A general approach for inferring the ancestry of recent ancestors of an admixed individual.

The genome of an individual from an admixed population consists of segments originated from different ancestral populations. Most existing ancestry inference approaches focus on calling these segments for the extant individual. In this paper, we present a general ancestry inference approach for inferring recent ancestors from an extant genome. Given the genome of an individual from a recently admixed population, our method can estimate the proportions of the genomes of the recent ancestors of this individual that originated from some ancestral populations. The key step of our method is the inference of ancestors (called founders) right after the formation of an admixed population. The inferred founders can then be used to infer the ancestry of recent ancestors of an extant individual. Our method is implemented in a computer program called PedMix2. To the best of our knowledge, there is no existing method that can practically infer ancestors beyond grandparents from an extant individual's genome. Results on both simulated and real data show that PedMix2 performs well in ancestry inference.

Projections of human kinship for all countries.

Demographers have long attempted to project future changes in the size and composition of populations, but have ignored what these processes will mean for the size, composition, and age distribution of family networks. Kinship structures matter because family solidarity-a crucial source of informal care for millions of people around the world-is conditional on kin being alive. Here, we present innovative projections of biological kin for the 1950 to 2100 period and discuss what they imply for the availability of informal care. Overall, we project that the number of living kin for individuals will decline dramatically worldwide. While a 65-yo woman in 1950 could expect to have 41 living kin, a 65-yo woman in 2095 is projected to have just 25 [18.8 to 34.7] relatives (lower and upper 80% projection intervals). This represents a 38% [15 to 54] global decline. The composition of family networks is also expected to change, with the numbers of living grandparents and great-grandparents markedly increasing, and the numbers of cousins, nieces and nephews, and grandchildren declining. Family networks will age considerably, as we project a widening age gap between individuals and their kin due to lower and later fertility and longer lifespans. In Italy, for example, the average age of a grandmother of a 35-yo woman is expected to increase from 77.9 y in 1950 to 87.7 y [87.1 to 88.5] in 2095. The projected changes in kin supply will put pressure on the already stretched institutional systems of social support, as more individuals age with smaller and older family networks.

Research Review: Grandparental care and child mental health - a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The number of children residing in grandfamilies is growing worldwide, leading to more research attention on grandparental care over the past decades. Grandparental care can influence child well-being in various forms and the effects vary across contexts. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we synthesize the evidence on the relation between grandparental care and children's mental health status. METHODS: We identified 5,745 records from seven databases, among which 38 articles were included for review. Random effects meta-analyses were used to synthesize evidence from eligible studies. We also examined the variability across study and participant characteristics, including study design, recruitment method, child age, child gender, study region, family type, comparison group, and outcome rater. RESULTS: The meta-analysis consisted of 344,860 children from the included studies, whose average age was 10.29, and of which 51.39% were female. Compared with their counterparts, children being cared for by their grandparents had worse mental health status, including more internalizing problems (d = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.31, -0.09], p = .001), externalizing problems (d = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.21, -0.01], p = .03), overall mental problems (d = -0.37, 95% CI [-0.70, -0.04], p = .03), and poorer socioemotional well-being (d = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.49, -0.03], p = .03). The effects varied by study design and child gender. CONCLUSIONS: The findings highlight that grandparental care is negatively associated with child mental health outcomes with trivial-to-small effect sizes. More supportive programs and interventions should be delivered to grandfamilies, especially in disadvantaged communities.

Commentary on 'Grandparental care and child mental health: a systematic review and meta-analysis'.

The manuscript by Wang et al. contributes mightily to our limited understanding of grandparental care and children's mental health problems. As the authors document, despite the growing number of families worldwide where grandparents serve as the sole primary caregivers or reside with the children's parents to share caregiving responsibilities, and the growing number of studies examining associations between grandparental care and children's mental health-related outcomes, systematic reviews and meta-analyses integrating this literature are missing. There are meta-analyses on relations between grandparental care and such child outcomes as physical health, nutrition and obesity, education, and even resilience, but the extant literature on child outcomes has been limited to more qualitatively oriented reviews and has typically focused on child internalizing and externalizing problems. Thus, the current meta-analysis adds a novel and critically missing quantitative component to our broad understanding of the associations between grandparental care and children's problem behavior. In addition, beyond studies examining children's internalizing and externalizing outcomes, the authors also report on several studies (n = 7) that examine children's positive well-being and overall mental health. Overall, among the 38 studies deemed acceptable for review, the meta-analysis included findings from nearly 345,000 children, with a mean age of 10 years and slightly more female (51%) than male children.

Exploring grandparents' psychosocial responses to childhood cancer: A qualitative study.

OBJECTIVE: A childhood cancer diagnosis is a traumatic experience for patients and their families. However, little is known about the effect on grandparents. We aimed to investigate the negative psychosocial impact, coping strategies, and positive outcomes of grandparents of childhood cancer patients in Switzerland. METHODS: We collected data using a semi-structured interview guide and applied qualitative content analysis. RESULTS: We conducted 20 interviews with 23 grandparents (57% female; mean age = 66.9 years; SD = 6.4; range = 57.0-82.4) of 13 affected children (69% female; mean age = 7.5 years; SD = 6.1; range = 1.0-18.9) between January 2022 and April 2023. The mean time since diagnosis was 1.0 years (SD = 0.5; range = 0.4-1.9). Grandparents were in shock and experienced strong feelings of fear and helplessness. They were particularly afraid of a relapse or late effects. The worst part for most was seeing their grandchild suffer. Many stated that their fear was always present which could lead to tension and sleep problems. To cope with these negative experiences, the grandparents used internal and external strategies, such as accepting the illness or talking to their spouse and friends. Some grandparents also reported positive outcomes, such as getting emotionally closer to family members and appreciating things that had previously been taken for granted. CONCLUSIONS: Grandparents suffer greatly when their grandchild is diagnosed with cancer. Encouragingly, most grandparents also reported coping strategies and positive outcomes despite the challenges. Promoting coping strategies and providing appropriate resources could reduce the psychological burden of grandparents and strengthen the whole family system.

Healthy Outcomes through Peer Educators: Feasibility of a peer support diabetes prevention programme for African-American grandmother caregivers.

AIM: To assess the protocol feasibility and intervention acceptability of a community-based, peer support diabetes prevention programme (DPP) for African-American (AA) grandmother caregivers at risk for diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Grandmother caregivers were randomized in a 2:1 ratio to DPP (active comparator) or DPP plus HOPE (Healthy Outcomes through Peer Educators; intervention). DPP + HOPE incorporated support from a peer educator who met with participants in person or by telephone every week during the 1-year intervention. Outcomes included: (1) recruitment rates, outcome assessment, and participation adherence rates assessed quantitatively; and (2) acceptability of the programme assessed through end-of-programme focus groups. RESULTS: We successfully consented and enrolled 78% (n = 35) of the 45 AA grandmothers screened for eligibility. Eighty percent of participants (aged 64.4 ± 5.7 years) were retained up to Week 48 (74% for DPP [n = 17] and 92% for DPP + HOPE [n = 11]). All grandmothers identified social support, neighbourhood safety, and access to grocery stores as influences on their health behaviours. At Month 12, the active comparator (DPP) group and the intervention group (DPP + HOPE) had a mean change in body weight from baseline of -3.5 ± 5.5 (-0.68, -6.29) kg and - 4.4 ± 5.7 (-0.59, -8.2) kg, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This viable study met the aim of educating and equipping AA grandmothers with the practical and sustained support needed to work toward better health for themselves and their grandchildren, who may be at risk for diabetes. The intervention was both feasible and acceptable to participating grandmothers and their organizations.

Multigenerational inequalities of opportunity in health outcomes.

This paper studies multigenerational health transmission mechanisms in Australian panel data. Using inequality-of-opportunity (IOP) models, we demonstrate that grandparental socioeconomic status (SES) is an important determinant of personal health, even after controlling for health and SES at the parental level. Our findings hold over a range of health/biomarkers of individuals' physical and mental well-being and appear to be especially sensitive to educational outcomes on the father's side. Since ingrained socioeconomic (dis)advantages that persist over multiple generations may be indicative of social class, our results suggest that subtle attitudinal and behavioural characteristics associated with this variable may be a key factor driving health disparities.

Revisiting the association between grandparenting and mental health in China: New evidence from the harmonized CHARLS.

BACKGROUND: In the context of the global aging challenge, an increasing number of middle-aged and older adults (MAOAs) are engaging in grandparenting. However, the effect of grandparenting on the mental health of caregivers has shown inconsistent findings. To effectively promote healthy aging, it is imperative to adopt a comprehensive perspective and employ a rigorous approach to further investigate the relationship between these two social phenomena. METHODS: The data from the Harmonized China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study were analyzed, focusing on MAOAs with at least one grandchild. Mental health assessments used the center for epidemiologic studies depression scale scale. The study employed a series of difference-in-differences (DID) models, especially complemented by propensity score matching, to evaluate the average treatment effect for the treated (ATT) on mental health of caregivers, considering covariates like personal and family characteristics. The intervention perspective includes both the provision and cessation of grandparenting. RESULTS: The study found that providing grandchildren care does not have a significant effect on the mental health of grandparents, in comparison to those who have never engaged in such care (ATT = -0.172, T = 0.65, p = 0.517 in the PSM-DID model). Furthermore, ceasing this care also appears to have no substantial effect on the mental health of the caregivers, relative to individuals who have consistently offered grandchildren care (ATT = 0.060, T = 0.26, p = 0.795 in the PSM-DID model). Furthermore, subsequent robustness analyses consistently supported these findings, even when considering data from different survey waves. CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to many prior studies that have reported either positive or negative effects, our research reveals that grandparenting exerts no significant effect on the mental health of MAOAs. Consequently, health practitioners and policymakers should carefully consider the diverse cultural context when tailoring interventions and support strategies.

Grandchildren's Longevity and Their Grandfathers' POW Trauma in the U.S. Civil War.

I document the transmission of a grandfather's net nutritional deprivation and psychosocial stress in young adulthood across multiple generations using the grandfather's ex-prisoner of war (ex-POW) status in the U.S. Civil War (1861-1865). Using a newly created dataset, I uncover an association between a grandfather's ex-POW status and the longevity after age 45 of his sons and male-line grandsons but not of his daughters, granddaughters, female-line grandsons, children-in-law, or grandchildren-in-law. Male-line grandsons lost roughly a year of life at age 45 (4% of remaining life expectancy) if descended from ex-POWs who suffered severe captivity conditions than if descended from non-POWs. If their grandfathers faced a less harsh captivity, male-line grandsons lost less than a year of life compared with those descended from non-POWs. I find that the grandfather's age at exposure and the grandson's education, as well as the son's and the grandson's poor late gestational conditions (proxied by season of birth), mediate this relationship. I rule out socioeconomic status, marriage and mortality selection, and cultural or psychological transmission from grandfathers to grandsons as explanations. I cannot rule out an epigenetic explanation.

Through the eyes of grandparents: an in-depth exploration of the nexus between grandchild caring and the psychological well-being of older grandparents.

BACKGROUND: Grandchild caring has positive as well as negative impact on the grandparents' psychological well-being and the findings are varied by culture and country. METHODS: Present study was intended to understand the relationship between caring for grandchildren and psychological well-being of grandparents living in skipped (SGH) and multi-generational households (MGH) in Indian demographical context. The present research involved In-depth Interviews (IDI) focusing on grandparents above 60 and grandchildren below 18, where the elder played a crucial role in caregiving. The study area was Malda, a district of West Bengal in India. Purposively 24 IDIs were selected. Psychological well-being was measured using open-ended questions. Thematic and content analyses were adopted to understand the perspective of grandparents. RESULTS: Most of the grandparents from SGH reported depression word frequently, while grandparents from MGH reported happy. In the content analysis, grandparents from SGH expressed tension, mental turmoil, and worry about grandchild's future. On the contrary, grandparents from MGH expressed happy, companionship, and worry about grandchild's future. Further, full time caring, compulsive reason behind grandchild caring, and working status were linked with living in SGH and grandchild caring, which were in turn connected with deteriorate psychological health. However, in MGH, a different scenario was observed, most grandparents were partially and non-compulsively engaged in grandchild caring and had expressed positive mental health. CONCLUSIONS: The Findings provide an intervention implication, particularly in the context of India's ageing population and their well-being by acknowledging the influence of household structure, caring intensity, motive behind grandchild caring, and working status on their psychological health. Understanding the importance of these key factors may help the policy maker and the individual to incorporate the most effective intervention to achieve sustainable development goal 3 and healthy ageing.

Barriers and enablers to promoting grandchildren's physical activity and reducing screen time: a qualitative study with Australian grandparents.

BACKGROUND: With an increasing number of grandparents providing care to their grandchildren, calls have been made for these caregivers to be considered important stakeholders in encouraging children's engagement in health-promoting behaviors, such as physical activity. Understanding the perspectives of grandparents who provide care is crucial to informing efforts that aim to increase children's physical activity, yet little is understood about their perceptions of specific barriers and enablers to promoting children's physical activity and reducing screen time. The present study sought to explore these perceptions. METHODS: Semi-structured focus groups and individual interviews were conducted with grandparents who reported providing care to a grandchild aged 3 to 14 years. A total of 20 grandparents were sampled (mean age = 67.8 years). Data were subjected to reflexive thematic analysis. RESULTS: Key reported barriers to physical activity included (i) the effort (physical and logistical) and financial cost associated with organizing physical activities, (ii) grandparents' age and mobility issues (e.g., due to injury or illness), (iii) caring for children of different ages (e.g., older children having different physical activity interests than younger children), and (iv) a local environment that is not conducive to physical activity (e.g., lack of appropriate facilities). Barriers to reducing screen time included (i) parents sending children to care with electronic devices and (ii) children's fear of missing out on social connection that occurs electronically. Strategies and enablers of physical activity included (i) integrating activity into caregiving routines (e.g., walking the dog), (ii) involving grandchildren in decision making (e.g., asking them in which physical activities they wish to engage), (iii) encouraging grandchildren to engage in activity with other children, and (iv) creating a physical and social environment that supports activity (e.g., owning play equipment). A common strategy for reducing screen time was the creation of a home environment that is not conducive to this activity (e.g., removing electronic devices from view). CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that grandparents may benefit from resources that assist them to identify activities that are inexpensive and require minimal effort to organize. Activities that account for grandparents' age and health status, as well as any environmental barriers, are likely to be well-received.

Being both a grandmother and a health worker: experiences of community-based health workers in addressing adolescents' sexual and reproductive health needs in rural Zambia.

INTRODUCTION: Community-based health workers (CBHWs) possess great potential to be the missing link between the community and the formal health system for improving adolescents' access to sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) information and services. Yet, their role in addressing adolescents' SRHR within the context of the community-based health system has received very little attention. This paper analyses how CBHWs experience and perceive their role in addressing adolescents' SRHR needs in rural Zambia, including the possible barriers, dilemmas, and opportunities that emerge as CBHWs work with adolescents. METHODS: Between July and September 2019, we conducted 14 in-depth interviews with 14 community-based health workers recruited across 14 different communities in the central province of Zambia. The interviews were focused on eliciting their experiences and perceptions of providing sexual and reproductive health services to adolescents. Charmaz's grounded theory approach was used for the analysis. RESULTS: We present the core category "being both a grandmother and a CBHW", which builds upon four categories: being educators about sexual and reproductive health; being service providers and a link to SRHR services; being advocates for adolescents' SRHR; and reporting sexual violence. These categories show that CBHWs adopt a dual role of being part of the community (as a grandmother) and part of the health system (as a professional CBHW), in order to create/maximise opportunities and navigate challenges. CONCLUSION: Community-based health workers could be key actors providing context-specific comprehensive SRHR information and services that could span all the boundaries in the community-based health system. When addressing adolescents SRHR, playing dual roles of being both a grandmother and a professional CBHW were sometimes complimentary and at other times conflicting. Additional research is required to understand how to improve the role of CBHWs in addressing adolescents and young people's sexual and reproductive health.

Exploring the shift in newborn care practices among mothers and grandmothers in rural Odisha, India - a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: This study delves into newborn care and infant-feeding practices in rural Odisha, specifically focusing on the rural KBK + region of Odisha (Kalahandi-Bolangir-Koraput region), inhabited predominantly by Schedule Tribes and Schedule Castes individuals. There has been an improvement in the health indicators in these areas in recent times. In the background of improved health indicators in these areas, this research explores the current and changing newborn care practices and attempts to gain insight into people's perceptions of the factors that brought about the changes. METHODS: This qualitative study was conducted between February and July 2023 at Christian Hospital, Bissamcuttack in Odisha. The methodology involved focused group discussions with mothers and grandmothers. RESULTS: Analysis revealed healthy practices like exclusive breastfeeding till six months of age, appropriate timing of the first bath, and prompt healthcare-seeking behavior for minor illnesses among the mothers. The use of cow ghee or breast milk in a baby's eyes, the application of ash on the umbilical cord, and the use of herbal medicines for minor illnesses were practiced more by the grandmothers in the past and were not as popular among the mothers. It is noteworthy that the cultural practices to ward off the 'evil eye' were practiced by both mothers and grandmothers alike. Despite the influence of traditional cultural practices on the beliefs and norms of the community, the study identified a shift in health-seeking behavior, with increased reliance on healthcare providers and safe healthcare practices. The study identifies the pivotal role of Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs) as a bridge between the rural communities and the healthcare system. CONCLUSIONS: This research provides valuable insights for healthcare providers aiming to enhance community-centric safe newborn care practices in rural settings. The emphasis is on the importance of understanding the current and changing local practices. This would help the healthcare providers to encourage healthy practices while eliminating the harmful practices related to newborn care through community workers like ASHA and Anganwadi workers.

Grandmother-grandchild physiological synchrony in Chinese three-generation families: Links with child emotion regulation.

The current study examined the characteristics of physiological synchrony between grandmothers and grandchildren in Chinese three-generation families, and the associations between physiological synchrony and child emotion regulation. The participants included 92 children (age 8-10-year old) and their grandmothers. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) was collected from both grandmothers and their grandchildren throughout a collaborative drawing task and a conflict discussion task. Child emotion regulation was measured using the Children's Emotional Management Scale. We found no evidence for an overall pattern of concordant or discordant synchrony within dyads. Instead, there was great variability in patterns of synchrony across dyads. During the collaborative drawing task, concordance in grandmother's RSA and grandchildren's subsequent RSA was linked with better emotion regulation. During the conflict discussion, concordance in grandmother's RSA and grandchildren's simultaneous RSA was linked with poorer emotion regulation. These results suggest that grandmother-grandchild synchrony in different directions, time lags, and contexts has different influences on children's emotion regulation. The findings of this study highlight the importance of contextual physiological co-regulation between Chinese children and their grandmothers for children's social-emotional development.

The contributions of grandparents to preadolescent grandchildren's social skills in rural Malaysia.

This study aimed to generate localized knowledge by investigating the perceptions and experiences of preadolescent grandchildren and grandparents regarding grandparenting and intergenerational interactions and how these processes were related to the social skills of preadolescents from three ethnic groups in Malaysia. Using a concurrent quantitative-qualitative mixed method research design, Chinese, Malay, and Indian preadolescents (N = 465; ages 9-12 years old; M = 10.27 years; SD = 1.03) from rural areas in Malaysia completed a self-administered quantitative survey; furthermore, 25 grandparents participated in one-on-one interviews. Survey findings showed that preadolescent grandchildren who reported higher grandparental warmth and support had greater social skills, mediated by positive grandparent-grandchildren (GP-GC) relationships. The GP-GC relationship and preadolescent social skills association was stronger for skipped generation compared to three-generation households. Interview findings revealed that grandparents expressed unconditional love and autonomy support in their grandparenting roles by guiding and encouraging their preadolescent grandchildren to make decisions. The GP-GC interactions served as a dynamic force in promoting preadolescents' social skills. By employing a decolonized approach and drawing on the lived experiences of grandparents from three ethnic backgrounds in rural Malaysia, the study provided an understanding of grandparenting practices and their general implications across the three ethnic groups. The interview responses highlighted both commonalities and specificities in grandparenting practices and relationship dynamics shaped by religious, class, and sociocultural dimensions in rural Malaysia.

Evaluation of Prevention Programs for Grandparent Caregivers: a Systematic Review.

This systematic review critically evaluates 21 grandparent-focused prevention programs designed to benefit grandparent caregivers or target grandparent caregivers as agents of change for grandchild development. These grandparent programs were published in 35 peer-reviewed articles in the last 31 years. For each program, we described the phase of development of program (i.e., feasibility, pilot, and efficacy), delivery characteristics, and adaptations of existing evidence-based programs to meet the needs of grandparent caregivers in diverse sociocultural backgrounds. For programs tested under a controlled trial design, we evaluated core components and preliminary effects on targeted outcomes. Most studies targeted grandparents who served as primary or custodial caregivers in the USA, while limited studies targeted supplementary grandparent caregivers. Thirteen programs which were evaluated using pretest-posttest designs demonstrated feasibility and acceptability of the grandparent programs. Moreover, eight programs which were evaluated using randomized-controlled trials (RCTs; 5 pilot and 3 full-scale efficacy trials) demonstrated promising outcomes. Additionally, we identified six core components and 17 specific elements in eight programs evaluated using RCT designs. Overall, we provide a comprehensive critique of this body of literature as well as directions for future studies, including the need to develop programing tailored to grandparent caregivers with unique needs.

Assessing Life's Essential 8 and Adverse Childhood Experiences in Grandparent-Grandchild Co-residing Dyads.

We assessed a subset of behavioral indicators from the American Heart Association Life's Essential 8 cardiovascular health (CVH) construct-diet, physical activity, sleep, and nicotine exposure-and quantified associations in scores between members of 12 grandparent-grandchild dyads (grandparents, 52-70 years old; children, 7-12 years old). We also assessed the number of adverse childhood experiences from the dyads. Using the Life's Essential 8 scoring algorithm (0-100, with 100 as optimal), we calculated averages and used Spearman's ρ correlation to quantify associations. Mean score was 67.5 (±12.4) for grandparents and 63.0 (±11.2) for grandchildren. Mean scores for the dyad members were significantly correlated ( r = 0.66, P < .05). The mean numbers of adverse childhood experiences were 7.0 and 5.8 for the grandparents and grandchildren, respectively. The results indicate that CVH in these dyads was suboptimal and interrelated. Adverse childhood experiences in this analysis surpass levels reported as high risk for poor CVH. Our findings suggest that dyadic-based interventions to improve CVH are warranted.

Interparental Conflict and Early Adolescent Depressive Symptoms: Parent-Child Triangulation as the Mediator and Grandparent Support as the Moderator.

A notable ambiguity persists concerning whether distinct forms of parent-child triangulation (unstable coercive coalition, stable coalition, detouring-attacking, detouring supportive, parentification) might mediate the association between interparental conflict and early adolescent depressive symptoms similarly within the context of Chinese Confucianism. Filling this research gap, this study aimed to examine the mediating role of the five dimensions of parent-child triangulation in the association between interparental conflict and early adolescent depressive symptoms, as well as the moderating effect of grandparent support on this mediating pathway. Data were drawn from a sample of 761 Chinese adolescents (M age = 12.82 ± 0.47, 49.1% girls). Structural equation model analyses indicated that unstable coercive coalition, stable coalition, and detouring-attacking behaviors partially mediated the association between interparental conflict and adolescent depressive symptoms, while detouring-supportive behaviors and parentification did not demonstrate such mediating effects. Unlike Western societies, a negative correlation was observed between interparental conflict and parentification in the context of China. Grandparent support mitigated the adverse effects of both interparental conflict and the unstable coercive coalition on early adolescent depressive symptoms.

Experiences of primary health care nurses regarding the promotion of sexual reproductive health communication with grandparents in Tshwane District, Gauteng Province.

A qualitative, descriptive contextual design study was conducted to explore and describe the experiences of primary health care nurses regarding the promotion of sexual reproductive health communication with grandparents in Tshwane District, Gauteng Province. A non-probability, purposive sampling was used to select 12 Primary Health care nurses based in the Primary health care facilities within Tshwane District. An in-depth interview was used to collect data and Giorgio's five (5) steps were followed during data analysis. Ethical consideration was adhered to by ensuring confidentiality, anonymity, and privacy. All participants signed the consent form to indicate their willingness to participate in the study. Findings of the study revealed the following themes: Primary health care nurses (PHCNs) experiences of sexual and reproductive health communication, and PHCNs experiences of factors facilitating sexual reproductive health (SRH) communication. From the findings it can then be concluded that PHCNs understand facilitating factors to promote open communication with grandparents regarding SRH.

Une étude contextuelle qualitative et descriptive a été menée pour explorer et décrire les expériences des infirmières de soins de santé primaires concernant la promotion de la communication sur la santé sexuelle et reproductive avec les grands-parents dans le district de Tshwane, province de Gauteng. Un échantillonnage non probabiliste et raisonné a été utilisé pour sélectionner 12 infirmières de soins de santé primaires basées dans les établissements de soins de santé primaires du district de Tshwane. Un entretien approfondi a été utilisé pour collecter les données et les cinq (5) étapes de Giorgio ont été suivies lors de l'analyse des données. Des considérations éthiques ont été respectées en garantissant la confidentialité, l'anonymat et la vie privée. Tous les participants ont signé le formulaire de consentement pour indiquer leur volonté de participer à l'étude. Les résultats de l'étude ont révélé les thèmes suivants : les expériences des infirmières de soins de santé primaires (PHCN) en matière de communication sur la santé sexuelle et reproductive, et les expériences des PHCN sur les facteurs facilitant la communication sur la santé sexuelle et reproductive (SSR). À partir des résultats, on peut alors conclure que les PHCN comprennent les facteurs facilitant la promotion d'une communication ouverte avec les grands-parents concernant la SSR.

Grandparents' Experiences of Childhood Cancer: A Qualitative Study.

A child's cancer diagnosis has a significant impact on the lives of grandparents. Grandparents experience the stress of worrying about both their adult children and their grandchildren. Our study aimed to explore the lived experience of grandparents of children diagnosed with cancer. A qualitative design involving semi-structured interviews was used and data were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. Twenty grandparents aged 41 to 77 years were interviewed. Six themes were identified: (a) Diagnosis: changing everything; (b) Aspects of treatment: A different world; (c) Sandwich generation; (d) Family: Worrying about everyone; (e) Balancing work; and (f) It's like suddenly a door opens. Our study demonstrates the life-changing impact of having a grandchild diagnosed with cancer. It expands on existing knowledge and shows that, due to an aging population and demographic changes, some grandparents must juggle the demands of caring for aging family members and working while supporting adult children and grandchildren.