[Dietary diversity, anthropometric status and biochemical profile of centenarians of the Nicoya Peninsula, Costa Rica, and their offspring]. / Diversidad dietética, estado antropométrico y perfil bioquímico de centenarios de la Península de Nicoya, Costa Rica, y su descendencia.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Social relationships, physical activity and diet have been proposed as responsible for longevity; however, many of these conditions have changed in modern societies. The objective of this study was to identify if the anthropometric status, biochemical profile and diet of Nicoyan centenarians is different from that of their decency and if the quality and diversity of the diet of these Costa Ricans differs from that of adults from urban areas of the same country. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Anthropometric, biochemical and dietary assessments were carried out on 120 adults residing in the Nicoya Peninsula, including centenarians, their children and grandchildren. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. RESULTS: There is a significantly lower percentage of excess weight, central adiposity and blood lipids in Nicoyan centenarians compared to their children and grandchildren. The consumption of «Dairy¼ and «Other fruits¼ is higher in centenarians than in their descendants. Centenarians showed a higher dietary diversity index (DDI) compared to other age categories, and they also showed a higher DDI and a significantly more diverse diet than the urban population of Costa Rica. CONCLUSION: Nicoyan centenarians presented a better lipid and glycemic profile than their offspring, they have lower weight and a better quality and diversity of diet than their relatives and than adults from the urban area of Costa Rica.

[Therapeutic exercise in older adults. Scoping review]. / Ejercicio terapéutico en la persona adulta mayor. Revisión de alcance.

The aim of this review was to know the existing scientific production on therapeutic exercise in older adults. A bibliographic search was carried out on 2023 January in Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science and Sportdiscus databases. Selection criteria were: people aged 65 and above, healthy or with any pathology, and therapeutic exercise programs exclusive or associated with other complications. Language, publication date, and study design were not limited. Data extracted were: year, study type, design and methodology, country of the study and specialty of the journal where it was published. 1094 studies were obtained from 1967 to 2021. The scientific production had a slow evolution until the 2010s when the number of articles began to be significant. According to the types of study, 6.9% were systematic review, 90% research studies, 0.5% opinion studies, and 2.6% other types of studies. The most abundant specialties are geriatrics and gerontology (38.8%), and rehabilitation (16.1%), concentrating more than 50% of the total production. According to the study countries, only 4 concentrated 50% of the publications: the United States (29.16%), Australia (7.95%), Canada (7.31%) and the United Kingdom (6.95%).

Clinical and subclinical arteriosclerotic disease in octagenarians with hip fracture. A case-control study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Evaluate clinical and subclinical arteriosclerotic disease in older patients with hip fracture compared with patients without fracture in order to increase knowledge about the relation between both diseases in older individuals. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Age- and sex-matched case-control study of octogenarians with and without recent hip fracture. Vascular risk factors, subclinical vascular diseases (assessed by carotid plaques, carotid intima media thickness and arterial stiffness) as well as cardiovascular diseases were analyzed. Univariate and multivariate logistic models were used to estimate odds ratios (OR) with their 95% confidence intervals (CI) to assess the association of the arteriosclerosis and hip fracture. RESULTS: We analyzed 95 patients per group with a median age of 82 [79-87] years of whom 77.9% were female. Patients in both groups have elevated rates of vascular disease (25%) without differences between them. Patients with hip fracture had higher subclinical arteriosclerotic alterations with higher percentage of carotid plaques (OR 3.25 [1.06-9.97]) compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Older patients with hip fracture had significantly higher presence of subclinical alterations but not increase on rate of cardiovascular arteriosclerotic disease compared with those without hip fracture.

[The challenge of healthy aging: Gaps between the needs of older adults and implemented policies in Argentina]. / El desafío del envejecimiento saludable: brechas entre las necesidades de las personas mayores y las políticas implementadas en Argentina.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: While the concept of healthy aging tends to be homogenized, differential characteristics are observed among regions and even within the same country. There are policies aimed at promoting healthy aging; however, it is essential to understand the needs of the population so that these policies can be effective. The objective of this project was to identify gaps between the needs of individuals over 60 years old to achieve healthy aging and the policies implemented in Argentina to support this purpose. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Descriptive study with a mixed qualitative-quantitative approach was employed in three stages: 1. Documentary review of current programs in Argentina. 2. Visualization of the needs of individuals over 60 years old. 3. Identification of gaps between the stated needs and the proposals of the programs. RESULTS: Twenty-eight programs were identified with components such as entertainment, peer relationships, social inclusion, and health care and promotion. When evaluating needs for healthy aging, the most frequent responses were maintaining good physical health, keeping the mind active, and continuing to engage in activities. In the gap analysis, it was observed that needs such as continuing activities, family support, and positive attitudes were prioritized more by participants than by the surveyed programs. CONCLUSIONS: There were gaps between the needs identified by adults aged 60 and over and the evaluated programs. This study represents an initial contribution to identify priorities and contribute to aligning government policies with the specific needs of this population group.

[Operational domains of healthy aging: a qualitative description in older adults in Peru]. / Dominios operativos del envejecimiento saludable: una descripción cualitativa en personas adultas mayores de Perú.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Understanding the domains of healthy aging (HA) through the perceptions of older adults is important for the multidimensional determination of the construct according to the culture of Peru and for the development of plans that promote the health, well-being, resources and strengths of older adults. The purpose of this study is to qualitatively explore the operational domains of HA in Peruvian older adults. METHOD: The approach adopted was fundamental qualitative descriptive. A purposive sampling was used and 26 participants attending senior centers belonging to the municipal commune of Lima were recruited (Medad=67.9; SD=6.64). Semi-structured interviews were conducted and the content analysis was carried out using an inductive method identifying the units of meaning of the HA. RESULTS: The content analysis showed 11 sub-themes and 4 main themes. The identified themes were as follows: "functional health", "psychological well-being", "active engagement with life" and "religion". Given this, the results demonstrate the multidimensionality of HA in Peruvian older adults. CONCLUSION: The operational domains of HA indicate the importance of individual perceptions considering functional health, psychological well-being, active engagement with life, and religion. This perspective supports the multidimensional concept of HA. This can be implemented as a guide for government entities working with PAMs. In addition, to formulate new public policies focusing on the domains of HA.

[What needs do experts and future Physical Activity and Sport professionals perceive to promote healthy aging? Professionals and students' views]. / ¿Qué necesidades perciben los expertos y los futuros profesionales de la Actividad Física y del Deporte para promover un envejecimiento saludable? Visión de profesionales y estudiantes.

INTRODUCTION: Physical activity acts as an adjuvant in the treatment of numerous diseases and in the promotion of healthy aging. Increasing longevity entails an increase in the demand for professionals who prescribe physical activity, specifically physiotherapists and physical-activity educators. OBJECTIVES: The main objective of this study was to explore the perceptions of a group of third- and fourth-year Physiotherapy students (n=9) and Sport Sciences students (n=5), and experts who work with older adults (n=3) about their knowledge of the older adult population and healthy aging. The secondary objectives were to: (a) explore what knowledge future professionals need about physical activity programming and about physical activity programs aimed at maintaining and improving health among older adults; (b) explore what would be the best methodology to acquire such knowledge; and (c) explore whether a relationship is perceived between knowledge about the older adult population and motivation to work with this population group. METHODS: Two discussion groups with students and three interviews with experts were conducted. Discussion groups and interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed through a reflexive thematic analysis, following the steps described by Braun and Clarke (2021). RESULTS: Three themes were identified from the discussion groups: (1) conception and ideas about older adults, (2) skills and knowledge perceived as important, and (3) proposals for motivational intervention addressed to the older population. Four themes were identified from the interviews with experts: (1) characteristics of the future professional, (2) physical activity programs for older people: the recipe for success, (3) the role of enjoyment as key to success, and (4) barriers/obstacles along the path. CONCLUSION: Students of both degrees and experts believe that more practical training opportunities are needed, to enable students to interact with the older population and get to know their needs, motivations, and barriers, to increase physical activity levels in this population group.

Adherence to Life's Essential 8 is associated with delayed biological aging: a population-based cross-sectional study.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to explore the potential of adhering to the American Heart Association's updated Life's Essential 8 (LE8) scores in delaying biological aging amid growing concerns about aging populations and related diseases. METHODS: A total of 18 261 adults (≥ 20 years old) were examined using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data from 2005-2010 and 2015-2018. The LE8 includes 8 components, covering health behaviors and factors. Acceleration of biological aging was defined as an excess of biological/phenotypic age over chronological age, assessed by using clinical biomarkers. The association between LE8 score and biological aging was explored through regression analyses. RESULTS: Each 10-point increase in LE8 scores was associated with a 1.19-year decrease in biological age and a 1.63-year decrease in phenotypic age. Individuals with high cardiovascular health (CVH) had a 90% reduction in their risk of accelerated aging based on biological age and an 81% reduction based on phenotypic age compared with individuals with low CVH. Bootstrap-based model estimates and weighted quantile sum regression suggested that health factors, particularly blood glucose, had strong impact on delaying aging. The association between smoking and biological aging seemed to differ depending on the definition of aging used. Among all subgroups, LE8 consistently correlated negatively with biological aging, despite observed interactions. Three sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of our conclusions. CONCLUSIONS: A higher CVH is associated with a lower risk of biological aging. Maintaining elevated LE8 levels across demographics, regardless of cardiovascular history, is recommended to delay aging and promote healthy aging, with significant implications for primary health care.

[Functional improvement in frail older adults through the Vivifrail exercise program, during two years of pandemic]. / Mejora funcional en personas mayores frágiles mediante el programa de ejercicios Vivifrail, durante dos años de pandemia.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Physical exercise increases functional capacity in older adults, helping to prevent or delay dependence. This study evaluates the impact of a multicomponent physical exercise intervention based on the Vivifrail program, conducted in a primary care center over two years coinciding with the COVID pandemic. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Descriptive longitudinal design with before-after comparison without control group. Participants were older than 65 years old with functional impairment measured by execution test, enrolled in the El Palo Health Center, Málaga. The intervention consists of two weekly group sessions of physical exercise guided by a monitor, according to the Vivifrail program. VARIABLES: Barthel Index, Gait Speed, Vivifrail Category, Quality of Life (EuroQol 5-D [EQ-5D]), use of walking aids, number of falls in the previous year. MEASUREMENTS: baseline, second (one year) and final (two years). Analysis of the Kruskal-Wallis test, significance level 0.05. RESULTS: Twenty patients were evaluated. Between the first and second evaluation, we observed a significant modification in the use of walking aids (p 0.01) and Vivifrail categories: from an initial B category, 50% remained, 25% moved to A, 16.7% to C2 and 8.3% to D (p 0.048). In the analysis of the baseline-final evaluation, we found a statistically significant improvement in quality of life measured by EQ-5D (mean increase of 24 points in today's quality of life measurement, EQ-5D thermometer, with 95% CI (9.6-38.3), p 0.004) and Vivifrail category (n=10) with 60% remaining in category B and 40% moving to D (autonomous) (p<0.0001). There was a trend towards improvement in gait speed, daily walking time, and number of falls, but without reaching statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: Multicomponent physical exercise improves perceived quality of life measured by EQ-5D and leads to a trend towards improvement in functional capacity, mood, and number of falls.

[Healthy walks, beyond physical exercise: evaluation of an experience in older population from Gipuzkoa (Spain)]. / Rutas saludables, más allá del ejercicio físico: evaluación de una experiencia en población mayor de Gipuzkoa.

INTRODUCTION: In 2011 the Tipi-Tapa initiative was endorsed by the Public Health Department of Gipuzkoa to promote physical exercise through healthy walks in community-dwelling older adults, in collaboration with municipalities, citizens associations and primary care. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate, from the participants' perspective, the Tipi-Tapa experience during 2012-2017 to identify the main successes and failures and share proposals of continuity and improvement. METHOD: Mixed methods design with a qualitative core component and a supplementary questionnaire to all participants from 13 municipalities. The Chi-squared test was used to compare percentages. In the qualitative study, a purposive sampling was applied considering participants' profiles through nine focus groups and 10 individual interviews. The interviews were audio recorded with previous consent. A thematic analysis was performed using conceptual maps and the MAXQDA software. Triangulation among researchers was done in a research-learning context. RESULTS: We analysed 464 questionnaires; 64% from women and 36% from men. The participants' mean age was 69.8 years; 75% were older than 65 years. The general satisfaction was 9.05/10 with significant differences in favour of women, older age groups and widows. In the qualitative study, 43 women and 37 men participated. Three main thematic areas were identified based on category coding and overlap: a) it is not just walking; b) organization, values and persons; and c) collaborative keystones and future challenges. CONCLUSIONS: The health benefits perceived by participants go beyond physical exercise, with important implications for social interaction and cohesion. The complexity of the processes assessed entails methodological, organizational and collaborative requirements.

[Acceptance Of Death And Its Dehospitalisation]. / Aceptación de la muerte y su deshospitalización.

INTRODUCTION: Death is part of life. The awareness that death is inevitable could be the cause of mental disorders. OBJECTIVE: To determine the level of death anxiety in old people as regards age, gender, social aspects, physical and leisure activities, self-esteem, religion or advanced disease, as well as their preferences on the place where they want to die. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Cross-sectional observational study. Face-to-face interviews and Death Anxiety Scale (DAS) of Templer on 300 patients over 75years-old without a diagnosis of dementia, selected randomly in four health centres. RESULTS: A total of 288 surveys were completed. The mean age was 84.8 (15.2) years, and 147 (51.0%) were older than 85years. The score of medium-high anxiety observed in the DAS was higher in women (50%-39.6%; P=.030), in those who did not perform physical activity (68%-26.4%; P<.001), in those who did not take part in leisure activities (63.5%-41.7%; P=.007), in patients with depressed mood (60.4%-41.6%; P<.008), and in patients without advanced disease (48.3%-3 5.8%; P=.036). The fear of having a painful death was present in 255 (88.5%). Physical activity reduced the risk of medium-high anxiety by 5.3 times (OR=.188, P<.001), and screening positive for depression increased it by 2.9 times (OR=2.943, P=.014). As regards the place where they would prefer to die, 177 (61.5%) answered «at home¼, and 28 (9.7%) «in the hospital.¼ CONCLUSIONS: Older people do fear a painful death, but they are not really afraid of dying. Male gender and performing physical or leisure activities is related to low levels of death anxiety. Advanced disease leads to greater acceptance of the end of life. The desire to die at home, and to «dehospitalise¼ the death prevails.

[Effective implementation of the Quadruple Helix-Based Innovation Model for active ageing]. / Implantación efectiva de la Cuádruple Hélice basada en el Modelo de Innovación en envejecimiento activo.

This paper shows an experience of the practical implementation of the Quadruple Helix-Based Innovation Model of Reference Sites of the European Commission through the Design Thinking method. This method establishes that, in order to successfully achieve the design of a digital solution, five unavoidable phases must be covered: empathize, define, ideate, prototype and test. The process was approached using the research action design. Qualitative data collection and analysis techniques were applied in each phase: qualitative meta-synthesis, focus groups, biographical interviews, professional and community forums and techniques of prototyping and testing with users. The systematic application of this method has facilitated the consolidation of a cooperative work model in which the main key agents in active and healthy ageing interact. Thus, products and services have been developed to better meet the needs of the users, making them an active part of the creation process.

Construcción de la alimentación en trayectorias vitales de personas mayores

Introducción: La alimentación se construye a partir de experiencias y significados adquiridos en el curso de la vida. Las personas mayores tienen un acervo importante que informa de valores y prácticas culturales aplicadas a la alimentación. El objetivo del estudio fue interpretar los significados que entregan personas mayores a la construcción de su alimentación en trayectorias del curso de vida. Métodos: La investigación utilizó un enfoque cualitativo de alcance exploratorio, utilizando el método de teoría fundamentada de Strauss y Corbin. Para la recolección de datos se aplicó una entrevista semiestructurada entre julio de 2021 y junio de 2022. El tipo de muestreo fue teórico y el análisis de los datos cualitativos respondió al proceso de codificación abierta, axial y selectiva. Resultados: Participaron 54 personas mayores (72% mujeres) con edad promedio de 68,6 años (6,9 años). Las personas mayores construyeron su alimentación con un alto significado a las comidas caseras, con influencia de género femenino durante la niñez y adolescencia. En la adultez, se reconstruye la alimentación al ingresar al mundo laboral. En la actualidad, cimentan la alimentación con un enfoque de cuidados para su salud. Reconocen transiciones y puntos de inflexión en la alimentación provocados por terremotos, pandemia por COVID-19, situación política en el país, embarazos o el diagnóstico de alguna enfermedad crónica. Discusión: Las personas mayores reconocen diversas vivencias en trayectorias vitales que han marcado sus patrones alimentarios. Estas experiencias de vida pueden ser la base de estrategias o acciones en la práctica clínica que aporten a su bienestar.

Introduction: Food is intricately woven into the fabric of our experiences and the meanings accumulated throughout life. Older people possess a rich cultural heritage that shapes the values and practices surrounding food.The aim of the study was to interpret the meanings attributed to older people to the construction of their feeding in life course trajectories. Methods: The research employed a qualitative exploratory approach, utilizing the Grounded Theory method developed by Strauss and Corbin. Data collection took place through semi-structured interviews conducted between July 2021 and June 2022. The sampling method employed was theoretical, and the analysis of qualitative data followed the open, axial, and selective coding process. Results: A total of 54 older individuals (72% women), with an average age of 68.6 years (6,9 years), participated in the study. These individuals constructed their relationship with food, assigning significant value to homemade meals, influenced by gender roles during childhood and adolescence. In adulthood, the relationship with food transformed with entry into the workforce. Currently, their feeding are guided by a health-centric approach. They recognize transitions and turning pointsin food provoked by earthquakes, pandemic by COVID-19, political situation in the country, pregnancies or the diagnosis of a chronic disease. Discussion: Older people recognize a multitude of life experiences that have left imprints on their eating patterns. These life experiences can be the basis for strategies or actions in clinical practice that contribute to their well-being.

Organização da atenção à saúde da pessoa idosa - relato de experiência a partir da técnica do arco de maguerez / Organization of health care for elderly people - experience report using the maguerez arch technique / Organización de atención en salud a personas mayores - reporte de experiencia utilizando la técnica del arco de maguerez

Uma das características mais marcantes da atual dinâmica demográfica mundial é o processo de envelhecimento populacional. Nessa lógica, em 2050, cerca de um quarto da população brasileira terá mais de 60 anos, indicando um aumento progressivo de demandas em saúde. Ocorre que as equipes de Atenção Primária à Saúde, ainda apresentam dificuldades de organização e oferta de ações específicas para esse público. Nesse sentido, por meio de pesquisa-ação, utilizando a técnica do Arco de Maguerez, foram desenvolvidas oficinas para profissionais do município de Camboriú/SC, com o objetivo de reorganizar a atenção à Saúde da pessoa idosa no município. As etapas demonstram forte influência do modelo biomédico, e ausência de ações específicas para a população idosa, porém, também foi possível desenvolver reflexões e propostas de reorganização do processo de trabalho a partir dos atributos da Atenção Primária à Saúde, o que potencialmente pode produzir melhorias nos indicadores de saúde da pessoa idosa.

One of the most remarkable characteristics of the current global demographic dynamics is the process of population aging. In this context, by 2050, approximately a quarter of the Brazilian population will be over 60 years old, indicating a progressive increase in healthcare demands. However, Primary Health Care teams still face difficulties in organizing and providing specific actions for this population. On this subject, through Research-Action method using the Maguerez Arch technique, workshops were developed for professionals in the municipality of Camboriú/SC, with the aim of reorganizing healthcare for the elderly in the municipality. The stages demonstrate a strong influence of the biomedical model and a lack of specific actions for the elderly population. However, it was possible to develop reflections and proposals for reorganizing the work process based on the attributes of Primary Health Care, which potentially can result in improvements in health indicators for the elderly.

Una de las características más llamativas de la actual dinámica demográfica global es el proceso de envejecimiento de la población. Así, en 2050, alrededor de una cuarta parte de la población brasileña tendrá más de 60 años, lo que indica un aumento progresivo de las demandas de salud. Resulta que los equipos de Atención Primaria de Salud aún tienen dificultades para organizarse y ofrecer acciones específicas para este público. En este sentido, a través de la investigación acción, utilizando la técnica del Arco de Maguerez, se desarrollaron talleres para profesionales de la ciudad de Camboriú/SC, con el objetivo de reorganizar la atención a la salud de las personas mayores de la ciudad. Las etapas evidencian una fuerte influencia del modelo biomédico, y la ausencia de acciones específicas para la población adulta mayor, sin embargo, también fue posible desarrollar reflexiones y propuestas de reorganización del proceso de trabajo a partir de los atributos de la Atención Primaria de Salud, que puede potencialmente producir mejoras en los indicadores de salud de las personas mayores.

Necesidades de salud desde la percepción de las personas mayores: revisión integrativa / Health needs from the perception o folder people: integrative review / Necessidades de saúde percepção de idosos: revisão integrativa

Objetivo: Conocer las necesidades de salud desde la perspectiva de las personas mayores que viven en la comunidad y que promueven a un envejecimiento saludable a través de un estudio bibliográfico, tipo revisión integrativa. Material y Método: La Revisión integradora de la literatura se oriento por los planteamientos de Ganong, el período fue del año 2010 al 2020. Se seleccionaron los buscadores Scielo, Lilacs, Medline. Los idiomas fueron español, portugués e inglés. Resultados: En los 113 artículos encontrados se aplicaron los criterios de inclusión, seleccionando 30, luego de un análisis detallado se recuperaron 6 artículos. Por lo amplio del concepto de Necesidades de Salud en las Personas Mayores, se utilizó la taxonomía de Matsumoto, relacionando cada uno de los artículos con los componentes y a su vez la relación entre los artículos. Conclusiones: A través de la revisión integrativa se encontraron artículos que hacen referencia a las necesidades de salud de las personas mayores. El envejecimiento activo y saludable implica un cambio de paradigma y él debe ser el parámetro para seguir por parte de los Estados, centrar la atención en la persona es un cambio y no enfocarla en la enfermedad o en la discapacidad. Respetar y promover en la persona mayor su libertad, autonomía y poder de decisión como individuos que forman parte de la comunidad.

Objective: To know the health needs from the perspective of older people who live in the community and who promote healthy aging through a bibliographic study, integrative review type. Material and Method: The integrative review of the literature was guided by Ganong's approaches; the period was from 2010 to 2020. The search engines Scielo, Lilacs, Medline were selected. The languages were Spanish, Portuguese and English Results: In the 113 articles found, the inclusion criteria were applied, selecting 30, after a detailed analysis 6 articles were recovered. Due to the broad concept of Health Needs in the Elderly, the Matsumoto taxonomy was used, relating each of the items to the components and, in turn, the relationship between the items. Conclusions: Through the integrative review, articles that refer to the health needs of the elderly were found. Active and healthy aging implies a paradigm shift and it must be the parameter to be followed by the States, focusing attention on the person is a change and not focusing on illness or disability. Respect and promote in the elderly their freedom, autonomy and decision-making power as individuals who are part of the community.

Objetivo: Conhecer as necessidades de saúde na perspectiva dos idosos que vivem na comunidade e que promovem o envelhecimento saudável por meio de um estudo bibliográfico, tipo revisão integrativa. Material e Método: A revisão integrativa da literatura foi norteada pelas abordagens de Ganong, o período foi de 2010 a 2020. Foram selecionados os mecanismos de busca Scielo, Lilacs, Medline. Os idiomas eram espanhol, português e inglês. Resultados: Nos 113 artigos encontrados, foram aplicados os critérios de inclusão, selecionando 30, após uma análise detalhada foram recuperados 6 artigos. Devido ao conceito amplo de Necessidades de Saúde do Idoso, foi utilizada a taxonomia de Matsumoto, relacionando cada um dos itens aos componentes e, por sua vez, a relação entre os itens. Conclusões: Por meio da revisão integrativa, foram encontrados artigos que se referemàs necessidades de saúde do idoso. O envelhecimento ativo e saudável implica uma mudança de paradigma e deve ser o parâmetro a ser seguido pelos Estados, focar a atenção na pessoa é uma mudança e não focar na doença ou incapacidade. Respeitar e promover nos idosos a sua liberdade, autonomia e poder de decisão enquanto indivíduos que fazem parte da comunidade.

Correlación entre la Velocidad de Marcha y Largo del Paso en Personas Mayores de la Cuarta Edad que Viven en la Comunidad / Correlation between Walking Speed and Step Length in Seniors Living in the Community

Introducción. La población de personas mayores de la cuarta edad (≥80 años) crece a gran velocidad. Esta se diferencia de la tercera edad en cuanto a su funcionalidad. Es sabido que mientras menor sea la velocidad de la marcha en esta población, mayor es el riesgo de deterioro cognitivo, sarcopenia, discapacidad e institucionalización. La velocidad de marcha disminuida es un predictor importante de deterioro en el rendimiento físico. Objetivo. Determinar la correlación entre la velocidad de marcha, fuerza de miembros inferiores y largo del paso en personas mayores de cuarta edad que viven en la comunidad. Métodos. Estudio transversal en personas mayores saludables de la cuarta edad (n=14; 8 mujeres; 88 ± 3 años; 26,3 ± 3,4 kg·m-2) que fueron sometidas a evaluaciones de rendimiento físico, tales como largo del paso; fuerza de miembros inferiores a través de 1 Repetición Máxima (1RM) de extensión de rodilla en ambos miembros inferiores y velocidad de marcha en 4 metros. Los datos se presentan como media±desviación estándar. Se consideró un valor de P significativo < 0.05. Resultados. Se observó una correlación positiva moderada entre el largo del paso y la velocidad de marcha (R=0,794; P=0,001). No existieron correlaciones entre la fuerza de miembros inferiores y largo del paso (R=0,478; P=0,084), tampoco entre las variables de fuerza y velocidad de marcha (R=0,441; P=0.115). Conclusión. Las personas mayores de cuarta edad presentan una correlación positiva entre su velocidad de marcha y largo del paso.

Background. The population of people older than the fourth age (≥80 years) is growing rapidly. This differs from the third age in terms of its functionality. It is known that the lower the gait speed in this population, the greater the risk of cognitive impairment, sarcopenia, disability and institutionalization. Decreased gait speed is an important predictor of deterioration in physical performance. Objetive. To determine the correlation between gait speed, lower limb strength and stride length in fourth age people (≥80 years) who live in the community. Methods. Cross-sectional study in healthy older people of the fourth age (n=14; 8 women; 88 ± 3 years; 26.3 ± 3.4 kg·m-2) who underwent physical performance evaluations, such as long of the step; strength of lower limbs through 1 Maximum Repetition (1RM) of knee extension in both lower limbs and walking speed in 4 meters. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. A significant P value < 0.05 was considered. Results. A moderate positive correlation was observed between stride length and gait speed (R=0.794; P=0.001). There were no correlations between the strength of the lower limbs and stride length (R=0.478; P=0.084), nor between the variables of strength and gait speed (R=0.441; P=0.115). Conclusion. Fourth age older people older present a positive correlation between their walking speed and stride length.

Modelo de co-construcción intergeneracional de cápsulas comunicacionales en base a comidas tradicionales / Intergenerational Co-construction Model of Communication Capsules Based on Traditional Foods

Introducción: La valoración de las comidas tradicionales resulta esencial para mantener el patrimonio gastronómico, sin embargo, su divulgación es limitada, por lo que se requiere de estrategias comunicacionales que promuevan la difusión de las culturas inmateriales. Objetivo: Elaborar un modelo de co-construcción de cápsulas comunicacionales intergeneracionales para difundir preparaciones culinarias significativas de personas mayores. Material y métodos: El estudio se enmarca en la investigación aplicada del tipo tecnológico. Se realizó una búsqueda teórica de aspectos relevantes en el uso de cápsulas comunicacionales (videos), así como el uso de TICs en personas mayores, siguiendo los lineamentos del diseño cualitativo a través de un análisis de contenido temático. Luego se construye un modelo, que es validado por profesionales del área gerontológica, para ser aplicado en un proyecto piloto que incluyó a una diada constituida por una persona mayor y un descendiente, los que guiaron y grabaron una entrevista en profundidad focalizada. Resultados: Se co-construyeron 6 videos con preparaciones culinarias tradicionales en el que participaron 5 mujeres y 1 hombre, de las Regiones del Biobío y Metropolitana. Se siguió modelo teórico que incorporó 7 pasos para su elaboración: identificación de diada intergeneracional, capacitación, realización del video, primera edición del video, presentación del video a la diada, edición final y difusión del video en redes sociales. Conclusiones: Como estrategia para un envejecimiento saludable, la realización de un video intergeneracional con una receta preferida se visualiza como una oportunidad para entrelazar cultura, patrimonio y emociones entre los participantes y la comunidad(AU)

Introduction: The appreciation of traditional foods is essential in the maintenance of gastronomic heritage; however, its dissemination is limited, which is why communication strategies are required to promote the dissemination of intangible cultures. Objective: To develop a model for the co-construction of intergenerational communication capsules that allow the dissemination of significant culinary preparations for the elderly. Material and methods: The study is part of an applied technological research. In order to consolidate knowledge and use it for educational purposes, a theoretical search of relevant aspects in the use of communication capsules (videos) was carried out, following the guidelines of qualitative design through thematic content analysis. Then, a model is constructed and validated by professionals from the gerontological area to be applied to a pilot project that included a dyad made up of an elderly person and a descendant, who guided and recorded an in-depth focused interview. Results: A total of 6 videos about traditional culinary preparations made by 5 women and 1 man from the Biobío and Metropolitana Regions were co-constructed. A theoretical model that incorporated 7 steps for its elaboration was followed: identification of intergenerational dyad, training, making of the video, first edition of the video, presentation of the video to the dyad, final edition, and dissemination of the video on social networks. Conclusions: As a strategy for healthy aging, making an intergenerational video with a favorite recipe is seen as an opportunity to intertwine culture, heritage and emotions between participants and the community(AU)

Envejecimiento saludable: un primer acercamiento a la revisión de indicadores subjetivos de salud en zonas urbanas y rurales en Costa Rica / Healthy aging: An initial review of subjective health indicators in urban and rural areas in Costa Rica

Resumen En este artículo se presentan los resultados de una primera aproximación al análisis del efecto moderador del contexto social, cultural y geográfico en indicadores subjetivos del envejecimiento saludable en personas mayores de 46 años residentes en territorios con características diferenciadas en Costa Rica. Se trabajó con una muestra de 305 personas residentes en tres áreas geográficas: una urbana, una semiurbana y una tercera principalmente rural. La diferenciación de las tres zonas se basó en criterios de densidad poblacional, infraestructura y acceso a bienes y servicios. Los indicadores subjetivos del envejecimiento saludable analizados fueron: participación social, apoyo social, salud percibida, espiritualidad, autoeficacia, comportamientos de autocuidado, bienestar subjetivo (satisfacción con la vida y bienestar psicológico) y estado de ánimo; todas las variables fueron condicionadas por zona de residencia, edad y sexo. Para analizar los indicadores subjetivos se estimó un análisis de covarianza (ANCOVA) o un análisis multivariado de covarianza (MANCOVA), dependiendo del número de variables dependientes analizadas. En general, se identificaron indicadores subjetivos de envejecimiento saludable altos en las personas participantes del estudio, quienes reportaron altos niveles de participación social, satisfacción con la vida y estados de salud y ánimo positivos. Se encontraron diferencias por edad entre los grupos. Sin embargo, no se evidenciaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los indicadores subjetivos analizados según la zona de residencia o el sexo. En síntesis, este estudio encontró que los indicadores subjetivos de envejecimiento saludable analizados eran muy similares en residentes de tres zonas geográficas con características distintas. Estos hallazgos iniciales se discuten desde una perspectiva cultural y geográfica y en relación con los modelos de envejecimiento saludable.

Abstract This review exposes the results of a first approximation to the analysis of the moderator effect of the geographical, social, and cultural context on subjective indicators of healthy aging in the Costa Rican context. Costa Rica is a middle-income democratic country that is in an advanced demographic changing process; this phenomenon makes it one of the aged countries in the Latin American region. Therefore, studying healthy aging becomes relevant in the context of population demographic change in the present and future aging societies. The study compared several subjective indicators of healthy aging among people older than 46 who resided in three different geographical areas in the country. Participants were 305 healthy people from three locations: one urban (Heredia Central City), one semi-urban (Santa Ana Central City), and one mainly rural (Nicoya). Participants completed standardized assessment scales to evaluate social participation, social support, perceived health, spirituality, self-efficacy, self-care behaviors, and subjective well-being (life satisfaction and psychological well-being). All variables were conditioned by geographical zone (urban, semi-urban, and mainly rural), age, and gender. Either Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) or Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) were estimated depending on the number of dependent variables analyzed to test the effect of the zone of residence, gender, and age, over the subjective indicator of healthy aging studied. In general, participants evidenced high scores on subjective indicators such as self-care, social support, spirituality, life satisfaction, and psychological well-being, which have been associated with health and well-being during the aging process. Participants reported high levels of social participation and perceived that they received adequate support for their daily life needs. Likewise, participants evidenced a general state of well-being, a positive state of health, high levels of self-efficacy, and positive moods. Differences were found among the groups by comparing age. However, no significant differences were found in the variables studied related to geographical areas of residence and sex, suggesting invariant comparison evidence by zone of residence and sex. Nevertheless, the results indicate that the subjective indicators of healthy aging studied are key to promoting healthy aging at the national level. It is considered necessary to improve opportunities for social participation aimed at older adults, to strengthen community and family social networks, to promote socio-economic support such as financial and instrumental support for activities of daily living, and finally emotional support such as listening, empathy and advice. Although the differences among geographical areas of residence of the people studied were not statistically significant in this study, the evidence suggested a trend of high well-being indicators mainly in the rural areas studied, and particularly more in males than in females. As this study only reached preliminary data, further research must obtain conclusive evidence, as previous research had suggested older people living in rural areas with high longevity indicators in Costa Rica might enjoy unusual environmental characteristics and personal protective factors that could be absent in most of the urban areas in the country. On the other hand, it will be necessary to include the historical and socio-cultural determinants focusing on context-specific review analyses in the mainstream research on healthy aging, even more in aged countries like Costa Rica. The findings are discussed within the inter-cultural emphasis and healthy aging models in order to contribute to a better understanding of how the context (physical-constructed and social/cultural) influences the differences, although subtle, in the study´s variables and participants, and how the process of aging might be different according to the multiple contextual conditions in which people live and adapt their capacities and abilities for coping with daily life demands.

Avaliação emocional e cognitiva em grupos de idosos diferenciando a prescrição social / Emotional and cognitive evaluation in groups of older adults differentiating social prescription / Evaluación emocional y cognitiva en grupos de adultos mayores diferenciando la prescripción social

Resumo A Prescrição Social (PS) foi desenvolvida sobretudo no Reino Unido e foi reconhecida pelo Serviço Nacional de Saúde britânico como uma abordagem inovadora para apoiar a sustentabilidade do sistema de saúde. A PS tem o potencial de promover parcerias entre estruturas comunitárias, ajudando assim a ligar os sectores social e da saúde para formar um sistema local de PS. O nosso objetivo foi avaliar o desempenho de um programa de PS, examinando o impacto no desempenho cognitivo e no bem-estar emocional. Foi aplicado um questionário a uma amostra de 60 idosos não institucionalizados, com idades compreendidas entre os 66 e os 96 anos. Foram definidos dois grupos de 30 participantes: Grupo PS (que foram incluídos no programa de prescrição social) e Grupo Controlo (que não beneficiam de qualquer programa). Todos os instrumentos foram validados para a população portuguesa. O bem-estar emocional foi avaliado através da Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale e o desempenho cognitivo foi avaliado através do Mini-Mental State Examination. Os resultados mostraram que o grupo PS tem níveis mais baixos de comprometimento cognitivo e uma pontuação média de autoestima mais elevada, mas não foram detetadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas na escala de desempenho cognitivo. Estes resultados sugerem que os programas de PS têm um impacto especial e positivo na autoestima dos idosos. Esta evidência realça a importância de considerar estes programas como um eixo estratégico de intervenção para o envelhecimento ativo. Constatou-se a mais-valia da PS como mecanismo potenciador de benefícios associados à saúde e ao bem-estar. Futuras investigações deverão ser realizadas com acesso a uma amostra mais alargada e explorar outras variáveis dependentes.

Abstract Social Prescription (SP) has been developed mostly in the United Kingdom (UK) and has been recognised by the UK National Health Service as an innovative approach to support the sustainability of the health system. It also has the potential to promote partnerships between community structures, thereby helping to link the health and social sectors to form a local SP system. Our objective was evaluate the performance of a SP programme, examining the impact on cognitive performance and emotional well-being. A questionnaire was applied to a sample of 60 non-institutionalized older adults, aged 66-96 years. Two groups of 30 participants were defined: SP Group (that were included in the social prescription program) and Control Group (that do not benefit from any program). All the instruments were validated for the Portuguese population. Emotional well-being was assessed using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and cognitive performance was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination. Results showed that the SP group has lower levels of cognitive impairment and a higher average self-esteem score, but no statistically significant differences were detected in the cognitive performance scale. These results suggest that the SP programs have a special and positive impact on the self-esteem of the elderly. This evidence highlights the importance of considering these programs as a strategic intervention axis for active aging. The added value of SP as a mechanism that fosters benefits associated with health and well-being was noted. Future investigations should be conducted with access to a larger sample and explore other dependent variables.

Resumen La prescripción social (PS) se desarrolló principalmente en el Reino Unido y ha sido reconocida por el Servicio Nacional de Salud británico como un enfoque innovador para apoyar la sostenibilidad del sistema sanitario. También tiene el potencial de promover asociaciones entre estructuras comunitarias, ayudando así a vincular los sectores social y sanitario para formar un sistema local de PS. Nuestro objetivo era evaluar el rendimiento de un programa de SP examinando el impacto sobre el rendimiento cognitivo y el bienestar emocional. Se administró un cuestionario a una muestra de 60 ancianos no institucionalizados de edades comprendidas entre los 66 y los 96 años. Se definieron dos grupos de 30 participantes: Grupo PS (que fueron incluidos en el programa de prescripción social) y Grupo Control (que no se beneficiaron de ningún programa). Todos los instrumentos fueron validados para la población portuguesa. El bienestar emocional se evaluó mediante la Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale y el rendimiento cognitivo mediante el Mini-Mental State Examination. Los resultados mostraron que el grupo PS tenía niveles más bajos de deterioro cognitivo y una puntuación media de autoestima más alta, pero no se detectaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la escala de rendimiento cognitivo. Estos resultados sugieren que los programas de PS tienen un impacto especial y positivo en la autoestima de las personas mayores. Esta evidencia pone de manifiesto la importancia de considerar estos programas como un eje estratégico de intervención para el envejecimiento activo. Se constató el valor añadido de la PS como mecanismo para potenciar los beneficios para la salud y el bienestar. Futuras investigaciones deberían realizarse con acceso a una muestra más amplia y explorar otras variables dependientes.

El envejecimiento poblacional: una mirada desde la práctica de enfermería basada en el modelo de Nola J. Pender

El envejecimiento poblacional no es un fenómeno exclusivo de la sociedad moderna; ha estado presente en todas las etapas del desarrollo social y ha sido siempre de interés para la filosofía, el arte y la medicina. Se presenta una revisión bibliográfica, con el objetivo de valorar la aplicación del modelo de Nola J. Pender en la promoción de salud y su aplicabilidad desde su visión teórica en la práctica de enfermería comunitaria en el envejecimiento poblacional. Se analizan los aspectos teóricos expresados por ella, sus principales supuestos y su relación con el envejecimiento poblacional, además de exponer sus aportes teóricos, la importancia de su aplicación para la familia, la comunidad y su contribución al desarrollo de la enfermería no solo de Cuba sino en el mundo; si partimos de que Cuba está entre los países más envejecidos de Latinoamérica. La promoción de la salud motivada por el deseo de aumentar el bienestar y actualizar el potencial humano, es considerada en la actualidad una poderosa herramienta que permite promover actitudes, motivaciones y acciones a partir del concepto de autoeficacia, del compromiso de los individuos con el cambio de conductas para fomentar salud, no solo sobre el envejecimiento en sí, sino desde el envejecimiento. Los principales supuestos de Nola J. Pender en el modelo de promoción de salud la sitúan como marco de referencia en la investigación, al fortalecer la profesión y fundamentar su quehacer de manera objetiva hacia los intereses de los profesionales y las necesidades de las personas.

Population aging is not an exclusive phenomenon of modern society; it has been present in all social development stages and has always been of interest to philosophy, art and medicine. A bibliographical review is presented for evaluating the Nola J. Pender model application in health promotion, and its applicability from its theoretical vision in the community nursing practice in aging population. The theoretical aspects expressed by her, her main assumptions and her relationship with population aging are analyzed, in addition to exposing her theoretical contributions, the importance of her application for the family, the community and her contribution to the development of nursing not only in Cuba but in the world; if we start from the fact that Cuba is among the oldest countries in Latin America. Health promotion motivated by the desire to increase well-being and update human potential is currently considered a powerful tool that allows promoting attitudes, motivations and actions based on the concept of self-efficacy, the commitment of individuals to change of behaviors to promote health, not only about aging itself, but from aging. The main assumptions of Nola J. Pender in the health promotion model place it as a reference framework in research, by strengthening the profession and basing its work objectively on the interests of professionals and the people needs.