Development of a Stable Lyophilized Cyclophosphamide Monohydrate Formulation Using Non-Aqueous Solvents.

To ensure product stability, it is critical to maintain the monohydrate state of cyclophosphamide following lyophilization, as this is the most stable solid form of the Cyclophosphamide. On the other hand, because of their limited aqueous solubility and stability, non-aqueous solvents are preferred for determining the composition and stability of bulk solutions. Hence, the purpose of this study was to use non-aqueous solvents for determining the composition and stability of bulk solutions, and to shorten the lyophilization process by retaining the cyclophosphamide monohydrate. Furthermore, prior to selecting the solvent for the bulk solution consisting of 90:10 tertiary butyl alcohol (TBA) and acetonitrile (ACN), various factors were taken into account, including the freezing point, vapor pressure of solvents, solubility, and stability of cyclophosphamide monohydrate. The concentration of the bulk solution was adjusted to 200 mg/mL in order to optimize the fill volume, enhance sublimation rates at lower temperatures during primary drying, and eliminate the need for secondary drying. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements of bulk solution were used to improve the lyophilization cycle. The lyophilization cycle opted was freezing at a temperature of -55 °C with annealing step at -22 °C by which the reconstitution time was significantly reduced. The drying was performed at below - 25 °C while maintaining a chamber pressure of 300 mTorr. The complete removal of non-aqueous solvents was achieved by retaining water within the system. The presence of cyclophosphamide monohydrate was confirmed using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The reduction of lyophilization process time was established by conducting mass transfer tests and evaluating the physicochemical properties of the pharmaceutical product. Using non-aqueous solvents for freeze-drying cyclophosphamide is a viable option, and this study provides significant knowledge for the advancement of future generic pharmaceuticals.

Mefenamic Acid Loaded and TPGS Stabilized Mucoadhesive Nanoemulsion for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: Development, Optimization, and Brain-Targeted Delivery via Olfactory Pathway.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a very common disorder that affects the elderly. There are relatively few medications that can be used orally or as a suspension to treat AD. A mucoadhesive (o/w) nano emulsion of mefenamic acid was made by adding Carbopol 940P to the optimised drug nanoemulsion using distilled water as the aqueous phase (6%); Solutol HS: tween 20 (3.6%) as the surfactant and co-surfactant; and clove oil: TPGS (0.4%) as the oil phase and mefenamic acid as the drug (2.8 mg/ml). The mucoadhesive nanoemulsion (S40.5%w/v) had a particle size of 91.20 nm, polydispersity index of 0.270, and surface charge of - 12.4 mV. Significantly higher (p < 0.001) drug release (89.37%) was observed for mucoadhesive drug formulation in comparison to mucoadhesive drug suspension (25.64%) at 8 h. The ex vivo nasal permeation of 83.03% in simulated nasal fluid and 85.71% in artificial cerebrospinal fluid was observed. The percent inhibition and inhibitory concentration (IC50) of mucoadhesive drug nanoemulsion were found to be 91.57 ± 2.69 and 6.76 respectively. Higher cell viability on glioblastoma cells (85-80%) was researched for mucoadhesive nanoemulsion as compared to drug suspension (80-70%). Significantly higher (p < 0.001) drug absorption and Cmax (491.94 ± 24.13 ng/ml) of mucoadhesive drug nanoemulsion were observed than mucoadhesive drug suspension (107.46 ± 11.46 ng/ml) at 8 h. The stability studies confirmed that the formulation was stable at 40°C ± 2°C and 75 ± 5% RH. The authors concluded that the mucoadhesive mefenamic acid-loaded nanoemulsion may be an effective technique for treating Alzheimer's disease by intranasal route.

Development of a New Bioequivalent Omeprazole Product.

Background and Objectives: The enteric form of omeprazole is one of the most commonly prescribed medications. Similarly to Europe, Kazakhstan relies on the localization of pharmaceutical drug production as one of its primary strategies to ensure that its population has access to affordable and good-quality medicines. This study comprehensively describes the technologically available development of bioequivalent delayed-release omeprazole. Materials and Methods: Various regimes and technological parameters were tested on laboratory- and production-scale equipment to establish a technical process where a functional and gastro-protective layer is essential. According to the ICH guidance on stability testing and Kazakhstan local rules, stability studies were conducted under conditions appropriate for climate zone II. The comparison of the rate and extent of absorption with subsequent assessment of the bioequivalence of the generic and reference drugs after a single dose of each drug at a dose of 40 mg was performed. Results: The quantitative and qualitative composition and technology of producing a new generic enteric form of omeprazole in capsules were developed and implemented at the manufacturing site of solid forms. Dissolution profiles in media with pH 1.2 and 6.8 were proven. During the accelerated six-month and long-term twelve-month studies, the developed formulation in both packaging materials at each control point passed the average weight and mass uniformity test, dissolution test, acid-resistance stage test, buffer stage test, impurity assay, and microbiological purity test and met all the specification criteria. A bioequivalence study in 24 healthy volunteers compared against the innovative drug showed the bioequivalency of the new generic system. The obtained values from the test and reference products were 1321 ± 249.0 ng/mL and 1274 ± 233 ng/mL for Cmax, 4521 ± 841 ng·h /mL and 4371 ± 695 ng·h /mL for AUC0-t, and 4636 ± 814 ng·h /mL and 4502 ± 640 ng·h /mL for AUC0-∞. Conclusions: Using affordable technologies, a bioequivalent generic delayed-release formulation of 20 and 40 mg omeprazole has been developed.

Etheno-bridged Azaacene Spiro Dimers.

We present the synthesis of two sets of spiro-connected azaacene dimers. Their geometry and electronic coupling are critically determined by a secondary linker, i. e., an etheno- and an ethano-bridge. The core fragment of the etheno-bridged dimer corresponds to a conformationally locked cis-stilbene. Optoelectronic properties, single crystal X-ray structures and stability with respect to oxidation of the conjugated and non-conjugated dimers are reported and compared. The conjugated dimers exhibit smaller optical gaps and bathochromically shifted absorption maxima, but are prone to unexpected oxygen addition, dearomatizing one of the azaacene substituents.

Modeling study of long-term stability of the monoclonal antibody infliximab and biosimilars using liquid-chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and size-exclusion chromatography-multi-angle light scattering.

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) represent a dynamic class of biopharmaceutical products, as evidenced by an increasing number of market authorizations for mAb innovator and biosimilar products. Stability studies are commonly performed during product development, for instance, to exclude unstable molecules, optimize the formulation or determine the storage limit. Such studies are time-consuming, especially for mAbs, because of their structural complexity which requires multiple analytical techniques to achieve a detailed characterization. We report the implementation of a novel methodology based on the accelerated stability assessment program (ASAP) in order to model the long-term stability of mAbs in relation to different structural aspects. Stability studies of innovator infliximab and two different biosimilars were performed using forced degradation conditions alongside in-use administration conditions in order to investigate their similarity regarding stability. Thus, characterization of post-translational modifications was achieved using liquid-chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis, and the formation of aggregates and free chain fragments was characterized using size-exclusion chromatography-multi-angle light scattering (SEC-MALS-UV/RI) analysis. Consequently, ASAP models were investigated with regard to free chain fragmentation of mAbs concomitantly with N57 deamidation, located in the hypervariable region. Comparison of ASAP models and the long-term stability data from samples stored in intravenous bags demonstrated a relevant correlation, indicating the stability of the mAbs. The developed methodology highlighted the particularities of ASAP modeling for mAbs and demonstrated the possibility to independently consider the different types of degradation pathways in order to provide accurate and appropriate prediction of the long-term stability of this type of biomolecule.

Investigation of pharmacokinetic properties of a PEGylated bilirubin nanoparticle in male Sprague-Dawley rats using liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was introduced into synthetic bilirubin 3α and a PEGylated bilirubin 3α nanoparticle (BX-001N, Brixelle®) was developed for the first time.An in vitro microsomal stability study, in vivo PK studies with intravenous bolus (IV) and subcutaneous injection (SC), and a semi-mass balance study of BX-001N were investigated to evaluate its pharmacokinetic (PK) properties in male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats using developed liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-qTOF/MS).Following IV administration at 10 or 30 mg/kg, BX-001N showed very low clearance (0.33-0.67 mL/min/kg) with predominant distribution in the vascular system (Vd = 51.73-83.02 mL/kg). BX-001N was also very stable in vitro liver microsomal stability study.Following SC administration at 10 or 30 mg/kg, the bioavailability of BX-001N in plasma at 10 mg/kg was around 43% and showed the less dose-proportionality at 30 mg/kg dose.BX-001N was mainly excreted via the urinary pathway (86.59-92.99% of total amount of parent drug in excreta; urine and feces) not via the biliary one.

Stability of lyophilized Meningococcal A conjugate vaccine, (MenAfriVac™) at elevated temperatures to support controlled temperature chain (CTC) claim.

Meningococcal A Conjugate Vaccine (MenAfriVac) is the world's first Monovalent Conjugate Vaccine against Neisseria Meningitidis serogroup A which has obtained Controlled Temperature Chain (CTC) label claim of "stable upto 40°C for 4 days prior to reconstitution" developed by Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd. Pune, India and the vaccine was granted permission from World health Organization. This paper elucidates and talks about the layout of various studies performed to characterize the product to declare as CTC at the time when the knowledge and mechanism to describe CTC was not fully known which in term helped to design the CTC guidelines. Product stability was assessed using clinical, consistency and regular lots released by NRA. The critical stability indicating parameters like free polysaccharide, molecular size distribution along with Potency and safety tests were carried out to support the product stability making sure it also qualifies for Vaccine Vial Monitor label claim of VVM30. An additional in use stability (reconstitution) was also performed. All studies indicated that the product remains stable at real time as well as elevated temperatures and well within the specifications approved by NRA and formed the strong basis for CTC claim which is now recommended by WHO.

Mechanistic Study on the Corrosion of (La,Sr)(Co,Fe)O3-δ Cathodes Induced by CO2.

Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) cathodes operating in ambient atmospheric conditions inevitably encounter CO2 contamination, leading to sustained performance deterioration. In this investigation, we examined the impact of CO2 on three variants of (La,Sr)(Co,Fe)O3-δ cathodes and employed the distribution of relaxation times method to distinguish distinct electrochemical processes based on impedance spectra analysis. We meticulously analyzed and discussed the corrosion resistance of these (La,Sr)(Co,Fe)O3-δ cathodes under high CO2 concentrations, relying on the experimental data. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results revealed that La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ (LSCF-6428), La0.4Sr0.6Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ (LSCF-4628), and La0.4Sr0.6Co0.2Fe0.7Nb0.1O3-δ (LSCFN-46271) cathodes exhibited persistent degradation when exposed to CO2 at temperatures of 650 °C or 800 °C during the durability-testing period. An increase in electrode polarization resistance was observed upon CO2 introduction to the electrode, but electrode performance recovered upon returning to a pure air environment. Furthermore, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy analyses confirmed that CO2 did not cause permanent damage to the (La,Sr)(Co,Fe)O3-δ cathodes. These findings indicate that the (La,Sr)(Co,Fe)O3-δ cathodes exhibit excellent resistance to CO2-induced corrosion.

Drug-Excipient Compatibility Study Through a Novel Vial-in-Vial Experimental Setup: A Benchmark Study.

Drug-excipient compatibility study (DECS) is one of the critical steps during pre-formulation studies to select the appropriate excipient to obtain a stable formulation/dosage form. As such, there is no recommended guideline for DECS. Further, the previously reported studies and protocols followed by various pharmaceutical industries are very lengthy and laborious. Therefore, to improve the existing study strategies and rapid screening of suitable excipients during formulation development, a novel vial-in-vial approach has been proposed. The devised approach was compared with the previously reported conventional approaches using six different drugs with multiple marketed formulations from different manufacturers for each drug. To validate the proposed novel approach, several reported strategies/methodologies have been executed such as exposure of formulations with and without primary packaging, crushed blend with and without water, and/or acetonitrile at accelerated stability condition of 40°C/75% RH for 3 to 6 months and compared with the novel approach. Eventually, all the samples were subjected to HPLC analysis to evaluate the degradation behaviour. The results suggested that the novel approach demonstrated discriminating results with significant degradation as compared to the conventional approaches. Consequently, exercising this methodology for screening the excipients is expected to shorten the drug development cycle by many folds. Moreover, it has also been anticipated that the developed novel approach would prevent the occurrence of late-stage surprises during stability studies.

A comprehensive report of long-term stability data for a range ATMPs: A need to develop guidelines for safe and harmonized stability studies.

BACKGROUND AIMS: Advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs) are novel drugs based on genes, cells or tissues developed to treat many different diseases. Stability studies of each new ATMP need to be performed to define its shelf life and guarantee efficacy and safety upon infusion, and these are presently based on guidelines originally drafted for standard pharmaceutical drugs, which have properties and are stored in conditions quite different from cell products. The aim of this report is to provide evidence-based information for stability studies on ATMPs that will facilitate the interlaboratory harmonization of practices in this area. METHODS: We have collected and analyzed the results of stability studies on 19 different cell-based experimental ATMPs, produced by five authorized cell factories forming the Lombardy "Plagencell network" for use in 36 approved phase I/II clinical trials; most were cryopreserved and stored in liquid nitrogen vapors for 1 to 13 years. RESULTS: The cell attributes collected in stability studies included cell viability, immunophenotype and potency assays, in particular immunosuppression, cytotoxicity, cytokine release and proliferation/differentiation capacity. Microbiological attributes including sterility, endotoxin levels and mycoplasma contamination were also analyzed. All drug products (DPs), cryopreserved in various excipients containing 10% DMSO and in different primary containers, were very stable long term at <-150°C and did not show any tendency for diminished viability or efficacy for up to 13.5 years. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that new guidelines for stability studies, specific for ATMPs and based on risk analyses, should be drafted to harmonize practices, significantly reduce the costs of stability studies without diminishing safety. Some specific suggestions are presented in the discussion.

Empagliflozin containing chitosan-alginate nanoparticles in orodispersible film: preparation, characterization, pharmacokinetic evaluation and its in-vitro anticancer activity.

OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this study was to develop the orodispersity film containing chitosan-alginate nanoparticles to improve dissolution profile, therapeutic effect with improved bioavailability of empagliflozin through oral route noninvasively for further cytotoxicity study. METHODS: The nanoparticles were developed through two-step mechanisms ionotropic pre-gelation and polyelectrolyte complexation methods. The prepared nanoparticles were added to a polymer matrix containing hypromellose, polyvinyl alcohol, and maltodextrin and cast to rapidly dissolving thin film by solvent casting method. RESULTS: The physicochemical characteristics of empagliflozin in the orodispersible film were most favorable for further studies. This formulation has achieved a higher permeability (7.2-fold) as compared to the reference drug product (Jardiance) after 45 min. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies in Wistar rats have revealed that chitosan-alginate empagliflozin nanoparticles in the orodispersible film were 1.18-fold more bioavailable in comparison to free empagliflozin in orodispersible film. The Cmax observed for the empagliflozin-loaded orodispersible film was 15.42 ± 5.13 µg/mL in comparison to 18.21 ± 5.53 µg/mL for empagliflozin nanoparticle-containing orodispersible film and 12.19 ± 6.71 µg/mL for freed rug suspension. The t1/2and AUC0-t values for chitosan-alginate nanoparticles of empagliflozin in the orodispersible film were found1.4-fold more than empagliflozin loaded orodispersible film (without nanoparticles). The cytotoxicity study has shown that chitosan-alginate nanoparticles of empagliflozin in orodispersible film achieved a 2.5-fold higher cytotoxic effect than free empagliflozin in orodispersible film in A549lung cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence that chitosan-alginate nanoparticles of empagliflozin in orodispersible film can be an effective drug carrier system to improve sustained effect with better bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drug.

Highly enhanced heterogeneous photo-Fenton process for tetracycline degradation by Fe/SCN Fenton-like catalyst.

To suppress the electron-hole recombination and enhance the electron transfer on carbon nitride, an Fe-doped porous carbon nitride catalyst (Fe/SCN) was synthesized via supramolecular self-assembly method and applied in heterogeneous Fenton activation for efficient tetracycline (TC) degradation. Various characterizations revealed that the catalyst exhibited excellent visible light capture performance and electron transfer capacity. The highest degradation efficiency and mineralization rate of TC (10 mg L-1) were achieved under neutral condition (90.3% and 61.2%, respectively) with the leaching of Fe less than 14 µg L-1. Free radical quenching experiments and spin-resonance spectroscopy characterizations revealed the dominating role of OH in TC degradation, and density functional theory calculation confirmed the formation of Fe-NX and revealed the interaction between Fe sites and H2O2. Three possible pathways of TC degradation were proposed, and the biological inhibition test revealed the potential of Fe/SCN/H2O2 system to reduce environmental risks caused by TC. This work provides a new insight into the design of metal-doped heterogeneous Fenton catalyst for the efficient degradation of antibiotic contaminants in water.

Physicochemical and Microbiological Stability of Two Oral Solutions of Methadone Hydrochloride 10 mg/mL.

In this article, we studied physicochemical and microbiological stability and determined the beyond-use date of two oral solutions of methadone in three storage conditions. For this, two oral solutions of methadone (10 mg/mL) were prepared, with and without parabens, as preservatives. They were packed in amber glass vials kept unopened until the day of the test, and in a multi-dose umber glass bottle opened daily. They were stored at 5 ± 3 °C, 25 ± 2 °C and 40 ± 2 °C. pH, clarity, and organoleptic characteristics were obtained. A stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography method was used to determine methadone. Microbiological quality was studied and antimicrobial effectiveness testing was also determined following European Pharmacopoeia guidelines. Samples were analyzed at days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, 56, 70, and 91 in triplicate. After 91 days of storage, pH remained stable at about 6.5-7 in the two solutions, ensuring no risk of methadone precipitation. The organoleptic characteristics remained stable (colorless, odorless, and bitter taste). The absence of particles was confirmed. No differences were found with the use of preservatives. Methadone concentration remained within 95-105% in all samples. No microbial growth was observed. Hence, the two oral methadone solutions were physically and microbiologically stable at 5 ± 3 °C, 25 ± 2 °C, and 40 ± 2 °C for 91 days in closed and opened amber glass bottles.

A Preliminary Color Study of Different Basil-Based Semi-Finished Products during Their Storage.

Basil-based semi-finished products, which are mainly used as an intermediate to produce the typical pesto sauce, are prepared and exported all over the world. Color is a fundamental organoleptic requirement for the acceptability of these semi-finished products by the manufacturers of the pesto sauce. Some alternative formulations, which adjust the typical industrial recipe by both changing the preservative agent (ascorbic acid, citric acid, or a mixture of both) and introducing a preliminary thermic treatment (blast chilling), were evaluated. In this work, a fast and non-destructive spectrophotometric analysis, to monitor the color variations in these food products during their shelf-life, was proposed. The raw diffuse reflectance spectra (380-900 nm) obtained by a UV-visible spectrophotometer, endowed with an integrating sphere, together with the CIELab parameters (L*, a*, b*) automatically obtained from these, were considered, and elaborated using multivariate statistical analysis (principal component analysis). From this preliminary study, blast chilling, together with the use of ascorbic acid, proved to be the best solution to better preserve the color of these products during their shelf-life.

Quantitative Analysis of Abamectin, Albendazole, Levamisole HCl and Closantel in Q-DRENCH Oral Suspension Using a Stability-Indicating HPLC-DAD Method.

Combination therapy of many anthelmintic drugs has been used to achieve fast animal curing. Q-DRENCH is an oral suspension, containing four different active drugs against GIT worms in sheep, commonly used in Australia and New Zeeland. The anti-parasitic drugs are Albendazole (ALB), Levamisole HCl (LEV), Abamectin (ABA), and Closantel (CLO). The main purpose of this study is to present a new simultaneous stability-indicting HPLC-DAD method for the analysis of the four drugs. The recommended liquid system was 1 mL of Triethylamine/L water, adjusting the pH to 3.5 by glacial acetic acid: acetonitrile solvent (20:80, v/v). Isocratic elusion achieved the desired results of separation at a 2 mL/min flow rate using Zorbax C-18 as a stationary phase. Detection was performed at 210 nm. The linearity ranges were 15.15 to 93.75 µg/mL for ALB, 25 to 150 µg/mL for LEV, 30 to 150 µg/mL for ABA, and 11.7 to 140.63 µg/mL for CLO. Moreover, the final greenness score was 0.62 using the AGREE tool, which reflects the eco-friendly nature. Moreover, the four drugs were determined successfully in the presence of their stressful degradation products. This work presents the first chromatographic method for simultaneous analysis for Q-DRENCH oral suspension drugs in the presence of their stressful degradation products.

Assessment of Binary Agarose-Carbopol Buccal Gels for Mucoadhesive Drug Delivery: Ex Vivo and In Vivo Characterization.

Agarose (AG) is a naturally occurring biocompatible marine seaweed extract that is converted to hydrocolloid gel in hot water with notable gel strength. Currently, its mucoadhesion properties have not been fully explored. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to evaluate the mucoadhesive potential of AG binary dispersions in combination with Carbopol 934P (CP) as mucoadhesive gel preparations. The gels fabricated via homogenization were evaluated for ex vivo mucoadhesion, swelling index (SI), dissolution and stability studies. The mucoadhesive properties of AG were concentration dependent and it was improved by the addition of CP. Maximum mucoadhesive strength (MS) (27.03 g), mucoadhesive flow time (FT) (192.2 min), mucoadhesive time in volunteers (MT) (203.2 min) and SI (23.6% at 4 h) were observed with formulation F9. The mucoadhesive time investigated in volunteers (MT) was influenced by AG concentration and was greater than corresponding FT values. Formulations containing 0.3%, w/v AG (F3 and F9) were able to sustain the release (~99%) for both drugs till 3 h. The optimized formulation (F9) did not evoke any inflammation, irritation or pain in the buccal cavity of healthy volunteers and was also stable up to 6 months. Therefore, AG could be considered a natural and potential polymer with profound mucoadhesive properties to deliver drugs through the mucosal route.

Interaction of magnolia bark extracts with Staphylococcus aureus DNA and evaluation of the stability of their antibacterial activities.

Magnolia bark is an edible traditional Chinese medicine that has antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. In the present study, interactions between S. aureus DNA and raw magnolia bark (RMB) and ginger mix-fried magnolia bark (GMB) aqueous extracts were determined via spectroscopic methods. Fluorescence spectroscopy and Stern-Volmer constants showed that S. aureus DNA quenched the fluorescence of the extracts by static quenching. UV-Vis spectroscopy and iodide quenching experiments indicated that the interactions between S. aureus DNA and the fluorescent substances might involve groove binding or electrostatic interactions. In 4', 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole competitive assays, the fluorescence intensity at decreased as the extract amount was increased. This indicates that groove binding is responsible for the fluorescence quenching. The antibacterial activity of GMB aqueous extract treated under light, cold, heat and cycling hot-cold conditions decreased by 13.99, 9.31, 10.89 and 14.40%, respectively, whereas that of RMB aqueous extract treated under the same conditions decreased by 8.91, 14.99, 14.99 and 13.70%, respectively. The results indicate that S. aureus DNA quenches the fluorescence of GMB and RMB aqueous extracts by grooving interactions. Additionally, the antibacterial activities of GMB and RMB extracts are sensitive to light and temperature, respectively.

Design, synthesis and evaluation of cinnamic acid hybrids as multi-target-directed agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Herein, combining 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline and benzylpiperidine groups into cinnamic acid derivatives, a series of novel cinnamic acid hybrids was rationally designed, synthesized and evaluated by the multi-target-directed ligands (MTDLs) strategy. Hybrid 4e was the most promising one among these hybrids with a reversible huBuChE inhibitor (IC50 = 2.5 µM) and good MAO-B inhibition activity (IC50 = 1.3 µM) and antioxidant potency (ORAC = 0.4 eq). Moreover, compound 4e significantly inhibited self-mediated Aß1-42 aggregation (65.2% inhibition rate). Compound 4e exhibited remarkable anti-inflammatory propery and neuroprotective effect. Furthermore, compound 4e displayed favourable blood-brain barrier penetration via parallel artificial membrane permeation assay (PAMPA). The obtained results also revealed that compound 4e significantly improved dyskinesia recovery rate and response efficiency on AD model zebrafish. Further, 4e did not show obvious acute toxicity at dose up to 1500 mg/kg in vivo and improved scopolamine-induced memory impairment. Importantly, compound 4e showed good stability in both artificial gastric fluid and artificial intestinal fluid. Therefore, compound 4e presented a promising multi-targeted active molecule for treating AD.

Long term stability of an admixture of alizapride and ondansetron in 0.9% sodium chloride solution polyolefin bags stored at 5±3°C.

BACKGROUND: Patients undergoing chemotherapeutic treatment are currently treated by a concomittent infusion of alizapride and ondansetron. To optimise the procedure and to ensure patients' safety, the admixture could be prepared in advance by the Centralized Intravenous Additive Service (CIVAS) provided that the stability of the mixture has been proven beforhand to reduce nausea and vomiting.Aim of the study: to evaluate the long-term stability of an admixture of alizapride 0.926 mg/l and ondansetron 0.074 mg/ml in 0.9% sodium chloride polyolefin bags stored at 5 ± 3°C. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Five polyolefin bags containing 100 ml sodium chloride 0.9% added with 4 ml alizapride (100 mg) and 4 ml ondansetron (8 mg) were prepared in aseptic conditions and stored at 5 ± 3°C for 56 days. Periodically, physical stability tests were performed including: pH measurements, optical density measurements at 350, 410 and 550 nm to track turbidity appearance, visual and microscopical inspections to detect colour changes, precipitation, microaggregates or crystals. The concentrations of the solutions were measured by High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with an UV detector. RESULTS: There was no change in pH and optical densities during the study period. Visual and microscopical inspections didn't show any change of colour neither precipitation, microaggregate or crystal. The alizapride and ondansetron concentrations remained stable over the study. CONCLUSION: The admixture of alizapride and ondansetron in 0.9% sodium chloride solution polyolefin bags is physicochemically stable up to 56 days at 5 ± 3°C. These results support the possibility of preparing the solutions in advance by a CIVAS.

Investigating the interaction of mitoxantrone with anionic surfactants by spectrofluorimetry and its application for the feasible analysis of pharmaceutical preparation and biological fluids.

The behaviour of mitoxantrone (MTX), an anthracenedione antineoplastic agent, in different types of organized medium was explored using molecular spectrofluorometry. The original fluorescence and quantum yield of MTX were augmented by about five-fold in the aqueous buffered solution (Britton-Robinson, pH 3.0) by the addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Enhancement in the fluorescence intensity did not come from the boost in the ultraviolet (UV) light absorbance of the drug in the presence of micelles but due to shielding of the lowest excited singlet state of the drug from a radiationless process inside the cavity of the micelle. Accordingly, a versatile, sensitive, and feasible spectrofluorimetric method was constructed and evaluated for MTX determination. Fluorescence measurements were performed at 675 nm (λex 610 nm). A linear relationship was shown between fluorescence intensity and drug concentration within the range 0.01-2.0 µg ml-1 of MTX with a correlation coefficient of 0.9999 and a detection limit of 2 ng ml-1 . The developed method was effectively used for analysis of MTX in biological samples and dosage forms. In addition, the method was expanded to study the stability of MTX exposed to different drastic degradations and the kinetic parameters of the degradation were calculated.