Diabetes and further risk of cancer: a nationwide population-based study.

BACKGROUND: Individuals with diabetes have a significantly higher risk of developing various forms of cancer, and the potential biological links between these two diseases are not completely understood. METHODS: This was a longitudinal retrospective nationwide cohort study, a study design that allows us to examine the natural course of cancer development over an extended period of time with a large sample size. Initially, 3,111,975 and 22,208,395 eligible patients aged ≥ 20 years with and without diabetes, respectively, were matched by age, sex, and the Charlson comorbidity index. Ultimately, 1,751,457 patients were selected from each group. Stratified populations for diabetic retinopathy (DR) (n = 380,822) and without DR (n = 380,822) as well as proliferative DR (PDR) (n = 141,150) and non-proliferative DR (NPDR) (n = 141,150) were analyzed in this study. The main outcome measure was the first-time diagnosis of cancer during the follow-up period. RESULTS: We observed a 20% higher risk of total cancer incidence [hazard ratios (HR), 1.20; p < 0.001] in the diabetes cohort compared to the non-diabetes cohort. The highest HR was observed for liver and pancreas cancers. Moderately increased risks were observed for oral, colon, gallbladder, reproductive (female), kidney, and brain cancer. Furthermore, there was a borderline significantly increased risk of stomach, skin, soft tissue, female breast, and urinary tract (except kidney) cancers and lymphatic and hematopoietic malignancies. The stratified analysis revealed that the total cancer incidence was significantly higher in the DR cohort compared to the non-DR cohort (HR, 1.31; p < 0.001), and there was a borderline increased risk in the PDR cohort compared to the NPDR cohort (HR, 1.13; p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides large-scale, nationwide, population-based evidence that diabetes is independently associated with an increased risk of subsequent development of total cancer and cancer at specific sites. Notably, this risk may further increase when DR develops.

Aqueous humor proteomics analyzed by bioinformatics and machine learning in PDR cases versus controls.

BACKGROUND: To comprehend the complexities of pathophysiological mechanisms and molecular events that contribute to proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and evaluate the diagnostic value of aqueous humor (AH) in monitoring the onset of PDR. METHODS: A cohort containing 16 PDR and 10 cataract patients and another validation cohort containing 8 PDR and 4 cataract patients were studied. AH was collected and subjected to proteomics analyses. Bioinformatics analysis and a machine learning-based pipeline called inference of biomolecular combinations with minimal bias were used to explore the functional relevance, hub proteins, and biomarkers. RESULTS: Deep profiling of AH proteomes revealed several insights. First, the combination of SIAE, SEMA7A, GNS, and IGKV3D-15 and the combination of ATP6AP1, SPARCL1, and SERPINA7 could serve as surrogate protein biomarkers for monitoring PDR progression. Second, ALB, FN1, ACTB, SERPINA1, C3, and VTN acted as hub proteins in the profiling of AH proteomes. SERPINA1 was the protein with the highest correlation coefficient not only for BCVA but also for the duration of diabetes. Third, "Complement and coagulation cascades" was an important pathway for PDR development. CONCLUSIONS: AH proteomics provides stable and accurate biomarkers for early warning and diagnosis of PDR. This study provides a deep understanding of the molecular mechanisms of PDR and a rich resource for optimizing PDR management.

High Vasohibin-2 expression correlated with autophagy in proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

Vasohibin-2 (VASH2) is confirmed to be associated with angiogenesis. To investigate the vitreous levels of VASH2 and how VASH2 induces angiogenesis in proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), a total of 120 eyes were enrolled in this prospective and randomized controlled study and the vitreous level of VASH2 was quantified by Luminex liquid suspension chip. Vector systems were applied in human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) for VASH2 gene overexpression, along with interfering lentiviral vectors (VASH2-shRNA) for VASH2 gene silencing. Cell migration, autophagic flux, as well as the expression of α-tubulin, detyrosinated ⍺-tubulin, LC3 II/LC3 I, P62 were detected under normal, VASH2 overexpression, or interference conditions. The level of VASH2 in PDR patients was significantly higher (218.61 ± 30.14 pg/ml) than that in ERM/MH patients (80.78 ± 2.05 pg/ml) (P = 0.001). The migration ability of HRMECs was significantly increased in VASH2 overexpression group, while in the interfering group, the migration ability decreased. VASH2 increased the detyrosination of ⍺-tubulin. The high fluorescence intensity of autophagic flux showed an activation of autophagy in VASH2 overexpression group, which was also confirmed by the increase of LC3 II/LC3 I ratio and the decrease of P62. Collectively, the present study shows in PDR, vitreous level of VASH2 is higher. VASH2 promotes neovascularization by inducing autophagy, suggesting VASH2 could be a new anti-angiogenic drug target for PDR.

Nuclear proteins and diabetic retinopathy: a review.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is an eye disease that causes blindness and vision loss in diabetic. Risk factors for DR include high blood glucose levels and some environmental factors. The pathogenesis is based on inflammation caused by interferon and other nuclear proteins. This review article provides an overview of DR and discusses the role of nuclear proteins in the pathogenesis of the disease. Some core proteins such as MAPK, transcription co-factors, transcription co-activators, and others are part of this review. In addition, some current advanced treatment resulting from the role of nuclear proteins will be analyzes, including epigenetic modifications, the use of methylation, acetylation, and histone modifications. Stem cell technology and the use of nanobiotechnology are proposed as promising approaches for a more effective treatment of DR.

Widefield swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography metrics associated with neovascular glaucoma in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

PURPOSE: To explore the association between widefield swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (WF SS-OCTA) metrics, including nonperfusion area (NPA) and neovascularization (NV), and presence of neovascular glaucoma (NVG) in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). METHODS: A prospective, cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2018 to February 2020. A total of 85 eyes of 60 PDR patients without NVG and 9 eyes of 8 PDR patients with NVG were included. Retinal ischemic parameters (NPA; ischemia index [NPA/total retinal area]) and NV features (NV number; NV area; NV vessel density) were evaluated. Foveal avascular zone (FAZ), macular thickness/volume, and choroidal thickness/volume were obtained using the Zeiss ARI Network. WF SS-OCTA retinal and choroidal metrics, systemic, and ocular parameters were screened using Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) logistic regression for variable selection. Firth's bias-reduced logistic regression (outcome: presence of NVG) was subsequently used to identify parameters associated with NVG. RESULTS: After LASSO variable selection, 8 variables were significantly associated with the presence of NVG: DM duration (years), insulin (yes/no), best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) (logMAR), IOP, ischemia index, skeletonized vessel density, macular thickness (inner inferior, outer temporal regions). Firth's bias-reduced logistic regression showed ischemia index (odds ratio [OR]=13.2, 95% confidence interval [CI]:5.3-30.7, P<0.001) and BCVA (OR=5.8, 95%CI:1.2-28.8, P<0.05) were associated with the presence of NVG. NV metrics, FAZ, and choroidal parameters were not related to NVG. CONCLUSIONS: Retinal ischemia but not NV was associated with the presence of NVG in patients with PDR using WF SS-OCTA. Larger, longitudinal studies are needed to validate imaging biomarkers associated with diabetic NVG.

Bilateral vitrectomy in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy-characteristics and surgical outcomes.

PURPOSE: Comparing characteristics and outcomes of patients with bilateral proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) undergoing concurrent and sequential vitrectomy. METHODS: Patients having bilateral vitrectomy were classified into concurrent (requiring bilateral surgery simultaneously) and sequential (indicating vitrectomy in one eye later) groups. Clinical characteristics and outcomes were compared, and correlation between the first and second-operated eyes was analyzed. RESULTS: One hundred eight and 126 eyes were in the concurrent and sequential groups, respectively. The sequential group was older (50 vs. 45 years, P = 0.017), had less retinal detachment (54 vs. 77%, P < 0.001), and better visual outcomes (0.79 vs. 1.30, P = 0.021), especially the second-operated eyes. The concurrent group had weaker correlations of disease severity (phi coefficient: 0.36 vs. 0.61) and post-operative visual acuity (r: 0.12 vs. 0.34) between the first- and second-operated eyes than the sequential group. Prior intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (odds ratio [OR] 0.37, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.15-0.86, P = 0.025) predicted better outcomes, while post-operative neovascular glaucoma predicted worse outcomes (OR 6.5, 95% CI 1.7-27.9, P = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: PDR patients requiring surgery concurrently were younger and had more severe diseases and worse outcomes. However, poor outcomes in the first eye did not predict similar outcomes in the second eye.

SGLT2 inhibitors and diabetic retinopathy progression.

PURPOSE: To evaluate whether sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors affect progression of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) compared to standard of care. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study compared subjects enrolled in a commercial and Medicare Advantage medical claims database who filled a prescription for a SGLT2 inhibitor between 2013 and 2020 to unexposed controls, matched up to a 1:3 ratio. Patients were excluded if they were enrolled for less than 2 years in the plan, had no prior ophthalmologic exam, had no diagnosis of NPDR, had a diagnosis of diabetic macular edema (DME) or proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), had received treatment for vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy (VTDR), or were younger than 18 years. To balance covariates of interest between the cohorts, an inverse probability treatment weighting (IPTW) propensity score for SGLT2 inhibitor exposure was used. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression modeling was employed to assess the hazard ratio (HR) for VTDR, PDR, or DME relative to SGLT2 exposure. RESULTS: A total of 6065 patients who initiated an SGLT2 inhibitor were matched to 12,890 controls. There were 734 (12%), 657 (10.8%), and 72 (1.18%) cases of VTDR, DME, and PDR, respectively, in the SGLT2 inhibitor cohort. Conversely, there were 1479 (11.4%), 1331 (10.3%), and 128 (0.99%) cases of VTDR, DME, and PDR, respectively, among controls. After IPTW, Cox regression analysis showed no difference in hazard for VTDR, PDR, or DME in the SGLT2 inhibitor-exposed cohort relative to the unexposed group [HR = 1.04, 95% CI 0.94 to 1.15 for VTDR; HR = 1.03, 95% CI 0.93 to 1.14 for DME; HR = 1.22, 95% CI 0.89 to 1.67 for PDR]. CONCLUSION: Exposure to SGLT2 inhibitor therapy was not associated with progression of NPDR compared to patients receiving other diabetic therapies.

Differences in aqueous humor protein profiles in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy before and after aflibercept treatment.

PURPOSE: To investigate the changes in aqueous humor (AH) protein profiles before and after intravitreal aflibercept (IVA) treatment in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). METHODS: 5 PDR patients provided 10 samples of AH before and after IVA treatment (pre-group vs. post-group). Proteins were identified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Then, bioinformatics was employed to investigate the functional significance of differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) and hub proteins. RESULTS: A total of 16 DEPs were identified, consisting of 8 downregulated proteins and 8 upregulated proteins. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that the most significantly enriched biological process was "blood coagulation, intrinsic pathway." The most significantly enriched signaling pathway was "complement and coagulation cascades." HBB, HPX, VEGFA, and CA1 were identified as hub proteins for IVA treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Together with the downregulation of the intravitreal vascular endothelial growth factor level, IVA may also change the AH protein composition in PDR patients, with DEPs involved in the blood coagulation, intrinsic pathway, complement, and coagulation cascades. IVA treatment may protect against PDR by regulating HBB, HPX, VEGFA, and CA1 expression.

Impact of anti-VEGF treatment on development of proliferative diabetic retinopathy in routine clinical practice.

BACKGROUND: This study evaluated impact of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment on proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) development among patients with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) in US real-world clinical practice. METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of electronic medical records (Vestrum Health; January 2013 to June 2019) of eyes with baseline NPDR, without DME, and naïve to anti-VEGF treatment at index DR diagnosis. Eyes that received anti-VEGF and/or laser treatment over the course of study before development of PDR constituted the treated cohort while the remaining including those treated with laser constituted the anti-VEGF naïve cohort. Survival analysis via Kaplan-Meier method evaluated time to DME and PDR development by baseline NPDR severity, with anti-VEGF treatment as censoring variable. Baseline factors affecting PDR development were analyzed using Cox multivariable regression, censoring for anti-VEGF treatment. RESULTS: Among anti-VEGF-naive eyes, cumulative incidence of DME in eyes with mild (n = 70,050), moderate (n = 39,116), and severe NPDR (n = 10,692) at baseline was 27.1%, 51.2%, and 60.6%. Multivariable regression analysis identified baseline NPDR severity as the most significant predictor of PDR development over 48 months (hazard ratio [HR] [95% confidence interval {CI}] of 2.69 (2.65-2.72) for moderate vs mild NPDR and 6.51 (6.47-6.55) for severe vs mild NPDR). Cumulative incidence (95% CI) of PDR was 7.9% (7.4%-8.3%), 20.9%, (20.0%-21.7%) and 46.8% (44.4%-49.2%) over 48 months in eyes with mild, moderate, and severe NPDR at baseline, respectively. Among treated eyes with baseline severe NPDR, cumulative incidence of PDR at 48 months was 50.1% in eyes treated with laser (n = 546; HR [95% CI] vs no treatment: 0.8 [0.7-1.0]), 27.4% in eyes treated with anti-VEGF (n = 923; HR [95% CI]: 0.4 [0.4-0.5]), and 25.6% in eyes treated with anti-VEGF plus laser (n = 293; HR [95% CI]: 0.5 [0.4-0.7]) compared with 49.9% in eyes with no treatment (n = 8930). CONCLUSIONS: DME and PDR development rates increased with increasing baseline NPDR severity. Approximately half of anti-VEGF‒naive eyes with severe NPDR progressed to PDR within 4 years in US clinical practice. The progression rate from severe NPDR to PDR was approximately halved with anti-VEGF versus no treatment.

Higher phosphate concentrations as in aqueous humor of diabetic patients increase intraocular lens calcification.

BACKGROUND: Clinical evidence suggests an association between phosphate concentrations in aqueous humor and the risk of intraocular lens (IOL) calcification. To test this hypothesis the influence of different phosphate concentrations on IOL calcification was evaluated in an in vitro electrophoresis model. METHODS: 20 IOLs of two hydrophilic IOL models (CT Spheris 204, Zeiss; Lentis L-313, Oculentis) and one hydrophobic control IOL model (Clareon CNA0T0, Alcon) were exposed to physiologic and elevated phosphate concentrations, similar to diabetic aqueous humor. IOL calcification was analyzed by alizarin red staining, von Kossa staining, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy with electron diffraction. RESULTS: Higher phosphate concentrations were associated with IOL calcification. Analyses of IOL surfaces and cross-sections documented calcification in no CT Spheris and 4 Lentis IOLs following exposure to 10 mM Na2HPO4, compared with 7 and 11 positive analyses following exposure to 14 mM Na2HPO4, respectively. Furthermore, a clear association between IOL calcification and the duration of electrophoresis was demonstrated, confirming increased phosphate concentrations and duration of exposure as risk factors of IOL calcification. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that higher phosphate concentrations in aqueous humor, as seen in diabetic patients, contribute to an increased IOL calcification risk, potentially explaining clinical observations showing an increased risk of IOL calcification in patients with diabetes.

Intraoperative challenges and management of fibrovascular membrane with tractional retinoschisis in proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

BACKGROUND: In severe Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (PDR), fibrovascular membrane (FVM) causes macular tractional retinal detachment (MTRD) which threatens vision and eventually leads to blindness. Here we present a case of separation between the inner and outer retina in tractional retinoschisis, induced during intraoperative FVM delamination. CASE PRESENTATION: A 68-year-old woman presented with PDR in the right eye, characterized by a combined FVM and retinal detachment, for which a vitrectomy was performed. Multiple holes, large retinal detachment extending to all quadrants, and white-lined blood vessels with FVM were found during the procedure. When membrane delamination was performed, it strayed into the space between the inner and outer retinal layers without being noticed due to retinoschisis and multiple retinal holes. After removing the FVM and detaching the separated inner retina, fluid-gas and photocoagulation were performed. Retinal reattachment was successfully achieved after surgery, and the postoperative visual acuity was improved and maintained for 26 months postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: When tractional retinoschisis due to FVM is combined with retinal holes in tractional retinal detachment (TRD), care must be taken to prevent delamination from straying into retinoschisis during separation.

Risk factors of internal carotid artery stenosis in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy: an analysis using optical coherence tomography and optical coherence tomography angiography.

BACKGROUND: This research investigates the correlation between the severity of internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis and retinal parameters in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), aiming to uncover potential risk factors. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 68 patients (136 eyes) diagnosed with bilateral PDR from January 1, 2017, to December 31, 2021, was conducted. Carotid artery stenosis (CAS) was assessed using neck computed tomography angiography (CTA) and carotid duplex ultrasound (CDUS), with stenosis classified into two groups: normal (group 1) and mild or above (group 2), based on the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET) criteria. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA) measured several retinal parameters, including sub foveal choroidal thickness (SFCT), retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness, vessel density (VD), and foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area. Statistical analyses determined correlations between ICA degrees and retinal parameters. RESULTS: This study showed significant differences between groups in total VD, FAZ area, total RNFL thickness, and temporal RNFL thickness, indicating that patients with more severe ICA stenosis had noticeable retinal changes. Other parameters such as hyperlipidemia, total cholesterol levels, and intraocular pressure (IOP) also differed significantly, while no notable differences were observed in SFCT, central VD, average GCIPL, and superior, nasal, and inferior RNFL thickness. CONCLUSION: The study findings highlight retinal changes, such as an increased FAZ area, decreased total VD, and a total and thinner temporal RNFL, which suggest the need for carotid artery evaluation in patients. These findings have important clinical implications for the need for carotid work up in patients with PDR.

Prediction of proliferative diabetic retinopathy using machine learning in Latino and non-Hispanic black cohorts with routine blood and urine testing.

PURPOSE: The objective was to predict proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) in non-Hispanic Black (NHB) and Latino (LA) patients by applying machine learning algorithms to routinely collected blood and urine laboratory results. METHODS: Electronic medical records of 1124 type 2 diabetes patients treated at the Bronxcare Hospital eye clinic between January and December 2019 were analysed. Data collected included demographic information (ethnicity, age and sex), blood (fasting glucose, haemoglobin A1C [HbA1c] high-density lipoprotein [HDL], low-density lipoprotein [LDL], serum creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR]) and urine (albumin-to-creatinine ratio [ACR]) test results and the outcome measure of retinopathy status. The efficacy of different machine learning models was assessed and compared. SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis was employed to evaluate the contribution of each feature to the model's predictions. RESULTS: The balanced random forest model surpassed other models in predicting PDR for both NHB and LA cohorts, achieving an AUC (area under the curve) of 83%. Regarding sex, the model exhibited remarkable performance for the female LA demographic, with an AUC of 87%. The SHAP analysis revealed that PDR-related factors influenced NHB and LA patients differently, with more pronounced disparity between sexes. Furthermore, the optimal cut-off values for these factors showed variations based on sex and ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates the potential of machine learning in identifying individuals at higher risk for PDR by leveraging routine blood and urine test results. It allows clinicians to prioritise at-risk individuals for timely evaluations. Furthermore, the findings emphasise the importance of accounting for both ethnicity and sex when analysing risk factors for PDR in type 2 diabetes individuals.

Fatty Acid-Binding Protein 4-Mediated Regulation Is Pivotally Involved in Retinal Pathophysiology: A Review.

Fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs), a family of lipid chaperone molecules that are involved in intracellular lipid transportation to specific cellular compartments, stimulate lipid-associated responses such as biological signaling, membrane synthesis, transcriptional regulation, and lipid synthesis. Previous studies have shown that FABP4, a member of this family of proteins that are expressed in adipocytes and macrophages, plays pivotal roles in the pathogenesis of various cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, including diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension (HT). Since significant increases in the serum levels of FABP4 were detected in those patients, FABP4 has been identified as a crucial biomarker for these systemic diseases. In addition, in the field of ophthalmology, our group found that intraocular levels of FABP4 (ioFABP4) and free fatty acids (ioFFA) were substantially elevated in patients with retinal vascular diseases (RVDs) including proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and retinal vein occlusion (RVO), for which DM and HT are also recognized as significant risk factors. Recent studies have also revealed that ioFABP4 plays important roles in both retinal physiology and pathogenesis, and the results of these studies have suggested potential molecular targets for retinal diseases that might lead to future new therapeutic strategies.

The effect of adjuvant Mitomycin C during vitrectomy on functional and anatomical outcomes in patients with severe diabetic tractional retinal detachment.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of adjuvant Mitomycin C (MMC) use on the anatomical and functional success of vitreoretinal surgery (VRS) in severe diabetic tractional retinal detachment (dTRD) patients. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of consecutive patients undergoing VRS due to severe dTRD was conducted. Patients were categorized into those who received 20 µg/0.1 mL MMC via MMC sandwich method (Group 1) and those who did not (Group 2). Demographics, surgical characteristics, visual outcomes, and complications that may related to MMC were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 25 eyes were included, 13 in Group 1 and 12 in Group 2. No statistical difference was observed in baseline characteristics between the groups. The mean best-corrected visual acuity was 1.90 ± 0.43 logMAR and 1.93 ± 0.41 logMAR preoperatively and 1.60 ± 0.78 logMAR and 1.56 ± 0.78 logMAR postoperatively in Groups 1 and 2, respectively (p = 0.154). The postoperative mean intraocular pressure was 16.23 ± 2.55 mmHg and 13.08 ± 4.94 mmHg in Groups 1 and 2, respectively (p = 0.225). The rate of re-surgery was significantly lower in Group 1 (0% vs. 41.7% in Group 2, p = 0.015). Retina was attached in all patients at the last visit. No MMC-related complication was recorded. CONCLUSION: Intraoperative adjuvant MMC application for severe dTRD significantly reduces re-surgery rates with good anatomical and functional outcomes safely.

Correlation analysis of Type-2 diabetes mellitus with proliferative retinopathy and central macular thickness.

Objective: To investigate the relevant risk factors of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) in patients with Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and their correlations with the central macular thickness (CMT). Methods: This is a retrospective study. The clinical data of 300 patients with T2DM were collected and divided into a PDR group (observation group) and non-PDR group (control group) according to the occurrence of PDR in Aier Eye Hospital (Taiyuan) from February 2019 to February 2022. The relevant risk factors were screened out through the t test and the χ2 test, and analyzed by logistic regression. Results: Logistic regression analysis showed that systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, course of diabetes, fasting blood glucose (FBG), two hours postprandial blood glucose (two hours PBG) and urinary albumin were independent risk factors for T2DM complicated with PDR. ROC curve revealed that systolic blood pressure, course of diabetes and urinary albumin had the highest diagnostic efficiency. Correlation analysis demonstrated that CMT was positively correlated with systolic blood pressure, course of diabetes, HbA1c level and urinary albumin level. Conclusion: For patients with T2DM, blood pressure, course of diabetes, FBG, 2hPBG and urinary albumin are independent risk factors for PDR, and increased systolic blood pressure, course of diabetes, HbA1c level and urinary albumin level will increase CMT. Combining the above indexes to predict the occurrence of PDR has a synergistic effect, and the increase in systolic blood pressure, course of diabetes, HbA1c level and urinary albumin level will increase the CMT of the patients.

[Biomechanics of diabetic vitreopapillary traction syndrome]. / Biomekhanika diabeticheskogo vitreopapillyarnogo traktsionnogo sindroma.

Diabetic vitreopapillary traction syndrome (VPT) is a variant of diabetic retinopathy (DR) that can lead to vision loss in advanced stages. This review reports on the biomechanics of the vitreous in the pathogenesis of proliferative DR, in particular diabetic VPT. The article analyzes and summarizes literature data, presents the views of different authors on this problem, and provides the results of Russian and foreign scientific research on this pathology. It is concluded that further research in this area can lead to a significant improvement in the results of therapy, timely diagnosis, and preservation of vision in patients with DR.

[Outcomes of bimanual vitreoretinal surgery in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy complications]. / Rezul'taty bimanual'noi vitreoretinal'noi khirurgii v lechenii oslozhnenii diabeticheskoi retinopatii.

The incidence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) requiring vitreorentinal surgery is increasing. The search for new effective and safe methods of treatment, the choice of the optimal time for surgery, and the assessment of long-term treatment outcomes are relevant problems. PURPOSE: This study evaluates the long-term results of vitreorentinal surgery using the bimanual technique in DR with different stages of fibrovascular proliferation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 135 patients (135 eyes) who were divided into groups depending on the predominant type of proliferation - vascular or fibrous. Patients underwent vitrectomy with membranectomy using the bimanual technique, with peripheral panretinal endolaser coagulation of the retina and tamponade of the vitreous cavity with balanced salt solution. The postoperative observation period lasted up to 12 months. RESULTS: Both groups showed statistically significant improvement in visual function and anatomical changes in central retinal thickness. A statistically significant improvement in best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was found in patients with initially predominantly vascular proliferation. Correlation analysis showed that initially higher BCVA tends to persist in the postoperative period. A negative correlation was found between the final BCVA and the presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, fibrous stage of proliferation, high central retinal thickness, and the presence of diabetic macular edema (DME) - both initially and after treatment. The frequency of complications in the groups was comparable, except for postoperative DME, which was more often detected in patients with fibrous proliferation. CONCLUSION: The bimanual technique of vitreorentinal surgery for complications of DR allows achieving high anatomical and functional results. Higher BCVA is noted in patients with the vascular stage of proliferation and initially high BCVA. The obtained data allow us to form a hypothesis about the possibility of earlier surgery in patients with high BCVA, but require further investigation.

The effect of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy in type II diabetes mellitus patients: A clinical trial.

INTRODUCTION: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most threatening complications of diabetes and a leading cause of visual loss in working-age population. Although exercise is beneficial in diabetes, previous studies have showed contradictory and inconclusive results on how it effects DR. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy. MATERIALS & METHODS: In this before-after clinical trial, 40 patients with diabetic retinopathy were enrolled by convenient sampling method in Shahid Labbafinejad Hospital in Tehran during 2021-2022. Before the intervention, central macular thickness (CMT, microns) measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fasting blood sugar (FBS, mg/dl) were obtained. Then, patients took part in a 12-week moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (3 sessions per week, each session 45 min). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26.0. RESULTS: Out of 40 examined patients, 21 (52.5 %) were male and 19 (47.5 %) were female. The mean age of the patients was 50.8 years. The mean rank of FBS (mg/dl) significantly decreased from 21.12 before the exercise to 8.75 after the exercise (p < 0.001). Also, the mean rank of CMT (microns) showed a significant decrease from 21.11 before the intervention to 16.20 after the exercise (p < 0.001). There was a significant positive correlation between patients' age and FBS (mg/dl) before (rho = 0.457, p = 0.003) and after (rho = 0.365, p = 0.021) the intervention. Also, a significant positive correlation was found between patients' age and CMT (microns) before (rho = 0.525, p = 0.001) and after (rho = 0.461, p = 0.003) moderate exercise. CONCLUSION: Moderate-intensity aerobic exercise leads to lower FBS (mg/dl) and CMT (microns) in patients with diabetic retinopathy, so it may be beneficial for diabetic patients to avoid sedentary lifestyle.

Long-term real-world outcomes of retinal microvasculature changes in proliferative diabetic retinopathy treated with panretinal photocoagulation vs. intravitreal conbercept.

PURPOSE: To compare long-term real-world outcomes of retinal microvasculature changes in proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) treated with panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) vs. intravitreal conbercept (IVC) and to explore the potential factors affecting these changes. METHODS: This study retrospectively included 96 treatment-naïve PDR eyes of 96 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients [59 PRP and 37 IVC]. Baseline characteristics and treatment details were collected. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) data of macular vessel density (VD) and optic disc capillary density (CD) at baseline and at the last follow-up were compared between groups. The differences between the baseline and the last follow-up OCTA data in each group were also tested for significance. The correlation between the change in each OCTA parameter from baseline and each baseline characteristic/treatment parameter was investigated in each group. RESULTS: During a mean follow-up of two years, greater superficial (SCP) (p = 0.004) and deep capillary plexus (DCP) VD (p < 0.001) were observed in the foveal area in the PRP than in the IVC. Compared to the baseline, SCP VD in the foveal area increased in the PRP (p = 0.012), while an increased SCP VD in some sectors in the parafoveal and perifoveal areas (p < 0.05), rather than the foveal area (p = 0.908), was seen in the IVC. For both groups, eyes with a higher VD/CD at baseline tended to develop capillary dropout more intensively (all p < 0.05). In the IVC group, foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area change showed a negative correlation with baseline FAZ area (p = 0.020), and complementary PRP exerted a negative influence on FAZ area change (p = 0.002). In the PRP group, SCP VD change was positively correlated with follow-up frequency, and was negatively correlated with diastolic blood pressure (all p < 0.05); DCP VD change showed a positive correlation with PRP shot number (p = 0.019). CONCLUSION: The aforementioned microvasculature changes should be considered when PRP or IVC is adopted in PDR long-term management.