Study of the Ternary Mixture of Methanol/Formamide/Acetonitrile via Solvatochromic Probes.

Following previous studies, the ternary mixture of methanol/formamide/acetonitrile (MeOH/Formamide/MeCN) was studied using the UV-Vis absorption spectra at 298.15 K with a set of five probes, 4-nitroaniline, 4-nitroanisole, 4-nitrophenol, N,N-dimethyl-4-nitroaniline and 2,6-diphenyl-4-(2,4,6-triphenyl-1-pyridinio)phenolate (Reichardt betaine dye), for a total of 22 mole ternary fractions. In addition, nine mole fractions of the underling binary mixtures, MeOH/Formamide and Formamide/MeCN were also tested. Spectroscopic results were used to model the preferential solvation order for each probe in the mixtures. The Kamlet-Taft solvatochromic solvent parameters, α, ß, and π*, were also computed through the use of the solvatochromic shifts of the five probe indicators. Moreover, discrepancies in the spectroscopic behavior of 4-nitrophenol in formamide-rich mixtures were observed and analyzed.

A Possible Way for the Detection and Identification of Dangerous Substances in Ternary Mixtures Using THz Pulsed Spectroscopy.

We discuss an effective tool for the detection and identification of substances in ternary mixtures with similar spectral properties using a broadband reflected THz signal. Nowadays, this is an urgent problem; its effective solution is still far off. Two ternary mixtures of the explosives (RDX+TNT+HMX and RDX+TNT+PETN) were used as the examples for demonstration of the efficiency of the method proposed. The identification is based on the pulsed THz spectroscopy. We follow the spectral intensities together with the use of integral correlation criteria. They use the spectral line dynamics of the THz pulse reflected from the substance under investigation and that of the standard THz signal from database. In order to increase the accuracy and reliability of the identification, we analyze the partial non-overlapping time intervals, containing the main pulse of the reflected THz signal and the sequential sub-pulses. The main pulse is shown to contain information about high absorption frequencies (ν > 2.6 THz) of the mixture components. In the sub-pulses, the absorption frequencies of the components are detected in the range of low (ν < 2.6 THz) and high (ν > 2.6 THz) frequencies. The opportunity of distinguishing the mixtures with similar spectral properties is also shown.

Solubility enhancement of miconazole nitrate: binary and ternary mixture approach.

CONTEXT: Enhancement of aqueous solubility of very slightly soluble Miconazole Nitrate (MN) is required to widen its application from topical formulation to oral/mucoadhesive formulations. OBJECTIVE: Aim of the present investigation was to enhance the aqueous solubility of MN using binary and ternary mixture approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Binary mixtures such as solvent deposition, inclusion complexation and solid dispersion were adopted to enhance solubility using different polymers like lactose, beta-cyclodextrin (ß-CD) and polyethylene-glycol 6000 (PEG 6000), respectively. Batches of binary mixtures with highest solubility enhancement potentials were further mixed to form ternary mixture by a simple kneading method. Drug polymer interaction and mixture morphology was studied using the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and the scanning electron microscopy, respectively along with their saturation solubility studies and drug release. RESULTS: An excellent solubility enhancement, i.e. up to 72 folds and 316 folds of MN was seen by binary and ternary mixture, respectively. Up to 99.5% drug was released in 2 h from the mixtures of MN and polymers. DISCUSSION: RESULTS revealed that solubility enhancement by binary mixtures is achieved due to surface modification and by increasing wettability of MN. Tremendous increase in solubility of MN by ternary mixture could possibly be due to blending of water soluble polymers, i.e. lactose and PEG 6000 with ß-CD which was found to enhance the solubilizing nature of ß-CD. CONCLUSION: Owing to the excellent solubility enhancement potential of ternary mixtures in enhancing MN solubility from 110.4 µg/ml to 57640.0 µg/ml, ternary mixture approach could prove to be promising in the development of oral/mucoadhesive formulations.

A ternary mixture model with dynamic boundary conditions.

The influence of short-range interactions between a multi-phase, multi-component mixture and a solid wall in confined geometries is crucial in life sciences and engineering. In this work, we extend the Cahn-Hilliard model with dynamic boundary conditions from a binary to a ternary mixture, employing the Onsager principle, which accounts for the cross-coupling between forces and fluxes in both the bulk and surface. Moreover, we have developed a linear, second-order and unconditionally energy-stable numerical scheme for solving the governing equations by utilizing the invariant energy quadratization method. This efficient solver allows us to explore the impacts of wall-mixture interactions and dynamic boundary conditions on phenomena like spontaneous phase separation, coarsening processes and the wettability of droplets on surfaces. We observe that wall-mixture interactions influence not only surface phenomena, such as droplet contact angles, but also patterns deep within the bulk. Additionally, the relaxation rates control the droplet spreading on surfaces. Furthermore, the cross-coupling relaxation rates in the bulk significantly affect coarsening patterns. Our work establishes a comprehensive framework for studying multi-component mixtures in confined geometries.

Enhancing Antibacterial Efficacy: Synergistic Effects of Citrus aurantium Essential Oil Mixtures against Escherichia coli for Food Preservation.

Essential oils (EOs) from various medicinal and aromatic plants are known for their diverse biological activities, including their antimicrobial effects. Citrus aurantium EO is traditionally used for therapeutic benefits due to its high content of bioactive compounds. Therefore, this study focuses on its potential use as a food preservative by investigating the combined antibacterial properties of EOs from leaves (EO1), flowers (EO2), and small branches (EO3) of Citrus aurantium against six bacterial strains by the agar disk diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) methods. The chemical compositions of the EOs were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and revealed the presence of numerous compounds responsible for their antimicrobial properties. The MIC values for the EOs were 3.12 mg/mL, 4.23 mg/mL, and 1.89 mg/mL, for EO1, EO2 and EO3, respectively, while the MBC values were 12.5 mg/mL, 6.25 mg/mL, and 6.25 mg/mL, respectively. A simplex centroid design was created to analyse the effect of the individual and combined EOs against E. coli. The combined EOs showed enhanced antibacterial activity compared to the individual oils, suggesting a synergistic effect (e.g., trial 9 with an MIC of 0.21 mg/mL), allowing the use of lower EO concentrations and reducing potential negative effects on food flavour and aroma. Additionally, the practical application of investigated EOs (at concentrations twice the MIC) was investigated in raw chicken meat stored at 4 °C for 21 days. The EOs, individually and in combination, effectively extended the shelf life of the meat by inhibiting bacterial growth (total bacterial count of less than 1 × 104 CFU/g in the treated samples compared to 7 × 107 CFU/g in the control on day 21 of storage). The study underlines the potential of C. aurantium EOs as natural preservatives that represent a sustainable and effective alternative to synthetic chemicals in food preservation.

Comparative toxicity assessment of individual, binary and ternary mixtures of SiO2, Fe3O4, and ZnO nanoparticles in freshwater microalgae, Scenedesmus obliquus: Exploring the role of dissolved ions.

Metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) are considered among the most prevalent engineered nanomaterials. To have a deeper understanding of the mode of action of multiple metal oxide nanoparticles in mixtures, we have used a unicellular freshwater microalga Scenedesmus obliquus as a model organism. The toxicity of silicon dioxide (SiO2), iron oxide (Fe3O4), and zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs was studied individually as well as in their binary (SiO2 + Fe3O4, Fe3O4 + ZnO, and ZnO + SiO2) and ternary (SiO2 + Fe3O4 + ZnO) combinations. The effects of metal ions from ZnO and Fe3O4 were investigated as well. The results observed from the study, showed that a significant amount of toxicity was contributed by the dissolved ions in the mixtures of the nanoparticles. Decreases in the cell viability, ROS generation, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzyme activity, and photosynthetic efficiency were analyzed. Among all the individual particles, ZnO NPs showed the maximum effects and increased the toxicities of the binary mixtures. The binary and ternary mixtures of the NPs clearly showed increased toxic effects in comparison with the individual entities. However, the ternary combination had lesser toxic effects than the binary combination of Fe3O4 + ZnO. The decline in cell viability and photosynthetic efficiency were strongly correlated with various oxidative stress biomarkers emphasizing the crucial role of reactive oxygen species in inducing the toxic effects. The findings from this study highlight the importance of evaluating the combinatorial effects of various metal oxide NPs as part of a comprehensive ecotoxicity assessment in freshwater microalgae.

Study of Mesalazine Solubility in Ternary Mixtures of Ethanol, Propylene Glycol, and Water at Various Temperatures.

Mesalazine is a low-permeable and low-soluble drug, which makes it a class IV drug in the Biopharmaceutics Classification System. Hence, its solubilization can be helpful for various stages of formulation development. The purpose of this study was to investigate the solubilization manner and thermodynamics of mesalazine in ternary solvent combinations of {ethanol (1) + propylene glycol (2) + water (3)} using the shake-flask technique at (298.2-313.2) K. In the following, the mathematical representation of the acquired solubility data using some popular models was evaluated. The accuracies of the applied models were described by percentages of mean relative deviation (MRD%). Based on obtained results (MRD% < 10.0), it can be concluded that the trained models can adequately predict the solubility of mesalazine in the investigated ternary solvent combinations. The findings also revealed that the solution composition and temperatures greatly influence the solubility of mesalazine. In addition, the thermodynamic characteristics of the mesalazine dissolution process indicate that the mesalazine dissolution process is endothermic and entropy-driven. The generating data in the current work also expands the available solubility database for mesalazine in the solvent mixtures.

Flammability and performance studies of eco-friendly ternary refrigerant mixtures used in vapour compression systems.

The present article analyses the refrigerant safety parameters flammability, global warming potential (GWP) and coefficient of performance (COP) for twenty-seven combinations that contain two flammable and one non-flammable (dilutant) component. The flammability of the flammable refrigerants R290, R600, R600a, R152a and R161 were investigated with different dilutants such as R245fa, R13I1 and R134a. To determine the minimum inerting concentration (which decides the flammable zone), two methods were used: thermal balance method (TBM) and the modified thermal balanced method (MTBM). The MICs estimated with both the methods are compared against the 50 experimental data points available in the literature (for different ternary mixtures). It was found that for all the ternary mixtures, majority of the MIC values estimated with MTBM are within ± 8% while with TBM are within ± 30%. Fifty-five ternary mixture compositions were identified (from the proposed twenty-seven mixture combinations) using the MICs predicted by MTBM. The COPs of the identified mixtures M1-M6, M8-M12, M14-M24, M26-M30, M34-M39 and M53-M54 are estimated to be less than 10% of the COP of R134a (at the same operating conditions). It is also estimated that the corresponding GWP value of the mixtures (M1 to M6, M8 to M12, M14 to M24, M26 to M30, M34 to M39, M53 and M54) are reduced by 91 to 99% when compared to R134a (GWP = 1300).

Effect of whey protein isolate and phenolic copigments in the thermal stability of mulberry anthocyanin extract at an acidic pH.

This study investigated the effect of whey protein isolate (WPI) and phenolic copigments on the color and anthocyanin stability of mulberry anthocyanin extract (MAE) subjected to heat treatment (80℃/120 min) at pH 3.6. Results showed that four phenolic compounds, including gallic acid, ferulic acid, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), and rutin, significantly affected the color enhancement of MAE solution, among which the strongest copigmentation effect on MAE was observed for rutin at 0.08-0.8 mg/ml. WPI (0.16 mg/ml) and rutin (0.8 mg/ml) reduced the thermal degradation rate of total anthocyanins by 27.1% and 50%, respectively. WPI-MAE-rutin ternary mixtures improved the color stability of MAE solution and decreased the anthocyanin's thermal degradation rate by 18.1% and 10.6%, respectively, compared with the corresponding binary systems (MAE-WPI and MAE-rutin). The results implied the MAE-WPI-rutin had a better protective effect on the thermal stability of MAE than the binary systems.

Permeation of Ternary Mixture Containing H2S, CO2 and CH4 in Aquivion® Perfluorosulfonic Acid (PFSA) Ionomer Membranes.

Aquivion® E87-12S Perfluorosulfonated acid ionomer material (PFSA) has been studied as a membrane technology for natural gas sweetening from CO2, H2S due to its interesting chemical and mechanical stability and good separation performance for polar compounds in humid environments. In the present work, permeation of the H2S/CO2/CH4 ternary mixture in this short-side PFSA chain was investigated at pressures up to 10 bar, temperatures up to 50 °C, and in a range of relative humidity (RH) from 20% to 90%. The results obtained confirm the strong dependence of Aquivion® on water activity and temperature, and its ability to separate gases based on their water solubility without substantial differences between pure and mixed gas experiments. Indeed, even when tested in ternary mixture, the permeation behavior remains similar to that observed for pure components and binary mixtures. In particular, the permeability of H2S is higher than that of CO2 and methane CH4, reaching values of 500 Barrer at 50 °C and 80% RH, against 450 and 23 Barrer for the other two gases respectively. Additionally, when tested at higher pressures of up to 10 bar under humid conditions, the membrane properties remained largely unchanged, thus confirming the overall stability and durability of Aquivion® E87-12S in acid environments.

Encapsulation of Tunisian thyme essential oil in O/W nanoemulsions: Application for meat preservation.

This study aims to optimize the preparation of thyme essential oil nanoemulsion using a ternary mixture design based on the following three components: chitosan, gum Arabic and median-chain triacyglycerols (MCT). The results showed that the formulation which contained 40% chitosan, 40% gum Arabicand 20% of MCT led to a stable nanoemulsion within 30 days of storage at 4 °C. Indeed, the observed mean diameter (d[4,3]) and the polydispersity index (PDI) are the lowest with a ζ-potential value greater than +30 mV. Moreover, the amount of thyme essential oil dissolved in MCT was optimized and the 2% (w/w) was selected to prepare O/W nanoemulsion for preserving meat products. Besides, the obtained data of the chemical characteristics of meat products demonstrated that the pH, TVNB, TBARS, shear strength increased slightly and insignificantly with storage time at 4 °C.However, there was a difference between control and sample treated with nanoemulsionsin terms of physicochemical characteristics.

Properties of waste-distilled engine oil and biodiesel ternary blends.

This study aims to improve the fuel properties limitations of biodiesel which affect the engine performance characteristics in diesel engines. A ternary mixture simplex axial design model was used to determine the fuel properties of ternary blend mixture of waste distilled engine oil, waste cooking oil biodiesel, and petroleum diesel, and comparing it with existing physical properties models. The fuel properties namely: heating value, flash point, cetane number, density, and viscosity were determined by changing the composition in the ternary mixture design. Furthermore, the experimental data of the mixture model was fitted with existing viscosity, density, heating value, and flash point models. The viscosities were fitted with the Cragoe, Bingham, Arrhenius, and Kendall-Monroe viscosity models at 40 °C respectively. The best fit of the experimental data occurred in the following descending order: Arrhenius, Kendall-Monroe, Bingham, and Cragoe with R2 values of 0.9771, 0.9529, 0.9508, and 0.6096, respectively. The density at 20 °C, heating value, flash point, and cetane number were fitted with Kay's model based on the mixing empirical equation. The results showed that these properties were well predicted by Kay's model mixing rule empirical model due to high values of R2 of 0.9880, 0.978, 0.9929, and 0.961 respectively. The viscosity, density, heating value, and flash point of the ternary blend mixtures are within the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D 6751 and ASTM D 975 specifications range.

Five spectrophotometric methods for simultaneous determination of Amlodipine besylate and celecoxib in presence of its toxic impurity.

Five simple, selective and accurate spectrophotometric methods have been applied and developed for first time for simultaneous determination of amlodipine besylate (AML) and celecoxib (CEL) in presence of one harmful impurity, 4-methylacetophenone (MAP), in their ternary mixture without prior separation. Those spectrophotometric methods were developed and called: dual wave length in ratio spectra (DWRS), successive ratio-derivative spectra (SDR), modified absorption factor method (MAFM), modified amplitude center method (MACM) and first derivative -zero crossing coupled with amplitude factor method (FDAF). These methods include various steps using zero /or ratio /or derivative spectra and some mathematical techniques. Linear calibration curves were constructed over the concentration range of 2-100, 10-200 and 0.5-20 µg/mL for AML, CEL and MAP, respectively. High sensitivity with low LOD values 0.583, 3.118 and 0.147 for AML, CEL and MAP, respectively were obtained. Moreover, validation of the proposed methods was achieved according to ICH guidelines and satisfactory results were obtained indicating that the developed methods can be used for quality control analysis of AML and CEL concerning its impurity. No significant difference was observed when the obtained results of the developed methods were statistically compared with the reported HPLC method.

Selective quantitation of co-formulated ternary mixture in the presence of potential impurities by liquid chromatographic methods.

Two high performance chromatographic methods were developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of Ambroxol, Guaifenesin and Theophylline in pharmaceutical dosage forms and in the presence of Guaiacol and Caffeine as the officially stated impurities. These were a reversed phase liquid and a thin layer chromatographic methods. The liquid chromatographic separation was achieved using Inertsil ODS-3 C18 column (4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5 µm). Gradient elution was performed using a mixture of solvent A (0.05 M ammonium acetate, pH 3, adjusted with glacial acetic acid) and solvent B (methanol), at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The separated peaks were detected at 260.0 nm. The thin layer chromatography was performed using HPTLC 60 F254 silica gel plates, mobile phase was consisting of ethyl acetate: methanol: acetic acid (10:0.5:1, v/v/v) and detection was performed at 254.0 nm. Validation of the developed methods was achieved according to International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. The proposed methods were fast, accurate, precise, and sensitive. Hence, they could be employed for routine quality control of the ternary mixture in capsule and syrup dosage forms.

Escalating the technical bounds for the production of cellulose-aided peach leathers: From the benchtop to the pilot plant.

This contribution falls within the context of sustainable functional materials. We report on the production of fruit leathers based chiefly on peach pulp, but combined with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) as binding agent and cellulose micro/nanofibrils (CMNF) as fillers. Increased permeability to moisture (from 0.9 to 5.6 g mm kPa-1 h-1m-2) and extensibility (from 10 to 17%) but reduced mechanical resistance (67-2 MPa) and stiffness (1.8 GPa-18 MPa) evidenced the plasticizing effect of peach pulp in HPMC matrix, which was reinforced by CMNF. A ternary mixture design allowed building response surfaces and optimizing leather composition. The laboratory-scale leather production via bench casting was extended to a pilot-scale through continuous casting. The effect of scaling up on the nutritional and sensory features of the peach leather was also depicted. The herein established composition-processing-property correlations are useful to support the large-scale production of peach leather towards applications both as packaging materials and as nutritional leathers.

Ultrasonic velocity, density, viscosity for the ternary mixture of (benzene + chloroform + cyclohexane) at different temperatures.

Ultrasonic velocity (U), density (ρ), viscosity (ƞ) for the ternary mixture of benzene + chloroform + cyclohexane in the whole range of composition has been carried out at various temperatures 303.15, 308.15 and 313.15K. From the measured parameters U, ρ and ƞ, some derived parameters ß, L f , V f , π i , Z, R,W with molar enthalpy (H m ) and apparent molar volume (ɸ v ) are also estimated. The decreasing trend of ƞ, R,W, H m , and ɸ v with concentrations and other parameters are in increasing trend were observed. The trend of acoustical and physico-chemical parameters confirm the dynamics of molecules at higher temperature and the magnitude of intermolecular interactions among the constituents of the mixtures always reflects the nature of substance. The role of enthalpy and apparent molar volume has been used to determine their thermal response. The sign and magnitude of these properties are evident for the nature of interactions between component molecules.

Model-based design of an intermittent simulated moving bed process for recovering lactic acid from ternary mixture.

An intermittent simulated moving bed (3F-ISMB) operation scheme, the extension of the 3W-ISMB to the non-linear adsorption region, has been introduced for separation of glucose, lactic acid and acetic acid ternary-mixture. This work focuses on exploring the feasibility of the proposed process theoretically and experimentally. Firstly, the real 3F-ISMB model coupled with the transport dispersive model (TDM) and the Modified-Langmuir isotherm was established to build up the separation parameter plane. Subsequently, three operating conditions were selected from the plane to run the 3F-ISMB unit. The experimental results were used to verify the model. Afterwards, the influences of the various flow rates on the separation performances were investigated systematically by means of the validated 3F-ISMB model. The intermittent-retained component lactic acid was finally obtained with the purity of 98.5%, recovery of 95.5% and the average concentration of 38 g/L. The proposed 3F-ISMB process can efficiently separate the mixture with low selectivity into three fractions.

Recovery of lactic acid from the pretreated fermentation broth based on a novel hyper-cross-linked meso-micropore resin: Modeling.

An innovative benign process for recovery lactic acid from its fermentation broth is proposed using a novel hyper-cross-linked meso-micropore resin and water as eluent. This work focuses on modeling the competitive adsorption behaviors of glucose, lactic acid and acetic acid ternary mixture and explosion of the adsorption mechanism. The characterization results showed the resin had a large BET surface area and specific pore structure with hydrophobic properties. By analysis of the physicochemical properties of the solutes and the resin, the mechanism of the separation is proposed as hydrophobic effect and size-exclusion. Subsequently three chromatographic models were applied to predict the competitive breakthrough curves of the ternary mixture under different operating conditions. The pore diffusion was the major limiting factor for the adsorption process, which was consistent with the BET results. The novel HD-06 resin can be a good potential adsorbent for the future SMB continuous separation process.

Esterase activity (EA), total oxidant status (TOS) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in gills of Mytilus galloprovincialis exposed to pollutants: Analytical validation and effects evaluation by single and mixed heavy metal exposure.

The aims of the present study were to optimize and validate methods for esterase activity (EA), total oxidant status (TOS) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) determination in mussel' gills, and to establish the relationships between these biomarkers and Pb, Cd and Cu pollution, in single form and ternary mixture. Two different buffers for sample homogenization, the need of ultracentrifugation, and analytical validation were evaluated. Coefficients of variation, when buffer without additives and ultracentrifugation were used, were <15%, and recovery were 97%-109% in all cases. The EA response tends to decrease with treatments, TOS decreased significantly in Cd and ternary groups, while TAC tended to increase in treatments with Pb, Cd and ternary groups. In conclusion, the methods for EA, TOS and TAC measurements in gills of mussel were precise and accurate and could be interesting resources in biomonitoring programmes.

Use of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy coupled with chemometrics for the authentication of avocado oil in ternary mixtures with sunflower and soybean oils.

Avocado oil is a high-value and nutraceutical oil whose authentication is very important since the addition of low-cost oils could lower its beneficial properties. Mid-FTIR spectroscopy combined with chemometrics was used to detect and quantify adulteration of avocado oil with sunflower and soybean oils in a ternary mixture. Thirty-seven laboratory-prepared adulterated samples and 20 pure avocado oil samples were evaluated. The adulterated oil amount ranged from 2% to 50% (w/w) in avocado oil. A soft independent modelling class analogy (SIMCA) model was developed to discriminate between pure and adulterated samples. The model showed recognition and rejection rate of 100% and proper classification in external validation. A partial least square (PLS) algorithm was used to estimate the percentage of adulteration. The PLS model showed values of R(2) > 0.9961, standard errors of calibration (SEC) in the range of 0.3963-0.7881, standard errors of prediction (SEP estimated) between 0.6483 and 0.9707, and good prediction performances in external validation. The results showed that mid-FTIR spectroscopy could be an accurate and reliable technique for qualitative and quantitative analysis of avocado oil in ternary mixtures.