágenes que demuestran el defecto mencionado, así como el posible origen de los émbolos. El manejo se basa en anticoagulación plena, manejo de soporte, resolver las manifestaciones trombóticas existentes y un cierre temprano del defecto anatómico. Conclusiones. El embolismo paradójico debe sospecharse en caso de trombosis de sitios inusuales. Requiere de un estudio exhaustivo con imágenes y su manejo debe basarse en anticoagulación y cierre del defecto.

Introduction. Paradoxical embolism is a thrombotic event originating in the venous circulation, which manifests as arterial embolism through an anatomical cardiac or pulmonary defect. It is mainly associated with stroke, also presenting as acute myocardial infarction, renal infarction, and other ischemic events. Clinical case. A 47-year-old patient was admitted due to abdominal pain, which required emergency surgical management, finding significant intestinal ischemia. Additional studies found protein S deficiency and evidence of a patent foramen ovale. Discussion. Arterial thrombosis is known as unusual thrombosis; this situation requires to rule out associated thrombophilia or other prothrombotic diseases. Protein S deficiency is a rare thrombophilia, which in adults causes venous thrombosis. In the presence of anatomical defects, such as a patent foramen ovale, it can progress to arterial embolism, presenting a picture of paradoxical embolism. The study work of these patients requires imaging that demonstrates the aforementioned defect, as well as the possible origin of the emboli. Management is based on full anticoagulation, treatment of existing thrombotic manifestations, and management of the anatomical defect. Conclusions. Paradoxical embolism should be suspected in case of unusual thrombosis. It requires exhaustive studies based on imaging, and management should consist of anticoagulation and closure of the defect.

A mudança de paradigma no tratamento do tromboembolismo venoso grave / The paradigm shift in treatment of severe venous thromboembolism

Resumo A embolia pulmonar (EP) é a terceira maior causa de morte cardiovascular e a principal de morte evitável intra-hospitalar no mundo. O conceito PERT® (do inglês, pulmonary embolism response team) envolve seu diagnóstico e tratamento precoce e multidisciplinar. A trombose venosa profunda (TVP) é a sua causa inicial na maioria dos casos e é responsável por complicações como a recidiva tromboembólica, a síndrome pós-trombótica e a hipertensão pulmonar tromboembólica crônica. Uma abordagem inicial semelhante ao PERT nos casos de TVP ilíaco-femoral grave pode reduzir não apenas o risco imediato de EP e morte, mas também suas sequelas tardias. Novas técnicas percutâneas e aparatos de trombectomia mecânica para o tromboembolismo venoso (TEV) vêm demonstrando resultados clínicos encorajadores. Propomos o desenvolvimento de um conceito ampliado de resposta rápida ao TEV, que envolve não apenas a EP (PERT®) mas também os casos graves de TVP: o time de resposta rápida para o TEV (TRETEV®), ou do inglês Venous Thromboembolism Response Team (VTERT®).

Abstract Pulmonary embolism (PE) is the third leading cause of cardiovascular death and the main cause of preventable in-hospital death in the world. The PERT® (Pulmonary Embolism Response Team) concept involves multidisciplinary diagnosis and immediate treatment. Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is the initial cause of most cases of PE and is responsible for complications such as chronic thromboembolic recurrence, postthrombotic syndrome, and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. An aggressive approach to severe cases of iliofemoral DVT similar to the PERT® system can not only reduce the immediate risk of PE and death but can also reduce later sequelae. New percutaneous techniques and mechanical thrombectomy devices for venous thromboembolism (VTE) have shown encouraging clinical results. We propose the development of an expanded concept of rapid response to VTE, which involves not only PE (PERT®) but also severe cases of DVT: the Venous Thromboembolism Response Team (VTERT®).

Fat embolism: the hidden murder for trauma patients! / Embolia gordurosa: a assassina oculta para pacientes com trauma!

ABSTRACT Introduction: fat embolism syndrome (FES) is an acute respiratory disorder that occurs when an inflammatory response causes the embolization of fat and marrow particles into the bloodstream. The exact incidence of FES is not well defined due to the difficulty of diagnosis. FES is mostly associated with isolated long bone trauma, and it is usually misdiagnosed in other trauma cases. The scope of this study was to identify and search the current literature for cases of FES in nonorthopedic trauma patients with the aim of defining the etiology, incidence, and main clinical manifestations. Methods: we perform a literature search via the PubMed journal to find, summarize, and incorporate reports of fat embolisms in patients presenting with non-orthopedic trauma. Results: the final literature search yielded 23 papers of patients presenting with fat embolism/FES due to non-orthopedic trauma. The presentation and etiology of these fat embolisms is varied and complex, differing from patient to patient. In this review, we highlight the importance of maintaining a clinical suspicion of FES within the trauma and critical care community. Conclusion: to help trauma surgeons and clinicians identify FES cases in trauma patients who do not present with long bone fracture, we also present the main clinical signs of FES as well as the possible treatment and prevention options.

RESUMO Introdução: a síndrome da embolia gordurosa (SEG) representa um distúrbio respiratório agudo que ocorre quando uma resposta inflamatória leva a uma embolização de partículas de gordura e medula na corrente sanguínea. A incidência exata da SEG não está bem estabelecida devido à dificuldade de diagnóstico. Tal síndrome está associada principalmente a traumas isolados de ossos longos e geralmente é diagnosticada erroneamente em outros casos de trauma. O escopo deste estudo foi de realizar uma pesquisa e identificar na literatura atual casos de SEG em pacientes com trauma de natureza não ortopédica com o objetivo de definir a etiologia, a incidência e as principais manifestações clínicas. Métodos: foi realizada uma pesquisa na literatura utilizando como base de dados o PubMed a fim de identificar os relatos e series de casos de embolias gordurosas em pacientes vítimas de traumas de natureza não ortopédica. A pesquisa final resultou em 23 artigos de pacientes que apresentaram embolia gordurosa/SEG devido a trauma não ortopédico. Resultados: a apresentação e a etiologia dessas embolias gordurosas são variadas e complexas, diferindo de paciente para paciente. Nesta revisão, destacamos a importância de manter uma suspeita clínica de SEG para pacientes vítimas de trauma que se encontrem sob cuidados intensivos. Conclusão: para ajudar os cirurgiões de trauma e os clínicos a identificar casos de SEG em pacientes com trauma que não apresentam fratura de ossos longos, foram destacados os principais sinais clínicos de SEG, bem como as possíveis opções de tratamento e prevenção.

Síndrome antifosfolipídico trombótico en una mujer con enfermedad mixta del tejido conectivo. Reporte de caso / Thrombotic antiphospholipid syndrome in a woman with mixed connective tissue disease. Case report

Introducción: El síndrome de anticuerpos antifosfolípidos es una enfermedad au-toinmune sistémica poco frecuente, produce hipercoagulabilidad con riesgo de trombosis. Para el diagnóstico se utilizan los criterios ACR/EULAR APS del 2023. El tratamiento es anticoagulantes y antiagregantes plaquetarios. La enfermedad mixta del tejido conectivo es enfermedad autoinmunitaria sistémica con la asociación de manifestaciones clínicas de otras entidades autoinmunes. Objetivo:Describir la presentación de dos enfermedades sistémicas autoinmunes poco frecuentes en conjunto, con el propósito de contribuir con un enfoque prác-tico para el diagnóstico y manejo. Presentación del caso: Se describe una paciente de 37 años que presentó un episodio de tromboembolia pulmonar secundario a síndrome de anticuerpos anti-fosfolípidos y en los 6 meses previos tuvo síntomas compatibles con enfermedad mixta del tejido conectivo. Discusión: La presencia de dos entidades autoinmunes, síndrome de anticuerpos antifosfolípidos y enfermedad mixta del tejido conectivo presentadas en conjunto y cuyo debut de complicaciones fue una tromboembolia pulmonar, encontrándo-se presencia de múltiples autoanticuerpos positivos entre estas anticuerpos an-tifosfolipídicos y anti-U1 snRNP, es un reto diagnóstico al diferenciar entre otras enfermedades del tejido conectivo como lupus eritematoso sistémico, esclerosis sistémica cutánea, enfermedad mixta del tejido conectivo y artritis reumatoide. El tratamiento se basó en las características del paciente y su condición clínica al momento del diagnóstico. Conclusiones: El síndrome de anticuerpos antifosfolipídicos conlleva la presencia de un episodio trombótico, por otro lado, su asociación con una enfermedad mixta del tejido conectivo es poco frecuente y puede aumentar su morbimortalidad.

Introduction: Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome is a rare systemic autoimmu-ne disease that produces Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome is a rare systemic autoimmune disease that causes hypercoagulability with risk of thrombosis. For diagnosis, the ACR/EULAR APS 2023 criteria are used. Treatment is anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents.Mixed connective tissue disease is a systemic autoimmune disease with the asso-ciation of clinical manifestations of other autoimmune entities.Objective:To describe the presentation of two rare autoimmune systemic diseases toge-ther, with the purpose of contributing a practical approach to diagnosis and management.Case presentation: 37-year-old patient with an episode of pulmonary thromboem-bolism secondary to antiphospholipid antibody syndrome and in the previous 6 months he had symptoms compatible with mixed connective tissue disease.Discussion:The presence of two autoimmune entities, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome and mixed connective tissue disease presented together and whose de-but of complications was a pulmonary thromboembolism, finding the presence of multiple positive autoantibodies between these antiphospholipid antibodies and an-ti-U1 snRNP, is a diagnostic challenge in differentiating between other connective tissue diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, cutaneous systemic sclero-sis, mixed connective tissue disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Treatment was based on the patient's characteristics and clinical condition at the time of diagnosis.Conclusions: Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome entails the presence of a thrombotic episode; on the other hand, its association with a mixed connective tissue disease is rare and may increase its morbidity and mortality.

Embolia por colesterol en miembros inferiores: reporte de caso

La embolia por cristales de colesterol es efecto de la desestabilización de una placa de ateroma tras un evento desencadenante, produciendo la migración de cristales de colesterol hasta arteriolas periféricas, desencadenando un proceso inflamatorio endotelial; el espectro clínico varía desde ser asintomático hasta con un compromiso multiorgánico; la sospecha diagnóstica es principalmente clínica y será la biopsia de piel por su fácil accesibilidad, la que confirme el diagnóstico. El tratamiento es aún controvertido y no existe un consenso de las medidas terapéuticas para aplicar. A continuación, se presenta el caso de un paciente varón de 72 años de edad con una ateroembolia por cristales de colesterol en miembros inferiores, secundaria a una manipulación endovascular por angioplastia previa.

Cholesterol crystal embolism is the effect of the destabilization of an atherosclerotic plaque after a triggering event, producing the migration of cholesterol crystals to peripheral arterioles, triggering an endothelial inflammatory process; the clinical spectrum varies from being asymptomatic to having multiple organ involvement; diagnostic suspicion is mainly clinical and the skin biopsy will confirm the diagnosis due to its easy accessibility. The treatment is still controversial and there is no consensus on the therapeutic measures to apply. Below is the case of a 72-year-old male patient with atheroembolism due to cholesterol crystals in the lower limbs, secondary to endovascular manipulation by prior angioplasty.

Acute pulmonary embolism as a complication in a young male patient with a left popliteal venous aneurysm / Embolia pulmonar aguda como complicação em paciente masculino jovem com aneurisma venoso poplíteo esquerdo

Abstract Venous aneurysms are rare and have a prevalence of 0.1 to 0.2% in the reported series. Typically, patients do not present any symptoms, but are prone to develop deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and the most feared complication, pulmonary embolism (PE). We present the case of a previously healthy 36-year-old man who presented at the emergency department with tachycardia, dyspnea, and pleuritic pain. A thoracic computed tomography angiography (CTA) confirmed the diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism. He was treated with systemic thrombolysis and anticoagulation. In the further workup of the cause of the embolism, computed tomography revealed a fusiform dilation of the left popliteal vein measuring 3 by 3 centimeters (cm) with an incomplete filling defect because of thrombus presence. The patient underwent open surgical repair. At one month follow-up, he was asymptomatic, and an ultrasound revealed complete patency of the popliteal vein without dilatation or thrombus.

Resumo Aneurismas venosos são raros, tendo uma prevalência de 0,1 a 0,2% nas séries relatadas. Os pacientes não costumam manifestar sintomas; entretanto, são propensos a desenvolver trombose venosa profunda e a complicação mais temida, embolia pulmonar. Apresentamos o caso de um homem de 36 anos previamente hígido que chegou ao serviço de emergência queixando-se de taquicardia, dispneia e dor pleurítica. Uma angiotomografia computadorizada confirmou o diagnóstico de embolia pulmonar aguda. O paciente foi tratado com trombólise sistêmica e anticoagulantes. Em exames posteriores para investigar a causa da embolia, uma tomografia computadorizada revelou dilatação fusiforme da veia poplítea esquerda medindo 3x3 cm, com enchimento incompleto devido à presença de um trombo. O paciente foi submetido a reparo cirúrgico aberto. No seguimento de 1 mês, ele estava assintomático, e uma ultrassonografia revelou a patência completa da veia poplítea, sem dilatação ou trombo.

Infarto pulmonar: signos que no debemos dejar pasar en TC de tórax sin contraste / Pulmonary infarction: the signs that we must not miss in chest CT without contrast

Resumen El infarto pulmonar (IP) resulta de la oclusión de las arterias pulmonares distales que generan isquemia, hemorragia y finalmente necrosis del parénquima pulmonar, siendo la causa más frecuente la embolia pulmonar (EP). El diagnóstico oportuno de IP permite el inicio precoz del tratamiento y el respectivo manejo de sostén, disminuyendo así la morbimortalidad asociada. El objetivo de esta revisión es remarcar la importancia de identificar aquellos signos, que en la tomografía computada (TC) sin contraste son altamente sensibles y específicos para el diagnóstico de IP. La TC de alta resolución constituye el método que más información aporta, pudiendo observar signos clásicos de IP como la opacidad en forma de cuña, opacidad con radiolucencia central y el signo del vaso nutricio; así como signos con alto valor predictivo negativo para IP, como la opacidad consolidativa con broncograma aéreo, sugestivo de otras patologías, ya sean infecciosas o tumorales.

Abstract Pulmonary infarction (PI) results from occlusion of the distal pulmonary arteries leading to ischemia, hemorrhage, and necrosis of the pulmonary parenchyma. The most common cause of pulmonary infarction is pulmonary embolism (PE). Early diagnosis of PI allows early initiation of treatment and supportive care, thus reducing the associated morbidity and mortality. This review aims to highlight the importance of identifying signs that are highly sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of PE even without IV contrast. High-resolution computed tomography (CT) is the method that provides the most information, as it observes classic signs of PI such as wedge-shaped opacity, central lucencies in peripheral consolidation, and the feeding vessel sign, as well as signs with high negative predictive value such as consolidating opacity with air bronchogram that are suggestive of other pathologies, whether infectious or tumoural.

Tromboembolismo pulmonar de riesgo intermedio en el posoperatorio mediato de apendicectomía: informe de caso

Introducción: El tromboembolismo pulmonar es una enfermedad de relevancia clínica, en pacientes que se le han realizado intervenciones quirúrgicas. La tasa de mortalidad por esta causa ha disminuido en los últimos años. Objetivo: Describir el manejo diagnóstico y terapéutico del tromboembolismo pulmonar de riesgo intermedio. Caso clínico: Paciente masculino de 62 años de edad que se encontraba ingresado por haber sido operado de una apendicitis gangrenosa. En el posoperatorio mediato comenzó con cuadro de dificultad respiratoria, se realizaron exámenes complementarios incluido ecocardiograma transtorácico, donde se evidenció el signo de McConnell, por lo que se diagnosticó un tromboembolismo pulmonar de riesgo intermedio. El paciente se somete al tratamiento trombolítico estandarizado, luego de lo cual la clínica y los parámetros ecocardiográficos que evolucionaron hacia la mejoría. Conclusiones: Se describió el diagnóstico y tratamiento del tromboembolismo pulmonar de riesgo intermedio en el posoperatorio mediato de apendicectomía, donde se evidenció la utilidad del uso del ecocardiograma doppler transtorácico con la identificación de los signos característicos y la aplicación exitosa de trombolisis sistémica.

Introduction: Pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) is an entity of clinical relevance in patients in settings related to surgical interventions. The mortality rate from this cause has decreased in recent years. Objective: To describe the diagnostic and therapeutic management of intermediate risk pulmonary thromboembolism. Clinical case: A 62-year-old male patient who was hospitalized for having been operated on for gangrenous appendicitis. In the immediate postoperative period, he begins with symptoms of respiratory distress, complementary tests are performed, including a transthoracic echocardiogram, where McConnell's sign is evident, for which an intermediate-risk pulmonary thromboembolism is diagnosed. The patient undergoes standardized thrombolytic treatment, after which the clinical and echocardiographic parameters evolve towards improvement. Conclusions: The diagnosis and treatment of intermediate risk pulmonary thromboembolism in the immediate postoperative period of appendectomy was described. The usefulness of the use of transthoracic Doppler echocardiography was evidenced with the identification of the characteristic signs and the successful application of systemic thrombolysis.

Tromboembolismo pulmonar asociado a COVID-19 en paciente con síndrome de May-Thurner / COVID-19-associated Pulmonary Thromboembolism in a Patient with May-Thurner Syndrome

Introducción: El síndrome de May-Thurner es una enfermedad cuya prevalencia real es desconocida. Suele ser asintomática y las manifestaciones clínicas aparecen en el contexto de las complicaciones asociadas a la enfermedad. La aproximación diagnóstica se realiza por medio de imágenes, donde se identifican alteraciones patognomónicas que permiten descartar diagnósticos diferenciales. Se ha demostrado que la COVID-19 genera un estado protrombótico, que en contexto del síndrome de May-Thurner puede derivar en complicaciones tromboembólicas. Objetivo: Comparar la clínica y la posible relación de la enfermedad tromboembólica venosa en el curso de la COVID-19 en pacientes con SMT. Caso clínico: Mujer de 24 años, secretaria de profesión y residente en Bucaramanga. Presentó un cuadro clínico de 20 días de evolución que inició con rinorrea hialina, tos ocasional y mialgias; cinco días después manifestó fiebre no cuantificada y tos con expectoración hemoptoica. Conclusiones: Dentro de la fisiopatología de la infección por SARS-CoV-2 se desarrollan mecanismos procoagulantes, lo cual incrementa el riesgo de eventos trombóticos en pacientes con o sin factores de riesgo(AU)

Introduction: May-Thurner syndrome is a disease whose actual prevalence is unknown. It is usually asymptomatic and clinical manifestations appear in the context of complications associated with the disease. The diagnostic approach is performed by imaging, where pathognomonic alterations are identified to rule out differential diagnoses. It has been demonstrated that COVID-19 generates a prothrombotic state, which particularly in patients with May-Thurner syndrome would lead to thromboembolic complications. Objective: To compare the clinical and possible relationship of venous thromboembolic disease in the course of COVID-19 in patients with May-Thurner syndrome. Clinical case: 24-year-old woman, secretary by profession and resident in Bucaramanga, Colombia. She presented a clinical picture of 20 days of evolution that began with hyaline rhinorrhea, occasional cough and myalgias; five days later she manifested unquantified fever and cough with hemoptotic expectoration. Conclusions: Within the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection, procoagulant mechanisms develop, which increases the risk of thrombotic events in patients with or without risk factors(AU)

Embolia pulmonar en endocarditis infecciosa asociada a marcapasos: reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura

Introducción: Una de las complicaciones más temidas de la endocarditis infecciosa (EI) asociada a marcapasos es la embolia pulmonar. Presentamos el caso de una paciente con diagnóstico actual de EI asociada a marcapasos, que luego de la extracción del dispositivo por vía percutánea presentó síntomas de embolia pulmonar confirmada mediante estudios por imágenes. Objetivos: Conocer el manejo y la evolución intrahospitalarios y a los 18 meses de la embolia pulmonar en el contexto de una endocarditis infecciosa asociada a marcapasos. Materiales y métodos: Búsqueda bibliográfica efectuada en PubMed. Relato del caso clínico: evaluación clínica, presentación de los estudios complementarios y tratamiento. Seguimiento del caso. Resultados: Paciente de 68 años, sexo femenino, con antecedente de implantación de marcapaso definitivo bicameral hace 2 años. Síndrome febril prolongado sin foco aparente, con hemocultivos que fueron positivos para Staphylococcus aureus meticilino-resistente. En el ecocardiograma transesofágico presentaba múltiples vegetaciones en aurícula derecha asociadas con los catéteres. Con base en la anamnesis, el examen físico y los hallazgos en exámenes específicos, se pudo lograr el diagnóstico de EI asociada a marcapasos. Se indicó tratamiento antibiótico y la remoción completa percutánea del dispositivo. Luego del procedimiento presentó disnea súbita confirmándose mediante estudio de centellograma ventilación-perfusión el diagnóstico de embolia pulmonar. Completó el tratamiento antibiótico (vancomicina durante 6 semanas) y fue dada de alta. Durante el seguimiento no presentó nuevas infecciones u otras complicaciones. Conclusión: En nuestro caso, la embolia pulmonar no generó modificaciones en la morbimortalidad intrahospitalaria ni en el seguimiento a 18 meses.

Introduction: One of the most feared infective endocarditis (IE) complications associated with pacemaker is pulmonary embolism. We present the case of a patient with a current diagnosis of pacemaker-associated IE who presented symptoms of pulmonary embolism confirmed by imaging studies after percutaneous removal of the device. Objectives: to know the management and evolution, in-hospital and at 18 months of pulmonary embolism in the context of infective endocarditis associated with pacemaker. Materials and methods: Bibliographic search carried out in PubMed. Clinical case report: clinical evaluation, presentation of complementary studies, and treatment. Follow up on the case. Results: 68-year-old patient with a history of dual chamber permanent pacemaker implantation 2 years ago. Prolonged febrile syndrome with no apparent focus, with positive blood cultures for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The transesophageal echocardiogram showed multiple vegetations associated in right atrial with the catheters. Based on the history, physical examination, and findings in specific tests, the diagnosis of IE associated with DEIP could be achieved. Antibiotic treatment and complete percutaneous removal of the device were indicated. After the procedure, he presented sudden dyspnea, confirming the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism in a ventilation-perfusion scintigram study. She completed the antibiotic treatment (vancomycin for 6 weeks) and was discharged. During follow-up, there were no new infections or other complications. Conclusion: in our patient pulmonary embolism did not generate changes in in-hospital morbidity and mortality or in the 18-month follow-up.

Infarto pulmonar cavitado en mujer con lupus eritematoso sistémico asociado a síndrome antifosfolípido

Tanto lupus eritematoso sistémico como el síndrome antifosfolípido son enfermedades autoinmunes con potencial tromboembólico, sobre todo por la presencia de anticuerpos trombogénicos. El pulmón es un lugar común donde suele asentarse un trombo y generar una tromboembolia, a veces con posterior infarto y cavitación. Existen pocos estudios que informen un infarto pulmonar cavitado en un paciente con lupus asociado a síndrome antifosfolípido. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 24 años con síntomas generales y lesión pulmonar derecha cavitada. Fue tratada inicialmente como infección tuberculosa o fúngica. La analítica y las imágenes orientaron y diagnosticaron lupus asociado a síndrome antifosfolípido, complicado con tromboembolismo pulmonar que luego pasó a cavitarse. La paciente mejoró considerablemente con anticoagulantes, corticoides y ciclofosfamida.

Both systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome are autoimmune diseases with thromboembolic potential, especially due to the presence of thrombogenic antibodies. The lung is a common place where a thrombus usually settles and generates a thromboembolism, sometimes with subsequent infarction and cavitation. There are few studies reporting cavitary pulmonary infarction in a patient with lupus associated with antiphospholipid syndrome. We present the case of a 24-year-old woman with general symptoms and cavitated right lung lesion. She was initially treated as tuberculous or fungal infection. Laboratory tests and images guided and diagnosed lupus associated with antiphospholipid syndrome, complicated by pulmonary thromboembolism that later became cavitated. The patient improved considerably with anticoagulants, corticosteroids, and cyclophosphamide.