HBV infection is a risk factor for chronic kidney disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis. / La infección por VHB es un factor de riesgo de enfermedad renal crónica: revisión sistemática y metaanálisis.

BACKGROUND: The activity of hepatitis B virus (HBV) as a risk factor for the incidence and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) has not been clarified. AIM: We evaluated the impact of infection with HBV on the risk of CKD in the general population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We carried out a systematic review of the published medical literature to assess whether a relationship between hepatitis B infection and an increased risk of CKD in the adult general population occurs. We adopted the random effects model of DerSimonian and Laird to provide a summary estimate of the risk of chronic kidney disease (defined by lowered glomerular filtration rate and/or detectable proteinuria) with HBV infection across the published studies. Meta-regression and stratified analyses were also performed. RESULTS: We retrieved 33 studies (n=7,849,849 patients) published in 26 different articles, and separate meta-analyses were performed according to the outcome. Pooling results from cohort studies (11 studies, n=1,056,645 patients) demonstrated a relationship between positive HBV serologic status and increased incidence of CKD, the summary estimate for adjusted HR with HBV across the surveys, 1.40 (95% CI, 1.16-1.69) (P<.001). Between-study heterogeneity was noted (Q value, 49.5, P<.0001). No relationship between HBV and prevalence of CKD was noted in the subset of cross-sectional studies (10 studies; n=3,222,545 patients), adjusted OR, 1.04 (95% IC 0.90-1.218; P=.5). Meta-regression analysis reported a relationship between positive HBsAg status and incidence of CKD in the general population (P<.015). CONCLUSIONS: It appears that exposure to HBV infection seems to be associated with an increased risk of developing CKD in the adult general population. Studies aimed to understand the mechanisms responsible of such association are under way.

[Spontaneous recanalization after embolization of the renal artery with an Amplatzer vascular plug 4]. / Recanalización espontánea tras la embolización de una arteria renal con un tapón vascular Amplatzer tipo 4.

The Amplatzer vascular plug (AVP) is an occluding device used in vascular embolizations. Thanks to its excellent maneuverability and effectiveness, it is being used more and more often. The latest version, the AVP 4, enables access to smaller and more tortuous vessels. To date, the only cases of spontaneous recanalization published occurred with earlier versions of the AVP. We present a case of recanalization after renal artery embolization with an AVP 4.

HBV infection is a risk factor for chronic kidney disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The activity of hepatitis B virus (HBV) as a risk factor for the incidence and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) has not been clarified. AIM: We evaluated the impact of infection with HBV on the risk of CKD in the general population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We carried out a systematic review of the published medical literature to assess whether a relationship between hepatitis B infection and an increased risk of CKD in the adult general population occurs. We adopted the random effects model of DerSimonian and Laird to provide a summary estimate of the risk of chronic kidney disease (defined by lowered glomerular filtration rate and/or detectable proteinuria) with HBV infection across the published studies. Meta-regression and stratified analyses were also performed. RESULTS: We retrieved 33 studies (n = 7,849,849 patients) published in 26 different articles, and separate meta-analyses were performed according to the outcome. Pooling results from cohort studies (11 studies, n = 1,056,645 patients) demonstrated a relationship between positive HBV serologic status and increased incidence of CKD, the summary estimate for adjusted HR with HBV across the surveys, 1.40 (95% CI, 1.16-1.69) (P < .001). Between-study heterogeneity was noted (Q value, 49.5, P < .0001). No relationship between HBV and prevalence of CKD was noted in the subset of cross-sectional studies (10 studies; n = 3,222,545 patients), adjusted OR, 1.04 (95% IC 0.90-1.218; P = .5). Meta-regression analysis reported a relationship between positive HBsAg status and incidence of CKD in the general population (P < .015). CONCLUSIONS: It appears that exposure to HBV infection seems to be associated with an increased risk of developing CKD in the adult general population. Studies aimed to understand the mechanisms responsible of such association are under way.

Associations between hepatitis B infection and chronic kidney disease: 10-Year results from the U.S. National Inpatient Sample.

INTRODUCTION: Viral hepatitis infection is associated with negative impacts on renal function that may lead to nephropathy. We investigated associations between chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and chronic kidney disease (CKD) and/or end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in a large, representative sample from a nationwide U.S. METHODS: This population-based, retrospective observational study extracted data from the U.S. Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database, including adults ≥18 years old admitted to U.S. hospitals between 2005 and 2014 with records of chronic HBV infection in medical history. The final analytic sample included 70,674 HBV-infected patients and 282,696 matched non-HBV controls. Study endpoints were prevalent CKD and ESRD. Associations between CKD/ESRD and HBV and patients' clinical characteristics were determined by logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: HBV infection was associated with slightly increased risk of prevalent CKD (OR: 1.06, 95% CI: 1.004-1.119) and an approximate 2-times risk of prevalent ESRD (OR: 1.98, 95% CI: 1.880-2.086). HBV infection in both genders was associated with slightly increased risk of CKD (males, OR: 1.09, 95% CI: 1.02-1.16; females, OR: 1.07, 95% CI: 0.98,1.17), and significantly associated with increased risk for CKD among non-diabetic patients (OR: 1.23, 95% CI: 1.15-1.32), white patients (OR: 1.14, 95% CI: 1.06-1.23) and Asian/Pacific Islanders (OR: 1.13, 95% CI: 0.98-1.30). CONCLUSIONS: Chronic HBV infection is associated with slightly increased risk for CKD and greater risk for ESRD in males and females, Whites and Asian/Pacific Islanders and non-diabetic patients.

FGF23 in hemodialysis patients is associated with left ventricular hypertrophy and reduced ejection fraction.

BACKGROUND: Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is known to cause left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), but controversy exists concerning its effect in dialysis. This study evaluated associations between FGF23 levels, echocardiography and prognosis in patients on hemodialysis (HD). METHODS: Patients >18 years on chronic HD were included in this cross-sectional study. Plasma C-terminal FGF23 concentration was measured with ELISA and transthoracic echocardiography was performed, both before and after HD treatment. RESULTS: 239 haemodialysis (HD) patients were included in the study. The FGF23 was median 3560RU/ml (IQR 1447-9952). The mean left ventricular mass index (LVMI) was 110.2±26.7g/m2 and the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 52.7±9.9%. Defined by LVMI, LVH was found in 110 patients (46%), of which 92 (84%) had hypertension (p<0.01). Patients with LVH had FGF23 levels of 5319 RU/ml (IQR 1858-12,859) and those without 2496 RU/ml (IQR 1141-7028) (p<0.01). FGF23 was significant positive correlated with LVMI (p<0.01), and negatively to LVEF (p<0.01). In a multivariate analysis, FGF23 was correlated with LVEF (p<0.01), but only marginally to LVMI (p<0.01). Cardiovascular events in the follow up period was not correlated with FGF23. Furthermore, FGF23 was independently correlated with overall mortality (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: FGF23 was positively correlated with LVH and negatively to LVEF. FGF23 was an independent predictor for overall mortality.

Adesão ao regime terapêutico medicamentoso da pessoa com doença renal crónica em programa de hemodiálise / Medication adherence in chronic kidney disease patients in haemodialysis programme / Adherencia al régimen terapéutico de medicamentos en personas con enfermedad renal crónica en un programa de hemodiálisis

Resumo Enquadramento: A pessoa com doença renal crónica (DRC) em hemodiálise apresenta um regime terapêutico medicamentoso complexo a seguir, seja no controlo da sintomatologia provocada pela mesma, seja no controlo de comorbilidades. Objetivo: Avaliar o nível de adesão ao regime terapêutico medicamentoso da pessoa com DRC em programa de hemodiálise. Metodologia: Estudo quantitativo, descritivo-correlacional e transversal, com aplicação da Escala de Medida de Adesão aos Tratamentos (MAT) a uma amostra de 101 pessoas com DRC, em programa de hemodiálise. Resultados: A amostra revelou uma pontuação média de adesão ao regime terapêutico medicamentoso de 5,32 ± 0,47, para um valor máximo de 6. O padrão dicotómico da escala, baseada na mediana, classifica 82,18% da amostra (n = 83) como aderente e 17,82% (n = 18) como não aderente. Encontrou-se uma relação estatisticamente significativa da adesão em função de algumas variáveis clínicas: número de patologias e de medicamentos diários. Conclusão: A percentagem de não aderentes ao regime terapêutico medicamentoso reclama ações de melhoria e releva a importância da avaliação continua dos níveis de adesão.

Abstract Background: The person with chronic kidney disease (CKD) on hemodialysis has a complex drug therapy regimen to follow, both in the control of the symptoms caused by the disease and in the control of comorbidities. Objective: To assess the level of adherence to the drug treatment in CKD patients on a hemodialysis program. Methodology: Quantitative, descriptive-correlational and cross-sectional study, based on the application of the Measure of Treatment Adherence scale (MTA), to a sample of 101 people with CKD, undergoing hemodialysis. Results: The sample had a mean score of adherence to the drug treatment regimen of 5.32 ± 0.47, with a maximum value of 6. The dichotomous pattern of the scale, based on the median, classifies 82.18% of the sample (n = 83) as adherent and 17.82% (n = 18) as non-adherent. A statistically significant relationship of adherence was found as a function of some clinical variables: number of pathologies and daily medication. Conclusion: The percentage of non-adherents to the drug therapy regimen calls for improvement actions and highlights the importance of continuous assessment of adherence levels.

Resumen Marco contextual: Una persona con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) en hemodiálisis tiene que seguir un complejo régimen de terapia farmacológica, tanto en el control de los síntomas causados por la enfermedad como en el control de las comorbilidades. Objetivo Evaluar el nivel de adhesión al régimen terapéutico de medicamentos de la persona con ERC en programa de hemodiálisis. Metodología: Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo-correlacional y transversal, basado en la aplicación de la Escala de Medición de Adhesión a los Tratamientos (MAT) a una muestra de 101 personas con ERC, en programa de hemodiálisis. Resultados: La muestra reveló una puntuación media de adherencia al régimen terapéutico de medicamentos de 5,32±0,47, para un valor máximo de 6. El patrón dicotómico de la escala, basado en la mediana, clasificó al 82,18% de la muestra (n = 92) como adherente y al 17,82% (n = 18) como no adherente. Se encontró una relación estadísticamente significativa de la adherencia según algunas variables clínicas: número de patologías y medicación diaria. Conclusión: El porcentaje de no adherentes al régimen farmacoterapéutico reclama acciones de mejora y pone de manifiesto la importancia de la evaluación continua de los niveles de adherencia.

Tratamiento trombolítico de rescate en paciente con fístula arteriovenosa para hemodiálisis trombosada / Rescue thrombolytic treatment in patients with arteriovenous fistula for thrombosed hemodialysis

Introducción: La hemodiálisis continúa siendo la modalidad de terapia de reemplazo renal prevalente en el mundo. La disfunción de la fístula arteriovenosa para hemodiálisis tiene efectos negativos en el paciente y su calidad de vida, por lo que el acceso vascular funcional se necesita para un adecuado tratamiento de hemodiálisis en pacientes con enfermedad renal terminal. El mayor inconveniente del acceso vascular resulta su alta incidencia de oclusión trombótica, causada por la estenosis, la cual se inicia por lesiones hiperplásicas de la capa intimal del vaso. Una de las modalidades de tratamiento a nivel internacional es la trombólisis del acceso vascular trombosado de menos de 24 horas de evolución. Objetivo: Exponer los resultados obtenidos con la aplicación de la trombólisis percutánea del acceso vascular para hemodiálisis trombosado en paciente con enfermedad renal terminal. Presentación del caso: Paciente masculino de 52 años, con diagnóstico de trombosis aguda del acceso vascular para hemodiálisis por enfermedad renal terminal, de 5 días de evolución, con deterioro de su estado de salud por encontrarse subdializado y urémico, con agotamiento del acceso vascular global para hemodiálisis. Se utilizó el tratamiento fibrinolítico directo del acceso vascular percutáneo a 100 mil UI/hora de Heberquinasa® en 10 horas, con recuperación del latido, thrill y repermeabilización de la fístula para hemodiálisis. Conclusiones: El tratamiento fibrinolítico con Heberquinasa® permitió la recuperación del paciente con trombosis aguda del acceso vascular para hemodiálisis. Se evitaron complicaciones asociadas a la subdiálisis y/o colocación de catéter central, y se incorporó al paciente a su programa de hemodiálisis, con garantías para su calidad de vida(AU)

Introduction: Hemodialysis continues to be the prevalent renal replacement therapy modality in the world. Arteriovenous fistula dysfunction for hemodialysis has negative effects on the patients and their quality of life, so functional vascular access is needed for adequate hemodialysis treatment in patients with end-stage renal disease. The greatest drawback of vascular access is its high incidence of thrombotic occlusion, caused by stenosis, which is initiated by hyperplastic lesions of the intimate layer of the vessel. One of the treatment modalities at the international level is the thrombolysis of the thrombosed vascular access of less than 24 hours of evolution. Objective: To present the results obtained with the application of percutaneous thrombolysis of vascular access for thrombosed hemodialysis in patients with end-stage renal disease. Case presentation: Male patient of 52 years, with diagnosis of acute thrombosis of vascular access for hemodialysis due to end-stage renal disease, 5 days of evolution, with deterioration of his health state due to being sub-dialized and uremic, with exhaustion of the global vascular access for hemodialysis. Direct fibrinolytic treatment of percutaneous vascular access at 100 thousand IU/hour of Heberkinase® was used in 10 hours, with recovery of the heartbeat, thrill and repermeabilisation of the fistula for hemodialysis. Conclusions: Fibrinolytic treatment with Heberkinase® allowed the recovery of the patient with acute thrombosis from the vascular access for hemodialysis. Complications associated with sub-dialysis and/or central catheter placement were avoided, and the patient was incorporated into their hemodialysis program, with guarantees for their quality of life(AU)

Actividad lúpica en paciente con enfermedad renal terminal: reporte de caso / Lupus activity in a patient with end-stage renal disease: a case report

RESUMEN El lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES) es una enfermedad autoinmune que afecta múltiples órganos; el compromiso renal se encuentra en el 50% de los pacientes y es variable de acuerdo con el grupo racial y étnico. Se estima que el 10% de los pacientes con nefritis lúpica (NL) desarrollan enfermedad renal terminal (ERT) y, una vez que se da la progresión, el 80% de los pacientes negativizan los marcadores de actividad. Sin embargo, aunque es inusual, la reactivación de la enfermedad puede presentarse en compromiso renal avanzado y es importante diagnosticarla oportunamente para definir la causa, tratarla y evitar complicaciones. Presentamos el caso clínico de una paciente de 45 arios, con ERT en diálisis peritoneal, que se encontraba en remisión de la enfermedad y posteriormente desarrolló actividad lúpica.

ABSTRACT Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that affects multiple organs, and renal involvement is found in 50% of patients and is variable according to racial and ethnic group. It is estimated that 10% of patients with lupus nephritis (NL) develop end-stage renal disease (ERT), and once progression occurs, 80% of patients are negative for activity markers. However, although it is rare, the reactivation of the disease can occur in advanced renal involvement, and it is important to diagnose it in a timely manner to define the cause and treat it, avoiding complications.

Percepção de pacientes em hemodiálise sobre os benefícios e as modificações no comportamento sedentário após a participação em um programa de exercícios físicos / Perception of patients in hemodialysis about the benefits and changes in sedentary behavior after participation in program of physical exercise / Percepción de los pacientes en hemodiálisis sobre los beneficios y cambios en el comportamiento sedentario después de participar en un programa de ejercicio físico

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a percepção de pacientes em hemodiálise (HD) participantes de um programa de exercícios físicos quanto à rotina clínica, à mudança no comportamento sedentário e aos benefícios da intervenção. Dezoito pacientes foram inseridos no programa de exercícios físicos, feito durante as sessões de HD (três vezes por semana), por 17 semanas. Foi usada entrevista semiestruturada, transcrita e avaliada pela análise de conteúdo. Os pacientes relataram aumento da força, disposição e capacidade cardiopulmonar, diminuição das câimbras e melhoria do sono. Após o programa de exercícios físicos, muitos pacientes evidenciaram benefícios físicos e psicológicos, além de modificar alguns hábitos que caracterizavam o comportamento sedentário.

Abstract The objective this study was to investigate the perception of patients in hemodialysis (HD) who participating in program of physical exercise, as clinical routine, change in sedentary behavior and the benefits the intervention. Eighteen patients inserted in program of physical exercise, performed during HD sessions (3 times/week) for 17 weeks. Was used semi-structured interview, transcribed and analyzed by content analysis. The patients reported increasing strength, disposition and provision of cardiopulmonary capacity, decreasing cramps and improve sleep. After the program of physical exercise many patients showed physical and psychological benefits, beyond of modify some habits that characterized sedentary behavior.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la percepción de los pacientes en hemodiálisis (HD) que participaron en un programa de ejercicio físico, como rutina clínica, el cambio en el comportamiento sedentario y los beneficios de la intervención. Se incluyó a 18 pacientes en el programa de ejercicios, feitos durante las sesiones de HD (3 veces/semana) durante 17 semanas. Se utilizó la entrevista semiestructurada, transcrita y analizada por análisis de contenido. Los pacientes comunicaron mayor fuerza, voluntad y capacidad cardiopulmonar y disminución de los calambres, y mejora del sueño. Después del programa de ejercicio, muchos pacientes mostraron beneficios físicos y psicológicos, así como la modificación de algunos hábitos que caracterizan el comportamiento sedentario.

Estrategias de afrontamiento en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica terminal en terapia de hemodiálisis en el Centro Especializado de Enfermedades Renales / Coping strategies in patients with terminal chronic renal disease in hemodialysis therapy at the Specialized Center of Renal Diseases

El objetivo fue determinar las estrategias de afrontamiento más utilizadas en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica terminal en terapia de hemodiálisis en el centro especializado de enfermedades renales. Material y Método: El estudio fue de tipo cuantitativo, nivel aplicativo, método descriptivo, de corte transversal. La técnica fue la encuesta y el instrumento el cuestionario de (COPE) modificado, aplicado previo consentimiento informado. Resultados: En el presente estudio participaron 63 pacientes, en relación al tipo de estrategia 79 por ciento (50) utilizan más las estrategias centradas en la emoción, 21 por ciento (13) las estrategias centradas en el problema. En cuanto a la estrategia de afrontamiento centradas en la emoción del 100 por ciento (63), 75 por ciento (47) siempre "buscan la ayuda de Dios" siendo parte de la estrategia acudir a la religión, 63 por ciento (40) siempre "intentan conseguir apoyo emocional de amigos o familiares". Dentro de las estrategias de afrontamiento centradas en el problema del 100 por ciento (63), 64 por ciento (40) a menudo "hace paso a paso lo que debe hacer para superar su enfermedad" y 30 por ciento (19) que siempre "preguntan a personas con igual enfermedad lo que hicieron para superarlo". Conclusiones: La mayoría de los pacientes utilizan como estrategias de afrontamiento aquellas que están centradas en la emoción que se evidencia por el apoyo en la religión y búsqueda de soporte emocional; seguida por un porcentaje considerable de pacientes que utilizan estrategias centradas en el problema ya que tratan de cumplir las indicaciones y buscan información para enfrentar mejor el problema...

The objective was to determine the coping strategies most used in patients with end stage renal disease on hemodialysis therapy center specialized kidney disease. Material and Methods: The study was quantitative, application level, descriptive method of cross section. The technique was the survey instrument and the questionnaire of (COPE) as amended, applied prior informed consent. Results:In this study 63 patients participated in relation to the type of strategy 79 per cent (50) used more strategies focused on emotion, 21 per cent (13) strategies focused on the problem. As for the coping strategy focused on the emotion of 100 per cent (63), 75 per cent (47) always "seek the help of God" being part of the strategy turn to religion, 63 per cent (40) always "try to get emotional support from friends or family". Within coping strategies focused on the problem of 100 per cent (63), 64 per cent (40) often "do step by step what to do to overcome his illness" and 30 per cent (19) always "ask people with the same disease as they did to overcome it". Conclusions: Most patients used as coping strategies are those focused on emotion as evidenced by the support in religion and search for emotional support; followed by a considerable percentage of patients using strategies focused on the problem and trying to follow the directions and seek information to better address the problem...

Enfermedad renal terminal en lupus eritematoso sistémico / End-Stage Renal Disease in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

La enfermedad renal terminal (ERT) se presenta entre un 5% y un 20% de los pacientes con lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES) en los primeros 10 años luego del diagnóstico de nefritis lúpica (NL). La actividad clínica y serológica disminuye o mejora dramáticamente una vez la NL progresa a ERT. La tasa de supervivencia de los pacientes con LES en diálisis es comparable a la de los pacientes no-lúpicos en diálisis y mejor que la de pacientes con otras enfermedades reumáticas en diálisis. Tras el trasplante renal, no hay diferencias en la supervivencia de los pacientes o del injerto en pacientes lúpicos comparado con pacientes no-lúpicos. Al igual que en pacientes nolúpicos, los resultados son mejores con trasplante de donante vivo que con trasplante de donante cadavérico. La tasa de recurrencia de la NL en riñones trasplantados es baja y rara vez es responsable de la pérdida del injerto.

End-stage renal disease (ESRD) occurs in 5%-20% of all systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients within 10 years after diagnosis of lupus nephritis (LN). Both clinical and serological lupus activities decrease or dramatically improve once ESRD ensues. The survival rate of lupus patients on dialysis is comparable to that of the non-SLE dialysis patients and is better than that of several other rheumatic diseases. Following renal transplantation, there is no difference in patient and graft survival in lupus versus non-lupus patients. Like their non-lupus counterparts, SLE transplant patients do better with living relative grafts. The recurrence rate of LN in transplanted allografts is low and rarely responsible for graft loss.

Factores asociados con actividad del lupus eritematoso sistémico en insuficiencia renal crónica terminal / Factors Associated with Activity of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in End-Stage Renal Disease

Objetivo: la actividad del lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES) tiende a disminuir en pacientes que desarrollan enfermedad renal crónica terminal (ERCT). Sin embargo, la actividad extrarrenal no es infrecuente, especialmente en los primeros años de la diálisis. Nosotros estudiamos el curso clínico y evaluamos la actividad del LES en pacientes con ERCT en diálisis por más de seis meses. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar los factores asociados con actividad lúpica durante la diálisis. Métodos: se evaluaron retrospectivamente 15 pacientes con diagnóstico de LES quienes recibieron diálisis de mantenimiento en nuestro centro desde 2000 a 2009. Revisamos sus características clínicas, marcadores serológicos de actividad lúpica y actividad de la enfermedad según el SLEDAI. Se compararon los pacientes que presentaron exacerbaciones con quienes no presentaron exacerbaciones del lupus durante la diálisis de mantenimiento. Resultados: el tiempo transcurrido entre el diagnóstico del LES y el inicio de la diálisis fue de 40.3 meses (6.3-84.3) y la duración de la diálisis fue de 21.8 meses (12.0-40.0). Ocho pacientes presentaron nueve episodios de exacerbación del LES durante la diálisis. Cuatro (44.4%) se presentaron durante el primer año de la diálisis. En comparación con las otras siete pacientes que no tuvieron exacerbaciones durante la diálisis, las pacientes con exacerbaciones fueron más jóvenes al inicio de la diálisis [22.4 años (17.9 - 24.9) vs 30.6 años (26.2 - 40.1); p = 0.021] y tuvieron niveles séricos de C3 significativamente menores al inicio de la diálisis [63.5 mg/dl (57.5 - 67.5) vs 90 mg/dl (87.5 - 105), p = 0.006]. Conclusión: la actividad lúpica no siempre se "apaga" en pacientes que progresan a ERCT. Pacientes con una edad más joven y niveles más bajos de C3 al inicio de la diálisis pueden tener un mayor riesgo de presentar exacerbaciones del lupus durante la diálisis. Se recomienda un seguimiento cuidadoso de los pacientes lúpicos que reciben terapia dialítica mediante un monitoreo clínico y serológico, particularmente para aquellos considerados como potenciales receptores de trasplante renal.

Objective: the activity of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) tends to decline in patients who develop end-stage renal disease (ESRD). However, extrarenal activity is not uncommon, particularly during the first few years of dialysis. We studied the clinical course and assessed the SLE activity in patients with ESRD on dialysis for more than six months. The objective of this study was to identify factors associated with postdialysis activity. Methods: fifteen patients with SLE who were given maintenance dialysis in our center from 2000 to 2007 were examined retrospectively. Their clinical characteristics, serological markers of disease activity and disease activity as per systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity (SLEDAI) were reviewed. Patients with and without postdialysis lupus flares were compared. Results: the time between SLE diagnosis and the onset of dialysis was 40.3 months (6.3-84.3) and the duration of dialysis was 21.8 months (12.0-40.0). Eight patients experienced 9 lupus postdialysis flares. Four flares (44.4%) occurred within the first year of dialysis. Compared with the other 7 patients who had no flares during dialysis, patients with flares were younger at the onset of dialysis [22.4 years (17.9 - 24.9) vs 30.6 years (26.2 - 40.1); p = 0.021] and had serum levels of C3 significantly lower at the onset of dialysis [63.5 mg/dl (57.5 - 67.5) vs 90 mg/dl (87.5 - 105), p = 0.006]. Conclusion: lupus activity does not always "burn out" in patients who progress to ESRD. Younger patients at the onset of dialysis and lower levels of C3 at the start of dialysis may have higher risk of postdialysis lupus flare. SLE patients on dialysis should be carefully followed up by clinical and serological monitoring, particularly in potential renal transplant recipients.

Calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en los pacientes con tratamiento sustitutivo renal: el papel de la depresión / The role of depression in the quality of life among patients undergoing renal substitutive therapy

Antecedentes: La depresión está bien identificada entre pacientes con enfermedad renal terminal, sin embargo, pocos pacientes reciben evaluación o terapia médica para minimizar los efectos de este trastorno. Nuestro estudio evalúa la calidad de vida de estos pacientes y su relación con depresión. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal en 123 pacientes mayores de 19 años de edad con tratamiento sustitutivo renal. La calidad de vida y la depresión se evaluaron mediante los cuestionarios de calidad de vida en enfermedad renal versión 1.3 (KDQOL SF-36) y el inventario de depresión de Beck. El estado metabólico se determinó mediante estudios de laboratorio. Los predictores de calidad de vida se estimaron mediante modelos múltiples de regresión logística ordinal. Resultados: En el módulo genérico del instrumento de calidad de vida, las calificaciones más altas correspondieron a las dimensiones de función social (62.7) y salud mental (65.9), mientras que para el módulo específico correspondieron a apoyo del equipo de diálisis (78.2) y apoyo social (75.3). El predictor de calidad de vida más consistente fue depresión. Conclusiones: La medición de calidad de vida, antes y después de la terapia dialítica, y la evaluación psiquiátrica temprana pueden ser muy útiles para monitoreo del mejoramiento, del deterioro y la respuesta al tratamiento antidepresivo durante la evolución de la insuficiencia renal terminal.

BACKGROUND: Depression is highly prevalent among patients with end-stage renal disease, nevertheless few patients are assessed or offered medical treatment to minimize its effects. This study assessed quality of life among these patients and studied the association between end-stage renal disease and depression. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We carried out a cross-sectional study with 123 patients over 19 who were undergoing renal substitutive therapy. Quality of life and depression were assessed using the Kidney Disease Quality of Life Short Form-36 and the Beck Depression Inventor. In order to measure the patients' metabolic state, we carried out medical and laboratory tests. Quality of life predictors were analyzed with multiple ordinal logistic regression models. RESULTS: The highest scores from the generic core belonged to social functioning dimensions (62.7) and mental health (65.9). For the specific core, the highest scores were in dimensions associated with support offered by the dialysis team (78.2) and from social support networks (75.3). Depression was the most consistent predictor of quality of life. CONCLUSION: The use of programs and measuring tools to measure quality of life prior to and during renal dialysis or hemodialysis, as well as a timely psychiatric evaluation, can be very useful in monitoring improvement, decline and response to anti-depressant treatment throughout the course of end-stage renal disease.