Diversity of rabies virus detected in Inner Mongolia, China, 2019-2021.

Rabies is a serious public health issue in China, with over 95% of human infections transmitted by dogs. As part of a routine surveillance carried out in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (IMAR) between 2019 and 2021, 80 of 95 suspected rabies cases in domestic animals (dogs, livestock) and wild carnivores (foxes, badgers, a raccoon dog) were confirmed as rabies virus (RABV) positive. Phylogenetic analysis of RABVs of the 80 cases based on complete N genes showed that 97.5% (78/80) of the virus strains belonged to the Cosmopolitan (steppe-type) clade, with one in each of Arctic-related (AL2) and Asian (SEA1) clades. The data show that infected foxes have become a major transmission source of rabies in China, second only to dogs, and play a pivotal role in animal rabies epizootics in the north and northwest of the country. The recent spread of fox rabies to other animal species presents an increasing threat to public health and emphasizes the importance of animal rabies surveillance.

A rich mosaic of resistance in extended-spectrum ß-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolated from red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Poland as a potential effect of increasing synanthropization.

In our research, we analyzed the resistance of cephalosporin-resistant E. coli strains to antimicrobial agents. The strains were collected during five years from wild animal species commonly inhabiting Poland. We have identified the type of ß-lactamases produced and the multidrug-resistance profile. Most strains (73.8%) had genes encoding ESBL enzymes, mainly CTX-M-1 and TEM. Almost all AmpC-ß-lactamase-producing isolates had the blaCMY-2 gene. Almost 70% of the strains tested showed a multi-drug resistance profile. The dominant phenotype was resistance to tetracycline (69.05%), and/or sulfamethoxazole (57.1%). We also found high resistance to quinolones: ciprofloxacin 35.7% and nalidixic acid 52.4%. The phenotypic resistance of the strains was in most cases confirmed by the presence of corresponding genes. Among strains, 26.2% were carriers of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes (PMQR). MLST analysis revealed a large clonal variation of the strains, which was reflected in 28 different sequence types. More than half of the strains (54.7%) were classified into the following sequence complexes: 10, 23, 69, 101, 155, 156, 168, 354, 398, 446, and 648. Only one strain in the studied group was assigned to the ExPEC pathotype and represented sequence type 117. The results of our research have confirmed that isolates obtained from wild animals possess many resistance determinants and sequence types, which are also found in food-producing animals and humans. This reflects the doctrine of "One health", which clearly indicates that human health is inextricably linked with animal health as well as degree of environmental contamination. We conclude that the resistance and virulence profiles of strains isolated from wildlife animals may be a resultant of various sources encountered by animals, creating a rich and varied mosaic of genes, which is very often unpredictable and not reflected in the correlation between the sequence type and the gene profile of resistance or virulence observed in epidemic clones.

A significant number of multi-drug resistant Enterococcus faecalis in wildlife animals; long-term consequences and new or known reservoirs of resistance?

As the last link in the food chain in a complex ecosystem covering at least three different environmental spheres, species of wildlife carnivorous mammals constitute a group accumulating potential pathogens and factors resulting from human activity, including the emergence of drug resistance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the level and range of resistance in commensal E. faecalis isolated from wildlife carnivorous mammals and genetic relationships in terms of the source of these strains as well as resistance and virulence genes. Differentiation between strains was performed based on ADSRRS-fingerprinting method. The results showed that almost half of the tested animals (48%) were carriers of at least one multidrug resistant E. faecalis strain. Moreover, 44% of MDR-positive animals showed two or three strains differing in both the genotype and the resistance phenotype. A significant percentage of strains were resistant to high-level aminoglycosides (from 20% to even 57.5%). The resistance and virulence gene profiles showed a rich panel of genes closely related to isolates from nosocomial infection and from livestock animals. The presence of the same genotypes in different hosts reflects not only a possible transfer of genes between E. faecalis strains but also exchange of strains between animals. The obtained results reflect a very high level of contamination of animals that are not subjected to targeted antibiotic therapy, which may suggest the degree of pollution of the environment. Wildlife animals and their environment can be a link closing the circulation cycle of genes and even epidemiologically important strains; therefore, there is a high risk that this pool will never run out and will be maintained at a high level.

Ticks and Associated Pathogens From Rescued Wild Animals in Rainforest Fragments of Northeastern Brazil.

The Ixodidae family comprises ticks that are hematophagous ectoparasites and are considered vectors of several hemoparasites from the Anaplasmataceae family and the genus Hepatozoon, Babesia, and Rickettsia. These ectoparasites parasitize domestic and wild animals belonging to several vertebrate groups. Ticks are highly adapted to different biomes and thus possess a wide geographical distribution. In the Brazilian state of Bahia, localized in the Northeast region, there are large rainforest fragments. Studies have rarely been carried out on ticks, and their hemoparasites, that parasitize wild animals in this region. Thus, this study aimed to identify the tick species parasitizing wild animals rescued in rainforest fragments of Bahia and investigate the presence of hemoparasites in tick tissues. During a 2-year period, 238 ticks were collected from 41 wild mammalians, reptiles, and amphibians. These ectoparasites were taxonomically classified according to their morphological characteristics. The ticks identified belonged to five different species from the Ixodidae family: Amblyomma varium, Amblyomma rotundatum, Amblyomma nodosum, Ixodes loricatus, and Rhipicephalus sanguineus. For the first time, an A. rotundatum parasitizing the Mesoclemmys tuberculata turtle was described. PCR assays using DNA extracted from salivary glands or midgut of the ticks were performed to detect specific DNA fragments of hemoparasites from the genus Rickettsia, Ehrlichia, Babesia, Hepatozoon, and from the Anaplasmataceae family. The results showed positive detection of the Rickettsia genus (7.9%), Anaplasmataceae family (15.8%), and Hepatozoon genus (15.8%). Specific DNA from the Ehrlichia and Babesia genera were not detected in these samples. Specific DNA from members of the Anaplasmataceae family was detected in A. varium for the first time. The present work showed that amphibians, reptiles, and mammals from Bahia's Atlantic Forest areparasitized by different tick species, and that these ectoparasites present pathogens in their tissues that impact both humans and animals due to their zoonotic potential.

Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli from animal food sources in Mauritius: Prevalence, serogroup diversity and virulence profiles.

Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) are important human pathogens associated with diarrhea and in some cases haemorrhagic colitis. Contaminated food derived from cattle and wildlife species are often associated with disease outbreaks. In this study, we report the prevalence, serogroup diversity and virulence profiles of STEC strains derived from cattle, rusa deer and pig. Of the 422 samples analyzed, STEC were detected in 40% (80/200) of cattle, 27.0% (33/122) of deer and 13.0% (13/100) of pigs. STEC isolates belonged to 38 O-serogroups whereby 5.2% (24/462) of the isolates belonged to clinically important EHEC-7 serogroups: O26 (n = 2), O103 (n = 1), O145 (n = 3) and O157 (n = 18). Fourteen serogroups (O26, O51, O84, O91, O100, O104, O110, O117, O145, O146, O156, O157, O177 and ONT) displayed multiple virulence profiles. We also identified two serovars (O117 and O119) in deer which are not well-documented in epidemiological surveys. 73.7% (28/38) of recovered O-serogroups are known to be associated with serious human illnesses including haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) and bloody diarrhea. STEC isolates harboring single genotypes stx1, stx2, eae and hlyA accounted for 3.0% (14/462), 9.1% (42/462), 47.6% (220/462) and 1.7% (8/462) of all STEC isolates screened, respectively. Virulence combinations stx1 and stx2 were harboured by 1.3% of isolates while strains with genetic profiles eae/hlyA were the second most prevalent amongst STEC isolates. The full known virulent genotypes (stx2/eae, stx1/stx2/eae, stx1/stx2/hlyA and stx2/eae/hlyA) were present in 22 of the 462 STEC strains. A total of 10 different virulence patterns were recovered amongst animal species. Phylogeny of the gnd gene showed that amongst STEC strains, serovar O100 outlined the main cluster. Fourteen (n = 14) different sequence types (STs) were identified from a panel of twenty (n = 20) STEC isolates. One of the isolate (PG007B) possessed a unique ST (adk 10, fumC 693, gyrB 4, icd 1, mdh 8, purA 8, recA 2) that could not be assigned using MLST databases. None of the ST's recovered in deer were observed in domestic species. Our findings shows that food associated animals found on the tropical island of Mauritius carry a diversity of STEC strains with many serovars known to be associated with human disease. This report indicates that increased awareness, surveillance and hygienic attention at critical stages of the human food chain are warranted.

Multidrug Resistance in Enterococci Isolated From Wild Pampas Foxes (Lycalopex gymnocercus) and Geoffroy's Cats (Leopardus geoffroyi) in the Brazilian Pampa Biome.

Enterococci are ubiquitous microorganisms present in various environments and within the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and other animals. Notably, fecal enterococci are suitable indicators for monitoring antimicrobial resistance dissemination. Resistant bacterial strains recovered from the fecal samples of wild animals can highlight important aspects of environmental disturbances. In this report, we investigated antimicrobial susceptibility as well as resistance and virulence genes in fecal enterococci isolated from wild Pampas foxes (Lycalopex gymnocercus) (n = 5) and Geoffroy's cats (Leopardus geoffroyi) (n = 4) in the Brazilian Pampa biome. Enterococci were isolated from eight out of nine fecal samples and Enterococcus faecalis was identified in both animals. However, E. faecium and E. durans were only detected in Pampas foxes, while E. hirae was only detected in Geoffroy's cats. Antimicrobial susceptibility analysis showed resistance to rifampicin (94%), erythromycin (72.6%), ciprofloxacin/norfloxacin (40%), streptomycin (38%), and tetracycline (26%). The high frequency of multidrug-resistant enterococci (66%) isolated in this study is a matter of concern since these are wild animals with no history of therapeutic antibiotic exposure. The tetM/tetL and msrC/ermB genes were detected in most tetracycline- and erythromycin-resistant enterococci, respectively. The gelE, ace, agg, esp, and clyA virulence genes were also detected in enterococci. In conclusion, our data suggest that habitat fragmentation and anthropogenic activities in the Pampa biome may contribute to high frequencies of multidrug-resistant enterococci in the gut communities of wild Pampas foxes and Geoffroy's cats. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of antimicrobial-resistant enterococci in the Pampa biome.

[Surgical treatment of a perforated cornea in a zebra]. / Chirurgische Versorgung einer Hornhautperforation bei einem Zebra.

Microsurgical procedures in zoo and wildlife animals are challenging because of the reduced perioperative sterility and postoperative care. This case report describes the positive result of the surgical treatment of a perforated corneal ulceration with prolapsed iris in an 18-year-old Grévy's zebra mare. The postoperative development and the results of the histomorphological examination 3.5 years after surgery are described.

Bovine tuberculosis in safari park in Brazil / Tuberculose bovina em parque safári no Brasil

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium bovis, affecting domestic animals, wild animals and humans. In captivity, for wild animals, bTB represents a risk to animal keepers and zoo visitors, in addition to the possibility of spreading the infection to domestic animals or through the trade of infected wild animals. Sambar (Cervus unicolor), red deer (Cervus elaphus) and fallow deer (Dama dama) from a safari park in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, showed a clinical condition of dyspnea and weight loss. Some animals died and showed lesions suggestive of tuberculosis (LST), which were confirmed by histopathology. After the interdiction of the safari park by the state veterinary authorities, 281 deer were euthanized with the authorization of the "Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis" (IBAMA). Retropharyngeal and submandibular lymph nodes and viscera were collected from 21 animals, which were grown in Stonebrink medium for up to 90 days. After DNA extraction from the bacterial colonies, PCR was performed for targets flanking the region of differentiation 4 (RD4). Of the 21 samples, 14 (66.7%) presented LST with a granulomatous appearance, a whitish coloration, and caseous or calcified consistency, and seven samples (33.3%), showed no lesions. In the culture of 14 samples with LST, 13 (92.8%) presented bacterial growth compatible with M. bovis. In the cultivation of the seven samples without LST, four (57.1%) presented colonies compatible with M. bovis. PCR and DNA sequencing of the PCR amplicons detected as positive all the 17 (100%) bacteriological cultures suggestive of M. bovis, thus confirming the outbreak of bTB in deer. Decisions about positive tested and suspicious animals should be taken based on the evaluation of the risk of transmission to the rest of the zoological animals, animal welfare, conservation considerations and, the zoonotic potential of this pathogen.(AU)

A tuberculose bovina (bTB) é uma doença infecciosa causada por Mycobacterium bovis, afetando animais domésticos, animais selvagens e humanos. Para animais selvagens em cativeiro, a bTB representa um risco para os tratadores de animais e visitantes do zoológico, além da possibilidade de espalhar a infecção para animais domésticos ou por meio do comércio de animais silvestres infectados. Cervídeos sambar (Cervus unicolor), veado-vermelho (Cervus elaphus) e gamo (Dama dama) de um parque safári no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, mostraram uma condição clínica de dispneia e perda de peso. Alguns animais morreram e apresentaram lesões sugestivas de tuberculose (LST), as quais foram confirmadas por histopatologia. Após a interdição do parque safári pelas autoridades veterinárias estaduais, 281 veados sofreram eutanásia com a autorização do Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis (IBAMA). Os linfonodos retrofaríngeos e submandibulares e vísceras foram coletados de 21 animais, que foram cultivados em meio Stonebrink por até 90 dias. Após extração de DNA das colônias bacterianas, foi realizada PCR para alvos que flanqueavam a região de diferenciação 4 (RD4). Das 21 amostras, 14 (66,7%) apresentaram LST com aspecto granulomatoso, coloração esbranquiçada e consistência caseosa ou calcificada, e sete amostras (33,3%) não apresentaram lesões. Na cultura de 14 amostras com LST, 13 (92,8%) apresentaram crescimento bacteriano compatível com M. bovis. No cultivo das sete amostras sem LST, quatro (57,1%) apresentaram colônias compatíveis com M. bovis. A PCR e o sequenciamento de DNA dos fragmentos de PCR detectaram como positivo todas as 17 (100%) culturas bacteriológicas sugestivas de M. bovis, confirmando assim o surto de bTB em cervídeos. As decisões sobre animais positivos testados e suspeitos devem ser tomadas com base na avaliação do risco de transmissão para o restante dos animais zoológicos, bem-estar animal, considerações de conservação e no potencial zoonótico desse patógeno.(AU)

Seasonal variations of male reproductive parameters of Tomodon dorsatus from Southeastern Brazil / Variações sazonais dos parâmetros reprodutivos do macho de Tomodon dorsatus do sudeste brasileiro

The morphology of the male reproductive tract of Tomodon dorsatus was described in the austral seasons of the year considering macroscopic and microscopic variables. For this purpose, 56 specimens from the herpetological collection of the "Instituto Butantan" were used. Fragments of the testes, kidneys and ductus deferens were collected and submitted to histological routine. The peak of the testicular volume was observed in the summer and the epithelium of the seminiferous tubules had higher height in the summer (p=0.001). The testes were active throughout the year, however, the spermiogenesis peaked in the summer. There were spermatozoa in the lumen of the ductus deferens in all seasons of the year. Renal length was higher in autumn (p=0.027), and renal width did not show a significant increase (p=0.237). The diameter and epithelial height of the sexual segment of the kidney (SSK) showed hypertrophy in winter and spring, coinciding with the mating period. Based on findings of this study, we can suggest that, at the population level, the reproductive cycle of T. dorsatus can be considered seasonal semi-synchronous, due to the peak of spermiogenic activity in the hot season, and discontinuous at the individual level.(AU)

A morfologia do trato reprodutivo do macho de Tomodon dorsatus foi descrita nas estações climáticas do ano com base em variáveis macroscópicas e microscópicas. Para isto, foram usados 56 espécimes oriundos da coleção herpetológica do Instituto Butantan. Fragmentos dos testículos, rins e ductos deferentes foram coletados e submetidos à rotina histológica. O volume testicular foi maior no verão e o epitélio dos túbulos seminíferos mostrou uma maior altura no verão (p=0.001). Os testículos estavam ativos durante todo o ano, contudo, a espermiogênese foi maior no verão. Espermatozoides foram encontrados no lúmen do ducto deferente em todas as estações do ano. O comprimento renal foi maior no outono (p=0.027), e a largura renal não mostrou um aumento significativo (p=0.237). O diâmetro e a altura epitelial do segmento sexual do rim (SSR) mostrou hipertrofia nas estações inverno e primavera, coincidindo com o período reprodutivo. Com base nestes resultados, pode-se sugerir que, em nível populacional, o ciclo reprodutivo de T. dorsatus possa ser considerado semi-sincrônico sazonal, devido à atividade espermiogênica na estação quente, e descontínuo em nível individual.(AU)

Bovine tuberculosis in safari park in Brazil

ABSTRACT: Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium bovis, affecting domestic animals, wild animals and humans. In captivity, for wild animals, bTB represents a risk to animal keepers and zoo visitors, in addition to the possibility of spreading the infection to domestic animals or through the trade of infected wild animals. Sambar (Cervus unicolor), red deer (Cervus elaphus) and fallow deer (Dama dama) from a safari park in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, showed a clinical condition of dyspnea and weight loss. Some animals died and showed lesions suggestive of tuberculosis (LST), which were confirmed by histopathology. After the interdiction of the safari park by the state veterinary authorities, 281 deer were euthanized with the authorization of the Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis (IBAMA). Retropharyngeal and submandibular lymph nodes and viscera were collected from 21 animals, which were grown in Stonebrink medium for up to 90 days. After DNA extraction from the bacterial colonies, PCR was performed for targets flanking the region of differentiation 4 (RD4). Of the 21 samples, 14 (66.7%) presented LST with a granulomatous appearance, a whitish coloration, and caseous or calcified consistency, and seven samples (33.3%), showed no lesions. In the culture of 14 samples with LST, 13 (92.8%) presented bacterial growth compatible with M. bovis. In the cultivation of the seven samples without LST, four (57.1%) presented colonies compatible with M. bovis. PCR and DNA sequencing of the PCR amplicons detected as positive all the 17 (100%) bacteriological cultures suggestive of M. bovis, thus confirming the outbreak of bTB in deer. Decisions about positive tested and suspicious animals should be taken based on the evaluation of the risk of transmission to the rest of the zoological animals, animal welfare, conservation considerations and, the zoonotic potential of this pathogen.

RESUMO: A tuberculose bovina (bTB) é uma doença infecciosa causada por Mycobacterium bovis, afetando animais domésticos, animais selvagens e humanos. Para animais selvagens em cativeiro, a bTB representa um risco para os tratadores de animais e visitantes do zoológico, além da possibilidade de espalhar a infecção para animais domésticos ou por meio do comércio de animais silvestres infectados. Cervídeos sambar (Cervus unicolor), veado-vermelho (Cervus elaphus) e gamo (Dama dama) de um parque safári no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, mostraram uma condição clínica de dispneia e perda de peso. Alguns animais morreram e apresentaram lesões sugestivas de tuberculose (LST), as quais foram confirmadas por histopatologia. Após a interdição do parque safári pelas autoridades veterinárias estaduais, 281 veados sofreram eutanásia com a autorização do Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis (IBAMA). Os linfonodos retrofaríngeos e submandibulares e vísceras foram coletados de 21 animais, que foram cultivados em meio Stonebrink por até 90 dias. Após extração de DNA das colônias bacterianas, foi realizada PCR para alvos que flanqueavam a região de diferenciação 4 (RD4). Das 21 amostras, 14 (66,7%) apresentaram LST com aspecto granulomatoso, coloração esbranquiçada e consistência caseosa ou calcificada, e sete amostras (33,3%) não apresentaram lesões. Na cultura de 14 amostras com LST, 13 (92,8%) apresentaram crescimento bacteriano compatível com M. bovis. No cultivo das sete amostras sem LST, quatro (57,1%) apresentaram colônias compatíveis com M. bovis. A PCR e o sequenciamento de DNA dos fragmentos de PCR detectaram como positivo todas as 17 (100%) culturas bacteriológicas sugestivas de M. bovis, confirmando assim o surto de bTB em cervídeos. As decisões sobre animais positivos testados e suspeitos devem ser tomadas com base na avaliação do risco de transmissão para o restante dos animais zoológicos, bem-estar animal, considerações de conservação e no potencial zoonótico desse patógeno.

Evaluation of hip joint laxity in crab-eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous)

ABSTRACT: Like canids, crab-eating foxes may probably be predisposed to similar orthopedic diseases of domestic dogs, such as hip dysplasia. However, for the adequate hip dysplasia diagnosis in wild animals, the normality characteristics of each species must be determined. This study aimed to estimate radiographic and computed tomographic (CT) values of hip joint laxity in healthy crab-eating foxes. Fifteen intact crab-eating foxes, eight males and seven females, ages 1 to 5 and mean body mass of 6.66kg were used. Norberg angle (NA) was calculated from ventrodorsal hip-extended radiographs. To calculate the dorsolateral subluxation (DLS) score, the center distance (CD) index, the lateral center edge angle (LCEA), and the dorsal acetabular rim angle (DARA), measurements obtained from transverse CT images were used. No statistically significant differences were observed between the right and left sides in the radiographic and tomographic parameters. The mean NA was 107.57°. The mean DLS score, the CD index, the LCEA, and the DARA were 60.79%, 0.16, 98.25° and 13.47°, respectively. The data obtained are helpful in characterizing mean values of the hip joint in healthy crab-eating foxes, and can contribute to the knowledge of the species.

RESUMO: Como canídeos, os cachorros-do-mato podem estar predispostos a doenças ortopédicas semelhantes aquelas de cães domésticos, tais como a displasia coxofemoral. No entanto, para o diagnóstico adequado da displasia coxofemoral em animais selvagens, os padrões de normalidade de cada espécie precisam ser determinados. Sendo assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo estimar os valores radiográficos e tomográficos (TC) da lassitude da articulação coxofemoral em cachorros-do-mato hígidos. Foram utilizados quinze cachorros-do-mato não castrados, oito machos e sete fêmeas, com idades entre 1 e 5 anos e massa corporal média de 6,66kg. O ângulo de Norberg (NA) foi calculado a partir de radiografias na projeção ventrodorsal com os membros estendidos. Para calcular o escore de subluxação dorsolateral (DLS), o índice de distância central (CD), o ângulo da margem central lateral (LCEA) e o ângulo da borda dorsal acetabular (DARA), foram utilizadas as mensurações obtidas a partir de imagens transversais da TC. Não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas entre os lados direito e esquerdo nos parâmetros radiográficos e tomográficos. A média do NA foi de 107,57°. As médias do escore do DLS, do índice de CD, e dos ângulos LCEA e DARA foram, respectivamente, 60,79%, 0,16, 98,25° e 13,47°. Os dados obtidos são úteis para a caracterização dos valores médios referentes à articulação coxofemoral de cachorros-do-mato e podem contribuir para o conhecimento da espécie.

Seasonal variations of male reproductive parameters of Tomodon dorsatus from Southeastern Brazil

ABSTRACT: The morphology of the male reproductive tract of Tomodon dorsatus was described in the austral seasons of the year considering macroscopic and microscopic variables. For this purpose, 56 specimens from the herpetological collection of the Instituto Butantan were used. Fragments of the testes, kidneys and ductus deferens were collected and submitted to histological routine. The peak of the testicular volume was observed in the summer and the epithelium of the seminiferous tubules had higher height in the summer (p=0.001). The testes were active throughout the year, however, the spermiogenesis peaked in the summer. There were spermatozoa in the lumen of the ductus deferens in all seasons of the year. Renal length was higher in autumn (p=0.027), and renal width did not show a significant increase (p=0.237). The diameter and epithelial height of the sexual segment of the kidney (SSK) showed hypertrophy in winter and spring, coinciding with the mating period. Based on findings of this study, we can suggest that, at the population level, the reproductive cycle of T. dorsatus can be considered seasonal semi-synchronous, due to the peak of spermiogenic activity in the hot season, and discontinuous at the individual level.

RESUMO: A morfologia do trato reprodutivo do macho de Tomodon dorsatus foi descrita nas estações climáticas do ano com base em variáveis macroscópicas e microscópicas. Para isto, foram usados 56 espécimes oriundos da coleção herpetológica do Instituto Butantan. Fragmentos dos testículos, rins e ductos deferentes foram coletados e submetidos à rotina histológica. O volume testicular foi maior no verão e o epitélio dos túbulos seminíferos mostrou uma maior altura no verão (p=0.001). Os testículos estavam ativos durante todo o ano, contudo, a espermiogênese foi maior no verão. Espermatozoides foram encontrados no lúmen do ducto deferente em todas as estações do ano. O comprimento renal foi maior no outono (p=0.027), e a largura renal não mostrou um aumento significativo (p=0.237). O diâmetro e a altura epitelial do segmento sexual do rim (SSR) mostrou hipertrofia nas estações inverno e primavera, coincidindo com o período reprodutivo. Com base nestes resultados, pode-se sugerir que, em nível populacional, o ciclo reprodutivo de T. dorsatus possa ser considerado semi-sincrônico sazonal, devido à atividade espermiogênica na estação quente, e descontínuo em nível individual.

Evaluation of hip joint laxity in crab-eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous) / Avaliação da lassitude da articulação coxofemoral em cachorro-do-mato (Cerdocyon thous)

Like canids, crab-eating foxes may probably be predisposed to similar orthopedic diseases of domestic dogs, such as hip dysplasia. However, for the adequate hip dysplasia diagnosis in wild animals, the normality characteristics of each species must be determined. This study aimed to estimate radiographic and computed tomographic (CT) values of hip joint laxity in healthy crab-eating foxes. Fifteen intact crab-eating foxes, eight males and seven females, ages 1 to 5 and mean body mass of 6.66kg were used. Norberg angle (NA) was calculated from ventrodorsal hip-extended radiographs. To calculate the dorsolateral subluxation (DLS) score, the center distance (CD) index, the lateral center edge angle (LCEA), and the dorsal acetabular rim angle (DARA), measurements obtained from transverse CT images were used. No statistically significant differences were observed between the right and left sides in the radiographic and tomographic parameters. The mean NA was 107.57°. The mean DLS score, the CD index, the LCEA, and the DARA were 60.79%, 0.16, 98.25° and 13.47°, respectively. The data obtained are helpful in characterizing mean values of the hip joint in healthy crab-eating foxes, and can contribute to the knowledge of the species.(AU)

Como canídeos, os cachorros-do-mato podem estar predispostos a doenças ortopédicas semelhantes aquelas de cães domésticos, tais como a displasia coxofemoral. No entanto, para o diagnóstico adequado da displasia coxofemoral em animais selvagens, os padrões de normalidade de cada espécie precisam ser determinados. Sendo assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo estimar os valores radiográficos e tomográficos (TC) da lassitude da articulação coxofemoral em cachorros-do-mato hígidos. Foram utilizados quinze cachorros-do-mato não castrados, oito machos e sete fêmeas, com idades entre 1 e 5 anos e massa corporal média de 6,66kg. O ângulo de Norberg (NA) foi calculado a partir de radiografias na projeção ventrodorsal com os membros estendidos. Para calcular o escore de subluxação dorsolateral (DLS), o índice de distância central (CD), o ângulo da margem central lateral (LCEA) e o ângulo da borda dorsal acetabular (DARA), foram utilizadas as mensurações obtidas a partir de imagens transversais da TC. Não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas entre os lados direito e esquerdo nos parâmetros radiográficos e tomográficos. A média do NA foi de 107,57°. As médias do escore do DLS, do índice de CD, e dos ângulos LCEA e DARA foram, respectivamente, 60,79%, 0,16, 98,25° e 13,47°. Os dados obtidos são úteis para a caracterização dos valores médios referentes à articulação coxofemoral de cachorros-do-mato e podem contribuir para o conhecimento da espécie.(AU)

Cytometric blood phenotyping in free-living white-eyed parakeet (Psittacara leucophthalmus) / Fenotipagem citométrica do sangue de maritacas jovens de vida-livre (Psittacara leucophthalmus)

This study aimed at performing cytometric phenotyping of the blood samples from free-living, young white-eyed parakeets (Psittacara leucophthalmus), stained with 3,3-dihexyloxacarbocyanine [DiOC6(3)]. DiOC6(3)-stained whole blood samples from 19 free-living, young white-eyed parakeets were analyzed by flow cytometry and cell types were distinguished by their typical fluorescence in blue laser channel (FL-1) and SSC (side scatter). It was possible to differentiate erythrocytes (58.3±13.6) from leukocytes (32.4±13.1) and some of the leucocyte subpopulations: lymphocytes/thrombocytes (29.7±7.7), monocytes (30.6±8.5), and granulocytes (5.9-26). However, lymphocytes and thrombocytes could not be sorted in the plots. Our study determined that the predominant population in white-eyed parakeet (P. leucophthalmus) was lymphocytes, thrombocytes, and monocytes in the leucocytes gates in comparison to the granulocyte population. The cytometry method and use of DiOC6(3) stain was available for parakeets blood samples and can be studied and applied to other species of parrots.(AU)

Este estudo teve como objetivo realizar a fenotipagem citométrica com 3,3-di-hexiloxacarbocianina [DiOC6 (3)] de amostras de sangue de maritacas jovens de vida-livre (Psittacara leucophthalmus). As amostras de sangue total, coradas com DiOC6(3) de 19 maritacas de vida livre, foram analisadas por citometria de fluxo e os tipos de células foram distinguidos por sua fluorescência típica no canal laser azul (FL-1) e SSC (dispersão lateral). Foi possível diferenciar eritrócitos (58,3±13,6) de leucócitos (32,4±13,1) e algumas subpopulações de leucócitos: linfócitos/trombócitos (29,7±7,7), monócitos (30,6±8,5) e granulócitos (5,9-26), entretanto, linfócitos e trombócitos não puderam ser diferenciados em duas populações distintas. Nosso estudo determinou que a população predominante P. leucophthalmus foi mononuclear agranulocítica em comparação com a taxa de aquisição da população granulocítica. A metodologia de citometria de fluxo com uso da coloração de DiOC6(3) foi aplicável a amostras sanguíneas das maritacas e pode ser estudado e aplicado para outras espécies de psitacídeos.(AU)

Zoonotic bacteria research and analysis of antimicrobial resistance levels in parrot isolates from pet shops in the city of Fortaleza, Brazil / Pesquisa de bactérias zoonóticas e análise dos níveis de resistência antimicrobiana em isolados de psitacídeos de pet shops da cidade de Fortaleza, Brasil

The Psittaciformes are among the most popular pets due to their intelligence, ability, and ease of maintenance in small environments. However, the absence of adequate environmental stimuli generated by confinement can predispose these animals to characteristic stress conditions, leaving them susceptible to the triggering of various diseases, among which those of bacterial origin stand out. The objective of this study was to carry out a survey of enterobacteria and evaluate the antimicrobial sensitivity profile of bacteria isolated from parrots from a pet shop in the city of Fortaleza, Ceará. Ninety-six samples were collected from four pet shops (which were classified as A, B, C and D), eight samples of local swabs from budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus), were collected from each establishment eight from cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) and eight from lovebirds (Agapornis sp.). Isolation of enterobacteria is under the methodology used by Lopes et al. (2015) with modifications. The method used to study bacterial resistance was the Kirby-Bauer method, following the standards stipulated by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Sixty-eight enterobacteria strains from ten different species, Proteus mirabilis, Citrobacter diversus, Pantoea agglomerans, Escherichia coli, Providencia stuartii, Hafnia alvei, Proteus vulgaris, Serratia liquefaciens, Enterobacter sakasakii and Citrobacter amalonaticus, were isolated. P. agglomerans was the bacterium with the highest frequency of isolates from pet shop parrots, making up 23.5% of the isolates; the second-most isolated strain was P. mirabilis with 17.7%. In this study, 79% of the isolated strains were resistant to at least one class of antimicrobials tested. Tetracycline proved to be the most resistant antimicrobial (44%), followed by polymyxin B (38%) and nalidixic acid (25%). Among the 68 strains, 19% did not show resistance to any of the classes of antimicrobials tested. The condition of multidrug resistance - resistance to ≥3 classes of antimicrobials - was observed in 18% of the isolated strains.(AU)

Os psittaciformes estão entre os animais de estimação mais populares devido sua inteligência, habilidade, além da facilidade de manutenção da espécie em pequenos ambientes. Contudo, a ausência de estímulos ambientais adequados gerados pelo confinamento, podem predispor esses animais a quadros característicos de estresse, deixando-os susceptíveis ao desencadeamento de várias doenças dentre elas se destacam as de origem bacteriana. O objetivo desse trabalho foi realizar uma pesquisa de enterobactérias e avaliar o perfil de sensibilidade antimicrobiana de bactérias isoladas de psitacídeos de pet shop da cidade de Fortaleza, Ceará. Foram coletadas 96 amostras de quatro pet shops (os quais foram classificados em A, B, C e D), sendo coletados de cada estabelecimento oito amostras de suabes clocais oriundos de periquitos australianos (Melopsittacus undulatus), oito de calopsitas (Nymphicus hollandicus) e oito de agapornis (Agapornis sp.). O isolamento de enterobactérias está de acordo com a metodologia utilizada por Lopes et al. (2015) com modificações. O método utilizado para o estudo de resistência bacteriana foi o de Kirby-Bauer, seguindo os padrões estipulados pela Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Foi isolado um total de 68 cepas de enterobactérias, de dez espécies diferentes, Proteus mirabilis, Citrobacter diversus, Pantoea agglomerans, Escherichia coli, Providencia stuartii, Hafnia alvei, Proteus vulgaris, Serratia liquefaciens, Enterobacter sakasakii e Citrobacter amalonaticus. Pantoea agglomerans foi a bactéria com maior percentagem de frequência dos isolados de psitacídeos de pet shop, perfazendo um total de 23,5% dos isolados, a segunda cepa mais isolada foi Proteus mirabilis com 17,7%. Neste estudo 79% das cepas isoladas foram resistentes a pelo menos uma classe de antimicrobianos testados, tetraciclina demonstrou ser o antimicrobiano com maior resistência (44%), seguido da polimixina B (38%) e do ácido nalidíxico (25%). Dentre as 68 cepas isoladas, 19% não apresentaram resistência a qualquer uma das classes de antimicrobianos testadas. A condição de multirresistência, ou seja, resistência a ≥3 classes de antimicrobianos foi observado em 18% das cepas isoladas.(AU)

Antimicrobial susceptibility profile of enterobacteria isolated from wild grey-breasted parakeets (Pyrrhura griseipectus) / Perfil de susceptibilidade antimicrobiana de enterobactérias isoladas de periquitos-de-cara-suja (Pyrrhura griseipectus)

The grey-breasted parakeet (Pyrrhura griseipectus) is an endangered psittacine species that have been affected by illegal trade and deforestation. Currently, this endemic species is only found in three areas in Ceará state, in Brazil. This study aimed to investigate the frequency and diversity of Enterobacteriaceae in wild adult grey-breasted parakeets and determine their susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. Cloacal swab samples were collected from 27 individuals and environmental swabs (drag swabs) from five nests used by these birds. Twenty-seven strains from nine species of Enterobacteriaceae were recovered from cloacal swabs, and the most prevalent bacteria strains were Hafnia alvei (22%) and Pantoea agglomerans (22%). From environmental nest samples, seven strains from three bacterial species were isolated, being the P. agglomerans the most frequent species (100%). Twenty-two of the 27 isolates (81.4%) exhibited antibiotic resistance, varying from one to eight of the 12 antimicrobials commonly used. Resistance to amoxicillin was the most prevalent (70.4%), followed by azithromycin (22.2%) and ceftriaxone (18.5%). None of the strains were resistant to gentamicin, tobramycin, ciprofloxacin or tetracycline. The H. alvei was the main species presenting multidrug resistance, including resistance against meropenem, which is an important finding. These results could provide interesting information on the health of these endangered wild grey-breasted parakeets. They could also indicate that the obtained isolates are part of a group of bacteria that are typical components of the enteric microbiota of birds, which present elevated rates of resistance to amoxicillin.(AU)

O periquito-de-cara-suja (Pyrrhura griseipectus) é uma espécie de psitacídeo considerado pela IUCN como ameaçado de extinção, resultado do comércio ilegal e do desmatamento. Atualmente, essa espécie endêmica é encontrada apenas em três áreas no estado do Ceará, Brasil. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a frequência e a diversidade de Enterobacteriaceae em periquitos de peito cinza adultos selvagens e determinar sua suscetibilidade a agentes antimicrobianos. Amostras de suabes cloacais foram coletadas de 27 indivíduos e de suabes ambientais (suabes de arrasto) de cinco ninhos utilizados por essas aves. Vinte e sete cepas de nove espécies de Enterobacteriaceae foram isoladas a partir de suabes cloacais, sendo as cepas bacterianas mais prevalentes Hafnia alvei (22%) e Pantoea agglomerans (22%). Das amostras ambientais de ninhos foram isoladas sete linhagens de três espécies bacterianas, sendo P. agglomerans a espécie mais frequente (100%). Vinte e dois dos 27 isolados (81,4%) exibiram resistência a antibióticos, variando de um a oito dos 12 antimicrobianos comumente usados. A resistência a amoxicilina foi a mais prevalente (70,4%), seguida por azitromicina (22,2%) e ceftriaxona (18,5%). Nenhuma das cepas era resistente à gentamicina, tobramicina, ciprofloxacina ou tetraciclina. H. alvei foi a principal espécie que apresentou resistência a múltiplas drogas e que também esteve associada a um outro achado relevante desta pesquisa, que foi a detecção de um caso de resistência ao meropenem. Esses dados fornecem informações relevantes sobre a saúde desses periquitos selvagens ameaçados e permite concluir que os isolados obtidos fazem parte de um grupo de bactérias que normalmente compõe a microbiota entérica das aves, sendo a amoxicilina envolvida em elevadas taxas de resistência.(AU)

Ultrasonographic characterization of the organs in the middle third and caudal coelomic cavity of snakes in the Boidae Family

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was the ultrasonographic evaluation of the organs in the middle third and caudal coelomic cavity of healthy snakes in the Boidae family. For such, 15 adult snakes from five species were evaluated: Boa constrictor amarali, Boa constrictor constrictor, Eunectes murinus, Epicrates assisi and Epicrates crassus. The animals were physically restrained for examination. After the application of acoustic gel over the scales the transducer was positioned in the frontal plane of the coelomic cavity. Microconvex and linear transducers at 10MHz were used. The ultrasound examination was conducted in the craniocaudal direction, with longitudinal and transversal sections to assess syntropy, echogenicity and echotexture of the organs. The liver was bilobulated, hyperechoic, homogeneous echotexture, hyperechoic capsule, with a hepatic lobe measuring 1.15±0.64cm wide, and the presence of a central hepatic vein, measuring 0.44±0.21cm in diameter. The gallbladder was characterized as an anechoic structure with echogenic walls and dimensions of 2.91±1.18cm x 1.38±0.84cm (length x width). The stomach showed a pleated and linear texture, echogenic, with hypoechoic walls measuring 0.3±0.07cm wide. The splenopancreas was a circular and echogenic structure, homogeneous echotexture and measuring 1.18±0.62cm in width and 1.56±0.88cm in length. The kidneys were characterized by elongated, lobulated, hypoechoic structures, an echogenic capsule and an echogenic central line, measuring 1.05±0.7cm in width. The testis were characterized by fusiform, hypoechoic structures, homogeneous echotexture, measuring 2.31±0.79cm in length and 0.6±0.23cm in width. Ovarian follicles were seen in different stages, 0.67±0.39cm wide and 0.73±0.38cm long. No differences were found between species of syntropy, echogenicity and echotexture of the organs of the coelomic cavity. The ultrasound examination proved to be a safe, non-invasive and efficient technique for characterizing the organs of the coelomic cavity of snakes.

RESUMO: O objetivo do estudo foi realizar a avaliação ultrassonográfica de órgãos do terço médio e caudal da cavidade celomática de serpentes hígidas da família Boidae. Para isto, foram avaliadas 15 serpentes adultas de cinco espécies: Boa constrictor amarali, Boa constrictor constrictor, Eunectes murinus, Epicrates assisi e Epicrates crassus. Os animais foram contidos fisicamente para a realização do exame. Após aplicação de gel acústico sobre as escamas, o transdutor foi posicionado no plano frontal da cavidade celomática. Foram utilizados transdutores microconvexo e linear em 10MHz. O exame ultrassonográfico foi conduzido no sentido craniocaudal, com cortes longitudinais e transversais para avaliar sintopia, ecogenicidade e ecotextura dos órgãos. O fígado se apresentou bilobulado, hiperecoico, ecotextura homogênea, cápsula hiperecoica, com lobo hepático medindo 1,15±0,64cm de largura, e presença de uma veia central hepática, medindo 0,44±0,21cm de diâmetro. A vesícula biliar foi caracterizada como uma estrutura anecoica de paredes ecogênicas e dimensões de 2,91±1,18cm x 1,38±0,84cm(comprimento x largura). O estômago apresentou-se com o aspecto pregueado e linear, ecogênico, com paredes hipoecoicas medindo 0,3±0,07cm de largura. O esplenopâncreasse apresentou como uma estrutura circular e ecogênica, ecotextura homogênea e medindo de 1,18±0,62cm de largura e 1,56±0,88cm de comprimento. Os rins se caracterizaram por estruturas alongadas, lobuladas, hipoecoicas, cápsula ecogênica e uma linha central ecogênica, medindo 1,05±0,7cm de largura. Os testículos foram caracterizados por estruturas fusiformes, hipoecoicas, ecotextura homogênea, medindo 2,31±0,79cm de comprimento e 0,6±0,23cm de largura. Foram visualizados folículos ovarianos em diferentes estágios, de 0,67±0,39cm de largura e 0,73±0,38cm de comprimento. Não foram encontradas diferenças entre espécies de sintopia, ecogenicidade e ecotextura dos órgãos da cavidade celomática. O exame ultrassonográfico demonstrou-se uma técnica segura, não invasiva e eficiente para caracterização dos órgãos da cavidade celomática de serpentes.

Molecular detection of Apicomplexa protozoa in tissues from Alouatta guariba clamitans

ABSTRACT: The brown howler monkey (Alouatta guariba clamitans) is a primate species widely distributed in South America. Infections by protozoa are common in primates. However, studies on protozoa in primates in Brazil are scarce, so the goal of this study was to investigate DNA from the apicomplexan protozoa Neospora caninum, Sarcocystis spp. and Toxoplasma gondii in tissues of A. guariba clamitans. DNA extraction was performed on tissue samples from the heart, brain, liver, spleen, lung and intestine of six A. guariba clamitans from Santa Maria, Central Region of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Conventional PCR was performed using 18S rRNA gene general primers for Apicomplexa and also specific primers to amplify Neosporaspp. and Toxoplasma gondii DNA. All animals were positive in the 18S PCR and the genetic sequencing confirmed the presence of Sarcocystis spp. DNA in the tissues of four animals belonging to at least two species (S. neurona and S. gigantea) and T. gondii DNA in the other two animals. One positive sample for T. gondii was genotypically characterized as atypical by the restriction fragment length polymorphism technique. N. caninum DNA was not detected in the tested samples. The presence of Apicomplexa protozoan DNA in the tissues of the six animals tested in this study highlights the importance of howler monkeys as maintainers of these pathogens in nature.

RESUMO: O bugio ruivo (Alouatta guariba clamitans) é uma espécie de primata amplamente distribuída na América do Sul. As infecções por protozoários são comuns em primatas. Entretanto, estudos sobre protozoários em primatas no Brasil são escassos, portanto o objetivo deste estudo foi pesquisar DNA dos protozoários Apicomplexa Neospora caninum, Sarcocystisspp. e Toxoplasma gondii em tecidos de A. guariba clamitans. A extração de DNA foi realizada em amostras de tecido do coração, cérebro, fígado, baço, pulmão e intestino de seis A. guariba clamitans oriundos de Santa Maria, Região Central do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Foi realizada PCR convencional utilizando primers geral do gene 18S rRNA para Apicomplexa e também primers específicos para amplificação de DNA de Neospora spp.e Toxoplasma gondii. Todos os animais foram positivos no PCR geral para Apicomplexa e no sequenciamento genético confirmou-se a presença de DNA de Sarcocystis nos tecidos de quatro animais pertencentes a pelo menos duas espécies (S. neurona e S. gigantea), e DNA de T. gondii foi detectado nos outros dois animais. Uma amostra positiva para T. gondii foi caracterizada genotipicamente como atípico pela técnica de polimorfismo do comprimento do fragmento de restrição. Não foi detectado DNA de N. caninum nas amostras testadas. A presença de DNA de protozoários apicomplexa nos tecidos dos seis animais testados neste estudo destaca a importância dos bugios ruivos como mantenedores desses patógenos na natureza.

Cytometric blood phenotyping in free-living white-eyed parakeet (Psittacara leucophthalmus)

ABSTRACT: This study aimed at performing cytometric phenotyping of the blood samples from free-living, young white-eyed parakeets (Psittacara leucophthalmus), stained with 3,3-dihexyloxacarbocyanine [DiOC6(3)]. DiOC6(3)-stained whole blood samples from 19 free-living, young white-eyed parakeets were analyzed by flow cytometry and cell types were distinguished by their typical fluorescence in blue laser channel (FL-1) and SSC (side scatter). It was possible to differentiate erythrocytes (58.3±13.6) from leukocytes (32.4±13.1) and some of the leucocyte subpopulations: lymphocytes/thrombocytes (29.7±7.7), monocytes (30.6±8.5), and granulocytes (5.9-26). However, lymphocytes and thrombocytes could not be sorted in the plots. Our study determined that the predominant population in white-eyed parakeet (P. leucophthalmus) was lymphocytes, thrombocytes, and monocytes in the leucocytes gates in comparison to the granulocyte population. The cytometry method and use of DiOC6(3) stain was available for parakeets blood samples and can be studied and applied to other species of parrots.

RESUMO: Este estudo teve como objetivo realizar a fenotipagem citométrica com 3,3-di-hexiloxacarbocianina [DiOC6 (3)] de amostras de sangue de maritacas jovens de vida-livre (Psittacara leucophthalmus). As amostras de sangue total, coradas com DiOC6(3) de 19 maritacas de vida livre, foram analisadas por citometria de fluxo e os tipos de células foram distinguidos por sua fluorescência típica no canal laser azul (FL-1) e SSC (dispersão lateral). Foi possível diferenciar eritrócitos (58,3±13,6) de leucócitos (32,4±13,1) e algumas subpopulações de leucócitos: linfócitos/trombócitos (29,7±7,7), monócitos (30,6±8,5) e granulócitos (5,9-26), entretanto, linfócitos e trombócitos não puderam ser diferenciados em duas populações distintas. Nosso estudo determinou que a população predominante P. leucophthalmus foi mononuclear agranulocítica em comparação com a taxa de aquisição da população granulocítica. A metodologia de citometria de fluxo com uso da coloração de DiOC6(3) foi aplicável a amostras sanguíneas das maritacas e pode ser estudado e aplicado para outras espécies de psitacídeos.

Antimicrobial susceptibility profile of enterobacteria isolated from wild grey-breasted parakeets (Pyrrhura griseipectus)

ABSTRACT: The grey-breasted parakeet (Pyrrhura griseipectus) is an endangered psittacine species that have been affected by illegal trade and deforestation. Currently, this endemic species is only found in three areas in Ceará state, in Brazil. This study aimed to investigate the frequency and diversity of Enterobacteriaceae in wild adult grey-breasted parakeets and determine their susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. Cloacal swab samples were collected from 27 individuals and environmental swabs (drag swabs) from five nests used by these birds. Twenty-seven strains from nine species of Enterobacteriaceae were recovered from cloacal swabs, and the most prevalent bacteria strains were Hafnia alvei (22%) and Pantoea agglomerans (22%). From environmental nest samples, seven strains from three bacterial species were isolated, being the P. agglomerans the most frequent species (100%). Twenty-two of the 27 isolates (81.4%) exhibited antibiotic resistance, varying from one to eight of the 12 antimicrobials commonly used. Resistance to amoxicillin was the most prevalent (70.4%), followed by azithromycin (22.2%) and ceftriaxone (18.5%). None of the strains were resistant to gentamicin, tobramycin, ciprofloxacin or tetracycline. The H. alvei was the main species presenting multidrug resistance, including resistance against meropenem, which is an important finding. These results could provide interesting information on the health of these endangered wild grey-breasted parakeets. They could also indicate that the obtained isolates are part of a group of bacteria that are typical components of the enteric microbiota of birds, which present elevated rates of resistance to amoxicillin.

RESUMO: O periquito-de-cara-suja (Pyrrhura griseipectus) é uma espécie de psitacídeo considerado pela IUCN como ameaçado de extinção, resultado do comércio ilegal e do desmatamento. Atualmente, essa espécie endêmica é encontrada apenas em três áreas no estado do Ceará, Brasil. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a frequência e a diversidade de Enterobacteriaceae em periquitos de peito cinza adultos selvagens e determinar sua suscetibilidade a agentes antimicrobianos. Amostras de suabes cloacais foram coletadas de 27 indivíduos e de suabes ambientais (suabes de arrasto) de cinco ninhos utilizados por essas aves. Vinte e sete cepas de nove espécies de Enterobacteriaceae foram isoladas a partir de suabes cloacais, sendo as cepas bacterianas mais prevalentes Hafnia alvei (22%) e Pantoea agglomerans (22%). Das amostras ambientais de ninhos foram isoladas sete linhagens de três espécies bacterianas, sendo P. agglomerans a espécie mais frequente (100%). Vinte e dois dos 27 isolados (81,4%) exibiram resistência a antibióticos, variando de um a oito dos 12 antimicrobianos comumente usados. A resistência a amoxicilina foi a mais prevalente (70,4%), seguida por azitromicina (22,2%) e ceftriaxona (18,5%). Nenhuma das cepas era resistente à gentamicina, tobramicina, ciprofloxacina ou tetraciclina. H. alvei foi a principal espécie que apresentou resistência a múltiplas drogas e que também esteve associada a um outro achado relevante desta pesquisa, que foi a detecção de um caso de resistência ao meropenem. Esses dados fornecem informações relevantes sobre a saúde desses periquitos selvagens ameaçados e permite concluir que os isolados obtidos fazem parte de um grupo de bactérias que normalmente compõe a microbiota entérica das aves, sendo a amoxicilina envolvida em elevadas taxas de resistência.