Helicobacter pylori Infection: A 40-Year Journey through Shifting the Paradigm to Transforming the Management.

BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) was discovered 40 years ago and has set a milestone in human medicine. The discovery led to rejection of the dogma of the acidic stomach as a sterile organ and requested to rewrite the chapters on gastric pathophysiology and gastroduodenal diseases. SUMMARY: Over a period of 40 years following the discovery, more than 50,000 articles can be retrieved in PubMed as of today and illustrate the amount and the intensity of research around the role of this bacterium. H. pylori emerged as cause of chronic gastritis and principal cause of peptic ulcer disease (PUD). Eradication of H. pylori became standard of care in management in PUD. The importance of this was highlighted in 2005 with the Nobel Prize in Medicine awarded to Barry Marshall and Robin Warren. H. pylori became eventually recognized for its oncogenic potential in the stomach and as the main risk factor for gastric cancer development. KEY MESSAGES: H. pylori gastritis is defined as infectious disease and requires therapy in all infected individuals. Strategies of gastric cancer prevention and development of therapies to overcome the increasing antibiotic resistance are main targets in clinical research of today.

Risk factors for rebleeding and mortality following prophylactic transarterial embolization for patients with high-risk peptic ulcer bleeding: a single-center retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: To investigate factors associated with risk for rebleeding and 30-day mortality following prophylactic transarterial embolization in patients with high-risk peptic ulcer bleeding. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed medical records and included all patients who had undergone prophylactic embolization of the gastroduodenal artery at Rigshospitalet, Denmark, following an endoscopy-verified and treated peptic Sulcer bleeding, from 2016 to 2021. Data were collected from electronic health records and imaging from the embolization procedures. Primary outcomes were rebleeding and 30-day mortality. We performed logistical regression analyses for both outcomes with possible risk factors. Risk factors included: active bleeding; visible hemoclips; Rockall-score; anatomical variants; standardized embolization procedure; and number of endoscopies prior to embolization. RESULTS: We included 176 patients. Rebleeding occurred in 25% following embolization and 30-day mortality was 15%. Not undergoing a standardized embolization procedure increased the odds of both rebleeding (odds ratio 3.029, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.395-6.579) and 30-day overall mortality by 3.262 (1.252-8.497). More than one endoscopy was associated with increased odds of rebleeding (odds ratio 2.369, 95% CI 1.088-5.158). High Rockall-score increased the odds of 30-day mortality (odds ratio 2.587, 95% CI 1.243-5.386). Active bleeding, visible hemoclips, and anatomical variants did not affect risk of rebleeding or 30-day mortality. Reasons for deviation from standard embolization procedure were anatomical variations, targeted treatment without embolizing the gastroduodenal artery, and technical failure. CONCLUSIONS: Deviation from the standard embolization procedure increased the risk of rebleeding and 30-day mortality, more than one endoscopy prior to embolization was associated with higher odds of rebleeding, and a high Rockall-score increased the risk of 30-day mortality. We suggest that patients with these risk factors are monitored closely following embolization. Early detection of rebleeding may allow for proper and early re-intervention.

Gastrointestinal contrast-enhanced ultrasonography for diagnosis and treatment of peptic ulcer in children.

BACKGROUND: The detection rate of peptic ulcer in children is improving, with development of diagnostic procedures. Gastroscopy is the gold standard for the diagnosis of peptic ulcer, but it is an invasive procedure. Gastrointestinal contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) has the advantages of being painless, noninvasive, nonradioactive, easy to use, and safe. AIM: To investigate the clinical value of CEUS for diagnosis and treatment of peptic ulcer in children. METHODS: We investigated 43 children with digestive tract symptoms in our hospital from January 2021 to June 2022. All children were examined by routine ultrasound, gastrointestinal CEUS, and gastroscopy. The pathological results of gastroscopy were taken as the gold standard. Routine ultrasonography was performed before gastrointestinal CEUS. Conventional ultrasound showed the thickness of the gastroduodenal wall, gastric peristalsis, and the adjacent organs and tissues around the abdominal cavity. Gastrointestinal CEUS recorded the thickness of the gastroduodenal wall; the size, location and shape of the ulcer; gastric peristalsis; and adjacent organs and tissues around the abdominal cavity. The results of routine ultrasound and gastrointestinal ultrasound were compared with those of gastroscopy to evaluate the diagnostic results and coincidence rate of routine ultrasound and gastrointestinal CEUS. All children received informed consent from their guardians for CEUS. This study was reviewed and approved by the hospital medical ethics committee. RESULTS: Among the 43 children, 17 (15 male, 2 female) were diagnosed with peptic ulcer by gastroscopy. There were 26 children with nonpeptic ulcer. There were eight cases of peptic ulcer and 35 of nonpeptic ulcer diagnosed by conventional ultrasound. The diagnostic coincidence rate of peptic ulcer in children diagnosed by conventional ultrasound was 79.1% (34/43), which was significantly different from that of gastroscopy (P = 0.033). It indicates that the coincidence rate of gastrointestinal contrast-enhanced ultrasound and gastroscope is low. Fifteen cases of peptic ulcer and 28 of nonpeptic ulcer were diagnosed by CEUS. The diagnostic coincidence rate of peptic ulcer in children was 95.3% (41/43). There was no significant difference between CEUS and gastroscopy (P = 0.655). It indicates that the coincidence rate of gastrointestinal contrast-enhanced ultrasound and gastroscope is high. CONCLUSION: Gastrointestinal CEUS has a high coincidence rate in the diagnosis of peptic ulcer in children, and can be used as a preliminary examination method.

Endoscopic Diagnosis, Grading, and Treatment of Bleeding Peptic Ulcer Disease.

Peptic ulcer bleeding is a major cause for hospital admissions and has a significant mortality. Endoscopic interventions reduce the risk of rebleeding in high-risk patients and several options are available including injection therapies, thermal therapies, mechanical clips, hemostatic sprays, and endoscopic suturing. Proton-pump inhibitors and Helicobacter pylori treatment are important adjuncts to endoscopic therapy. Endoscopic therapy is indicated in Forrest 1a, 1b, and 2a lesions. Patients with Forrest 2b lesions may do well with proton-pump inhibitor therapy alone but can also be managed by removal of the clot and targeting endoscopic therapy to the underlying lesion.

Age-specific causes of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in children.

The etiology of upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) varies by age, from newborns to adolescents, with some of the causes overlapping between age groups. While particular causes such as vitamin K deficiency and cow's milk protein allergy are limited to specific age groups, occurring only in neonates and infants, others such as erosive esophagitis and gastritis may be identified at all ages. Furthermore, the incidence of UGIB is variable throughout the world and in different hospital settings. In North America and Europe, most UGIBs are non-variceal, associated with erosive esophagitis, gastritis, and gastric and duodenal ulcers. In recent years, the most common causes in some Middle Eastern and Far Eastern countries are becoming similar to those in Western countries. However, variceal bleeding still predominates in certain parts of the world, especially in South Asia. The most severe hemorrhage arises from variceal bleeding, peptic ulceration, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Hematemesis is a credible indicator of a UGI source of bleeding in the majority of patients. Being familiar with the most likely UGIB causes in specific ages and geographic areas is especially important for adequate orientation in clinical settings, the use of proper diagnostic tests, and rapid initiation of the therapy. The fundamental approach to the management of UGIB includes an immediate assessment of severity, detecting possible causes, and providing hemodynamic stability, followed by early endoscopy. Unusual UGIB causes must always be considered when establishing a diagnosis in the pediatric population because some of them are unique to children. Endoscopic techniques are of significant diagnostic value, and combined with medicaments, may be used for the management of acute bleeding. Finally, surgical treatment is reserved for the most severe bleeding.

Evolución del tratamiento de la Úlcera péptica duodenal / Evolution of duodenal peptic ulcer treatment

Introducción: Como consecuencia del desarrollo del tratamiento médico de la úlcera péptica duodenal, el tratamiento quirúrgico ha disminuido notablemente. Objetivo: El objetivo del estudio es describir la progresión del tratamiento de la úlcera péptica duodenal. Material y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, de corte, desde finales del siglo XIX hasta la actualidad. Se utilizó el método histórico-lógico y un análisis deductivo-inductivo de múltiples fuentes bibliográficas. Desarrollo: A pesar de ser la úlcera una entidad clínica reconocida desde la antigüedad, los cirujanos la consideraron causada por el ácido, y todos los esfuerzos fueron concentrados en eliminar el ácido por medio de una operación. A partir de 1881, se comenzaron a conocer las complicaciones. En la década de los años 30 del pasado siglo, se tratan las complicaciones y también la enfermedad. Desde 1940, además, se conserva el funcionamiento digestivo y aparecen las tres formas básicas de vagotomía. En la década de 1970, se desarrollaron novedosas técnicas quirúrgicas, la endoscopía, la radiología intervencionista y la cirugía mínimamente invasiva. Sin embargo, el tratamiento médico llegó con los poderosos supresores del ácido y el descubrimiento del Helicobacter pylori. Nuevamente la cirugía ha quedado relegada a tratar las úlceras refractarias y las complicadas. Conclusiones: El tratamiento médico, por medio de la terapia anti-Helicobacter asociada a potentes inhibidores de la secreción gástrica ha conseguido su curación; sin embargo, la cirugía todavía tiene un importante papel en el tratamiento de la úlcera refractaria o complicada(AU)

Introduction: Surgical treatment of duodenal peptic ulcer has notably decreased as a consequence of the development of medical treatment. Objective: The objective of this study is to describe the advances in the treatment of duodenal peptic ulcer. Material and Methods: A descriptive study was conducted from the end of the 19th century to the present. The historical-logical method and a deductive-inductive analysis of multiple bibliographic sources were used. Development: Despite ulcer has been recognized as a clinical entity since ancient times, surgeons considered that it is caused by acid; therefore, all efforts were concentrated on removing the acid through an operation. From 1881 on, complications began to be treated. In the decade of the 30s of the last century, complications and the disease were treated. Since 1940, the digestive function has also been preserved and the three basic forms of vagotomy appeared. In the 1970s, novel surgical techniques such as endoscopy, interventional radiology, and minimally invasive surgery were developed. However, powerful acid suppressants as well as the discovery of Helicobacter pylori were taken into consideration for medical treatment. Once again, surgery was relegated to the treatment of refractory ulcers and complicated ulcers. Conclusions: Medical treatment with anti-Helicobacter therapy associated with potent inhibitors of gastric acid secretion has managed its healing; however, surgery still plays an important role in the treatment of refractory or complicated ulcer(AU)

Evolução histórica da úlcera péptica: da etiologia ao tratamento / History of peptic ulcer: from etiology to treatment

Objetivos: revisar os principais aspectos históricos da progressão do conhecimento sobre a etiologia da úlcera péptica e das terapêuticas clínicas e cirúrgicas empregadas no tratamento desta enfermidade.Fonte de dados: revisão bibliográfica através do PubMed. Foram analisados artigos selecionados sobre a história da úlcera péptica.Síntese dos dados: durante décadas, cirurgiões acreditaram que a doença da úlcera péptica era causada pelo excesso de ácido. O aforisma ?sem ácido, sem úlcera? foi enraizado em todos os residentes de cirurgia, e todos os esforços foram concentrados em eliminar o ácido através de uma operação. Com o advento da terapêutica farmacológica, houve melhora no sucesso do tratamento clínico e o número de casos cirúrgicos diminuiu. Com a descoberta do Helicobacter pylori, ainda mais pacientes foram tratados clinicamente e o número de casos cirúrgicos diminuiu novamente, persistindo apenas para casos refratários, hemorragia ou perfuração.Conclusões: úlcera péptica é uma doença reconhecida desde a antiguidade. A compreensão da evolução gradual das várias formas de seu tratamento serve de alerta e ensinamento de como evolui o conhecimento científico, onde as certezas efinitivas podem ser alteradas por inovações e resultados de pesquisas metodologicamente bem delineadas e realizadas, bem como elucidar a difícil trajetória que tem sido percorrida para poder solucionar o sofrimento dos pacientes que possuem essa enfermidade.

Aims: To review the main aspects of the historical progression of knowledge about the etiology of peptic ulcer and the clinical and surgical treatment used in the treatment of this disease.Source of data: A search was carried out at PubMed. Selected papers about the history of the peptic ulcer were reviewed.Summary of findings: For decades, surgeons were taught and believed that peptic ulcer disease was caused by acid.The dictum ?no acid, no ulcer? was engrained into every resident of surgery, and all efforts were focused on eliminating acid through operation. With the advent of pharmacological therapy, more ulcers were successfully treated medically and the number of surgical cases decreased. With the discovery of Helicobacter pylori, even more patients were successfully treated medically and the number of surgical cases decreased again, usually only to include refractory cases, hemorrhage or perforation.Conclusions: Peptic ulcer is a disease recognized since ancient times. The understanding of the gradual evolution of several forms of treatment serves as a warning and teaching of how scientific knowledge evolves, where the final certainties can be changed by innovations and research findings methodologically well designed and executed, and to clarify the difficult path that has been traversed in order to solve the suffering of patients who have this disease.

Diagnóstico tardio da imunodeficiência comum variável / Late diagnosis of common variable immunodeficiency

A imunodeficiência comum variável (ICV) é uma doença primária do sistema imunológico associada a infecções recorrentes, principalmente no trato respiratório, fenômenos autoimunes e neoplasias. Sua incidência é relativamente baixa, mas é considerada entre as imunodeficiências primárias sintomáticas a mais comum; mesmo assim o atraso no seu diagnóstico costuma ser muito frequente. Os autores apresentam um caso de um paciente com diagnóstico prévio de anemia perniciosa que apresentava infecções respiratórias de repetição quando o diagnóstico de ICV foi suspeitado

Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a primary disease of the immune system, associated with recurrent infections, mainly in the respiratory tract, autoimmune phenomena and malignancies. Although its incidence is relatively low, it is considered the most common among symptomatic primary immunodeficiencies. Still, the delay in diagnosis is very frequent. The authors present a case of a patient with previous diagnosis of pernicious anemia who presented with recurrent respiratory infections when the diagnosis of CVID was suspected

Tratamento cirúrgico da estenose pilórica / Surgical treatment of pyloric stenosis

Úlcera péptica é definida como uma lesão de mucosa gástrica e/ou duodenal que ocorre quando há desequilíbrio entre fatores de proteção e agressão. É um dos maiores problemas de saúde, com incidência em torno de 1.500 a 3.000 casos a cada 100.000 habitantes por ano. Atualmente, a cirurgia eletiva para essa doença está virtualmente excluída, reservando-se apenas para casos de emergência. A grande maioria desses procedimentos consiste em rafia da parede gástrica ou duodenal por úlcera perfurada. A hemorragia dessas lesões aparece como segunda complicação mais frequente. E, finalmente, apenas cerca de 1 a 2% dos pacientes necessitam de tratamento cirúrgico para aliviar uma obstrução gástrica ou duodenal, já que o processo ulceroso crônico deixa fibrose e estenose na região. No presente estudo, são relatados 3 casos em nossa instituição em que executamos cirurgia devido à estenose péptica do piloro e duodeno refratária ao tratamento clínico num período menor que 8 meses. Em todos os casos, foi realizada uma hemigastrectomia, com reconstrução à Y de Roux, obtendo resultados satisfatórios

Peptic ulcer is defined as injury to the gastric or duodenal mucosa which occurs when there is an imbalance between protective factors and aggression to it. It is one of the biggest health problems, with an incidence of around 1500 to 3000 cases per 100,000 people per year. Currently, elective surgery for this disorder is virtually excluded, reserved for emergency cases only. The vast majority of these surgical procedures consists in suturing the stomach or duodenal wall with perforated ulcer. Hemorrhage from these lesions appears as the second most frequent complication. And finally, only about 1-2% of patients require surgery to relieve a gastric or duodenal obstruction, since the chronic ulcerous process causes fibrosis and ulcerative stenosis in the region. In the present study we report three cases in which we performed surgery due to peptic stenosis of the pylorus and duodenum refractory to medical treatment in a period less than 8 months. In all cases, hemigastrectomy with Roux-Y reconstruction was performed, with satisfactory results

Citrato de ranitidina bismuto con claritromicina y amoxacilina vs terapia triple con inhibidores de la bomba de protones: omeprazol o lansoprasol en el tratamiento de la infección por helicobacter pylori / Ranitidine bismuth citrate with amoxycillin and clarithromycin vs triple therapy with inhibitors of the bomb of protons: omeprazole or lanzoprazole in the treatment of the infection for helicobacter pylori

El objetivo de nuestro trabajo es investigar la eficacia de 2 semanas de tratamiento triple con Amoxacilina, Claritromicina, y Citrato de Raditidina Bismuto (CRB) u Omeprazol o Lansoprazol en la erradicación de la infección por Helicobacter pylori (Hp) en pacientes con enfermedad úlcero-peptica, Se incluyeron 152 pacientes consecutivos con enfermedad úlcero-péptica, cuya infección por Hp fue confirmada por histología, fueron distribuidos al azar para recibir CRB 400 bid (grupo A) u Omeprazol 20 mg bid (grupo B) o Lansoprazol 30 mg bid (grupo C) en combinación con Claritromicina 500 mg bid y Amoxacilina 500 mg tid por 2 semanas. El Hp fue erradicado en el 50 por ciento, 73 por ciento y 84 por ciento de los pacientes del grupo A, B y C respectivamente. La diferencia fue estadísticamente significativa para una menor erradicación en el grupo A (p<0.01). En el grupo C se produjo el más rápido alivio de los síntomas (6 días) (P<0.05 contra el grupo B y A). Los efectos adversos fueron vistos en 21, 13 y 19 pacientes de los grupos A, B y C. No se encontró significación estadística en ninguno de los grupos en realación a los efectos adversos. Se concluye, que la erradicación del Hp fue significativamente menor en el esquema de tratamiento CRB+CI+Am por 14 días comparado con L+CI+Am. La combinación L+CI+Am fue más efectiva en el alivio de los síntomas que el esquema CRB+CI+Am

Helicobacter pylori: enteropatógeno frecuente del ser humano / Helicobacter pylori: the human being's frequent enteropathogeno

En este artículo se revisan los conceptos recientes en relación a una infección bacteriana cuyo agente causal es Helicobacter Pylori, frecuentemente implicado en cuadros gastrointestinales diversos y responsables directo de la enfermedad úlcero-péptica que además es reconocido como agente carcinógenico tipo I por su asociación con cáncer gastrico. Helicobacter Pylori es un bacilo gram negativo que coloniza la mucosa gástrica de amplia distribución mundial, presentes con una alta frecuencia en pacientes que consultan con sintomatología gastrointestinal, por lo que se analizan aspectos básicos de su fisiología, sus diferentes morfologías que directamente van a repercutir en su patogenicidad y se detallan los mecanismos fisiopatológicos responsables de los diferentes cuadros clínicos, los métodos endoscopicos y de laboratorio específicos para el diagnóstico y los avances más recientes en el tratamiento y profilaxis de la enfermedad

Ulcera péptica: complicaciones tardías del tratamineto quirúrgico / Peptic ulcer: late complications of surgical treatment

Aún cuando las intervenciones quirúrgicas para el tratamiento de la úlcera péptica se han reducido marcadamente en los últimos 20 años, debido fundamentalmente a los modernos tratamientos médicos, cerca de un 20 por ciento de los operados se quejan de algún disturbio; y entre el 1-2 por ciento de ellos tienen complicaciones tardías graves, como deficienciuas nutricionales, colelitiasis, esofagitis y gastritis de reflujo alcalino, síndrome de dumping, cáncer del muñón gástrico, los cuales se revisan en el presente artículo

Reinfecção pelo Helicobacter pylori em pacientes brasileiros com úlcera péptica, em seguimento de 5 anos / Helicobacter pylori reinfection in brazilian patients with peptic ulcer disease, a five year follow-up

Introdução: A reinfecção pelo Helicobacter pylori em países em desenvolvimento parece ser maior do que nos países desenvolvidos. O retratamento da bactéria e o controle periódico de cura são necessários, quando elevadas taxas de reinfecção são verificadas. O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar a taxa anual de reinfecção, em pacientes brasileiros com úlcera péptica, num seguimento de cinco anos. Métodos: Pacientes com úlcera péptica, diagnosticada por endoscopia digestiva alta e infecção pelo Helicobacter pylori documentada por histologia, teste da urease, reação em cadeia da polimerase e teste respiratório, foram tratados para erradicação da bactéria. A cura da infecção foi verificada com os mesmos exames, três meses após o término do tratamento. Avaliação clínica e teste respiratório foram realizados aos seis e nove meses. Com um ano de seguimento, endoscopia, exame histológico, teste da urease, reação em cadeia da polimerase e teste respiratório foram novamente realizados. Até o quinto ano de seguimento, foram feitas consultas semestrais e testes respiratórios anuais. Na inclusão dos pacientes e nos reinfectados foram estudados 15 diferentes genes da bactéria. Resultados: Cento e quarenta e sete pacientes foram seguidos: 19 por um ano, oito por dois anos, quatro por três anos, cinco por quatro anos e 98 por cinco anos, num total de 557 pacientes/ano. Não ocorreu reinfecção no primeiro ano. No segundo ano, dois pacientes se reinfectaram, no terceiro quatro pacientes, no quarto três pacientes e no quinto um paciente, num total de 10 reinfecções. A taxa anual de reinfecção por pacientes/ano foi de 1,8%. Conclusão: O Brasil, um país em desenvolvimento com alta prevalência da infecção pelo Helicobacter pylori, apresenta uma taxa de reinfecção semelhante à dos países desenvolvidos.

Introduction: The Helicobacter pylori reinfection rate seems to be higher in developing countries, than in developed ones. If a high reinfection rate is verified, periodical exams and bacterial retreatment would be necessary. The objective of this study was to determine the annual reinfection rate of Helicobacter pylori, in Brazilian patients with peptic ulcer disease, in a five year follow-up. Methods: Patients, with peptic ulcer disease diagnosed by upper digestive endoscopy and Helicobacter pylori infection verified by histological examination, rapid urease test, polymerase chain reaction and urea breath test, were treated for bacterial eradication. The infection cure was determined by the same proceedings, three months after the treatments end. Clinical evaluation and urea breath test were performed at sixth and ninth months of the follow-up. At one year of the follow-up, upper digestive endoscopy, histological examination, rapid urea test, polymerase chain reaction and urea breath test were repeated. Up to the fifth year of follow-up semester clinical evaluation and annual urea breath test were performed. All the patients included in the study and all the reinfected patients were tested for fifteen different genes of the Helicobacter pylori. Results: One hundred and forty-seven patients were followed: nineteen patients for one year, eight patients for two years, four patients for three years, five patients for four years and ninety-eight patients for five years. The total of patients/years follow-up was 557. Reinfection did not occur in the first year of the follow-up. In the second year, two patients became reinfected; in the third year, four patients; in the fourth, three and in the fifth, one patient. The total of reinfected patients was 10. The annual reinfection rate was 1,8%. Conclusion: Brazil, a developing country, presents a high prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection. Nonetheless, the reinfection rate is similar to the developed countries.

Curso Terapêutica em Gastroenterologia: aula 6: Doença ulceropéptica / Gastroenterology Therapeutic Course: class 6: Peptic ulcer disease

A doença ulceropéptica, que acomete principalmente as regiões do estômago e duodeno, tem como principais etiologias o Helicobacter pylori eo uso prolongado de antiinflamatórios não-hormonais. A incidência da doença, assim como suas complicações, vêm diminuindo progressivamente, especialmente com a possibilidade de erradicação do Helicobacter pylori. Entretanto, a doença ulceropéptica permanece como condição clínica freqüentemente encontrada na prática diária, motivo pelo qual sua terapêutica deve ser amplamente conhecida por clínicos gerais e especialistas

Hemorragia digestiva alta: análisis de 100 casos / Upper gastrointestinal bleeding: report of 100 cases

La hemorragia digestiva (HDA) es relativamente frecuente y su manejo varía de acuerdo a los distintos centros. El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar nuestra incidencia de HDA comparando factores de riesgo con hallazgos endoscópicos e histopatológicos. A su vez el tratamiento recibido y el seguimiento posterior de los pacientes.

Tratamiento de la enfermedad ulcerosa gastroduodenal / Treatment of ulcerous gastroduodenal disease

Los autores dan su opinión sobre el tema y solicitan la de los lectores. Postulan comenzar con el tratamiento médico y dejar el quirúrgico, se es necesario, para una segunda etapa. Insisten en que el tratamiento médico debe ser integral e individual, basándolo en un diagnóstico con iguales características, enfocando al enfermo en su integridad bio-psico-social. Respecto del tratamiento medicamentoso, preconizan que no debe ser el único, como sucede a menudo. Diferencian la enfermedad ulcerosa péptica duodenal o péptica antral de la trófica: úlcera de los dos tercios superiores del estómago. En la primera recurren a los antiácidos y bloqueadores H2. No tienen experiencia con el Omeprazol; pero piensan que no es aconsejable anular totalmente la secreción ácida gástrica. En el segundo prefieren los citoprotectores: bicitrato dipotásico de bismuto (que actúa también sobre C. pylorii) y el sucralfato. A menudo asocian ambos tipos de tratamiento. Afirman que es frecuente el retardo de la evacuación gástrica que combaten con clebopride o similares. Usan a veces ansiolíticos y antidepresivos junto con psicoterapia de apoyo. Combaten la constipación. Siguen el plana durante tres meses por lo menos, con controles periódicos. Una vez curada la úlcera no interrumpen abruptamente el tratamiento. mantienen las prescripciones sobre higiene alimentaria y nerviosa. Consideran indispensable la endoscopía así como la biopsia, que es obligatoria en las úlceras gástricas. No creen que la úlcera gástrica deba tratarse quirúrgicamente "de entrada". Consignan los motivos para indicar dicho tratamiento: las indicaciones absolutas son perforación libre o bloqueada, hemorragia masiva, estenosis pilórica esclerosa; las indicaciones relativas son presencia simultánea de varias úlceras duodenales, úlceras duodenal de la cara posterior, motivos "sociales", hemorragia massiva...

Nuevo tratamiento de la ulcera peptica / The peptic ulcer, a new treatment

La informacion anterior proporciona la evidencia suficiente como para concluir que, el Xoconecutli es un medicamento efectivo en el tratamiento de enfermedades acido pepticas a traves de una prueba de hipotesis y empleando una distribucion de probabilidad normal; se dira que el Xoconecutli tiene un poder antiulcerogenico siempre y cuando se pueda rechazar una hipotesis nula de que el cambio promedio verdadero sea mayor que cero. La hipotesis de investigacion es que el Xoconecutli es un medicamento efectivo en el tratamiento de las enfermades acido pepticas. Con un nivel de significacion de alfa=5%. La estadistica de prueba calculada tiene un valor de sintomatologia estandarizada (distribucion normal) de Z=-12.18 region de rechazo y aceptacion se establecio en funcion de los valores criticos +-1.645. La decision estadistica a un nivel de significacion de alfa=5% nos permite rechazar la hipotesis nula, ya que -12.18 es menor a +-1.645

Fundamentos fisiopatológicos para el tratamiento de la úlcera péptica / Physiopathological basis for the treatment of the peptic ulcer

La fisiopatología de la úlcera péptica ha avanzado grandemente en los últimos años, sobre todo con el conocimiento de: a) La fisiología de la célula parietal, en donde se han dilucidado varios receptores espcíficos para los secretagogos conocidos como, histamina, acetilcolina, gastrina, prostaglandinas, y la inhibición de los efectos de los mismos, meidante el uso de antagonistas específicos, igualmente el conocimiento más completo del funcionamiento de la bomba de protones, localizada en el lado luminal, responsable fianl de la secreción de HC1; y el bloqueo de su funcionamiento por omeprazole; b) Una mejor comprensión de la barrera mucosal gastroduodenal, la cual viene a ser la línea de defensa más importante, ante las agresiones internas o externas que constantemente está sometida la mucosa gastroduodenal. Ruptura de esta barrera, es la causa del inicio y desarrollo de la patología gastroduodenal, de allí que su comprensión y funcionamiento es fundamental para el conocimiento de la fisiopatología de la úcera péptica. Finalmente, la identificación de factores etiopatogénicos, probados, en el desarrollo de la úlcera péptica, como el Helicobacter pylori el cual se adhiere al mucus de las células gástricas, produciendo cambio en su estructura y daño celular, lo cual facilita su colonización, rompiendo la barrera mucosal. El uso de drogas antiinflamatorias no esteroideas, también es un factor etiopatogénico probado, actuando a varios nivels, de los cuales la pertubación en la sínteseis de prostaglandinas, con disminución de la secreción de bicarbonato y mucus, al igual que alteración motoras antro-píloro-duodenales, son sus principales consecuencias fisiopatológicas, que también favorecen el desarrollo de la úlcera péptica. basado en este avance en la fisiopatología es como se ha podido diseñar un tratamiento médico de la úcera péptica más adecuado y se han desarrollado nuevos fármacos que actúan a diferentes niveles de la secreción ácido-péptica, como los bloqueadores H2 y bloqueadores de bomba de protones, citoprotectores y antimicrobianos que erradiquen el Helicobacter pylori