RESUMEN
Monitoring phlebotomine sandflies in urban areas is key for epidemiological studies in susceptible populations. This paper describes sandfly fauna that were present in an urban area of the municipality of Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico, and were captured with Shannon and CDC light traps. During February and March of 2014, 1,442 sandflies were captured, specifically Lutzomyia cruciata (Coquillet) (98.8%), Lutzomyia cayennensis cayennensis (Floch and Abonnenc) (0.8%), Lutzomyia chiapanensis (Dampf) (0.3%) and Lutzomyia atulapai (De León) (0.1%). Lu. cruciata was the most abundant and the most frequently trapped species. This is the first record of its remarkable ability to adapt to urban green areas. The three other species trapped represent new records of geographic distribution for the study region. These results indicate the need to establish measures for reducing both human contact with this vector and the risk of possible sites of infection.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes/aislamiento & purificación , Caesalpinia/química , Conservantes de Alimentos/aislamiento & purificación , Frutas/química , Modelos Químicos , Extractos Vegetales/aislamiento & purificación , Antioxidantes/análisis , Antioxidantes/química , Emulsiones , Etanol/química , Almacenamiento de Alimentos , Flavonoides/análisis , Flavonoides/química , Flavonoides/aislamiento & purificación , Conservantes de Alimentos/análisis , Conservantes de Alimentos/química , Ácido Gálico/análisis , Ácido Gálico/química , Ácido Gálico/aislamiento & purificación , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Oxidación-Reducción , Perú , Análisis de Componente Principal , Fenoles/análisis , Fenoles/química , Fenoles/aislamiento & purificación , Extractos Vegetales/química , España , Solventes/química , Ultrasonido/métodos , Agua/químicaRESUMEN
Aiming to identify new sources of bioactive secondary metabolites, we isolated 82 endophytic fungi from stems and barks of the native Brazilian tree Caesalpinia echinata Lam. (Fabaceae). We tested their ethyl acetate extracts in several in vitro assays. The organic extracts from three isolates showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli [minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) 32-64 μg/mL]. One isolate inhibited the growth of Salmonella typhimurium (MIC 64 μg/mL) and two isolates inhibited the growth of Klebsiella oxytoca (MIC 64 μg/mL), Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis (MIC 64-128 μg/mL). Fourteen extracts at a concentration of 20 μg/mL showed antitumour activities against human breast cancer and human renal cancer cells, while two isolates showed anti-tumour activities against human melanoma cancer cells. Six extracts were able to reduce the proliferation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, indicating some degree of selective toxicity. Four isolates were able to inhibit Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis and one isolate inhibited Trypanosoma cruzi by at least 40% at 20 μg/mL. The trypanocidal extract obtained from Fusarium sp. [KF611679] culture was subjected to bioguided fractionation, which revealed beauvericin as the compound responsible for the observed toxicity of Fusarium sp. to T. cruzi. This depsipeptide showed a half maximal inhibitory concentration of 1.9 μg/mL (2.43 μM) in a T. cruzi cellular culture assay.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Humanos , Antibacterianos/aislamiento & purificación , Conservantes de Alimentos/aislamiento & purificación , Myrica/química , Perciformes/microbiología , Extractos Vegetales/aislamiento & purificación , Hojas de la Planta/química , Alimentos Marinos/microbiología , Antibacterianos/efectos adversos , Antibacterianos/química , China , Calidad de los Alimentos , Almacenamiento de Alimentos , Conservantes de Alimentos/efectos adversos , Conservantes de Alimentos/química , Enfermedades Transmitidas por los Alimentos/microbiología , Enfermedades Transmitidas por los Alimentos/prevención & control , Bacterias Gramnegativas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Bacterias Gramnegativas/aislamiento & purificación , Bacterias Grampositivas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Bacterias Grampositivas/aislamiento & purificación , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Peroxidación de Lípido , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Océano Pacífico , Proteolisis , Extractos Vegetales/efectos adversos , Extractos Vegetales/química , Alimentos Marinos/análisisRESUMEN
An increasingly asked question is 'can we confidently link bats with emerging viruses?'. No, or not yet, is the qualified answer based on the evidence available. Although more than 200 viruses - some of them deadly zoonotic viruses - have been isolated from or otherwise detected in bats, the supposed connections between bats, bat viruses and human diseases have been raised more on speculation than on evidence supporting their direct or indirect roles in the epidemiology of diseases (except for rabies). However, we are convinced that the evidence points in that direction and that at some point it will be proved that bats are competent hosts for at least a few zoonotic viruses. In this review, we cover aspects of bat biology, ecology and evolution that might be relevant in medical investigations and we provide a historical synthesis of some disease outbreaks causally linked to bats. We provide evolutionary-based hypotheses to tentatively explain the viral transmission route through mammalian intermediate hosts and to explain the geographic concentration of most outbreaks, but both are no more than speculations that still require formal assessment.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Humanos , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/aislamiento & purificación , Antioxidantes/aislamiento & purificación , Ácidos Grasos/análisis , Residuos Industriales/análisis , Malus/química , Aceites de Plantas/aislamiento & purificación , Semillas/química , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/efectos adversos , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/economía , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/farmacología , Antioxidantes/efectos adversos , Antioxidantes/economía , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Fenómenos Químicos , Células CHO , Cricetulus , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Suplementos Dietéticos/efectos adversos , Suplementos Dietéticos/economía , Ácidos Grasos no Esterificados/efectos adversos , Ácidos Grasos no Esterificados/análisis , Ácidos Grasos no Esterificados/economía , Ácidos Grasos/efectos adversos , Ácidos Grasos/economía , Conservantes de Alimentos/efectos adversos , Conservantes de Alimentos/economía , Conservantes de Alimentos/aislamiento & purificación , Conservantes de Alimentos/farmacología , Industria de Procesamiento de Alimentos/economía , Frutas/química , Frutas/economía , India , Residuos Industriales/economía , Ácido Linoleico/efectos adversos , Ácido Linoleico/análisis , Ácido Linoleico/economía , Ácido Oléico/efectos adversos , Ácido Oléico/análisis , Ácido Oléico/economía , Aceites de Plantas/química , Aceites de Plantas/economía , Aceites de Plantas/farmacologíaRESUMEN
This study was developed in order to evaluate two alternatives for the control of Listeria monocytogenes in raw bovine meat pieces, both based on the use of Thymus vulgaris and Rosmarinus officinalis essential oils (EOs). The antilisterial activity of different concentrations of the EOs was tested in vitro using agar dilution and disk volatilization techniques. In addition, L. monocytogenes was inoculated in meat pieces, which were submerged in edible gelatin coatings containing 2% (v/v) EOs or submitted to the vapor of EOs (0.74 μL.cm-3). L. monocytogenes was quantified after one, 48 and 96 hours of storage (7 °C). In the in vitro tests, the EO of T. vulgaris presented higher activity. The two options used (edible gelatin coating and vapor activity), in spite of exercising effects with differentiated behaviors, presented antibacterial activity against L. monocytogenes inoculated in raw bovine meat (p < 0.05). Greatest antibacterial activity were obtained in the experiment that used edible coatings containing EOs, at 48 hours of storage reductions in bacterial counts between 1.09 and 1.25 Log CFU.g-1 were obtained. In the vapor effect experiment, the EO of T. vulgaris caused the highest reduction in the population of bacteria inoculated in raw bovine meat (p < 0.05), 0.40 Log CFU.g-1 at 96 hours of storage. This study supplied important information regarding new and promising natural alternatives, based on the concept of active packaging, for the control of L. monocytogenes in the meat industry.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Bovinos , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Conservantes de Alimentos/farmacología , Listeria monocytogenes/efectos de los fármacos , Carne/microbiología , Aceites Volátiles/farmacología , Thymus (Planta)/química , Antibacterianos/aislamiento & purificación , Carga Bacteriana , Conservantes de Alimentos/aislamiento & purificación , Listeria monocytogenes/crecimiento & desarrollo , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Aceites Volátiles/aislamiento & purificación , Rosmarinus/química , TemperaturaRESUMEN
The aim of this study was to assess the activity of essential oil extracted from the leaves of C. blanchetianus Baill, popularly known as "marmeleiro", in inhibiting the growth and survival of pathogenic microorganisms in food by determining their survival in vitro and by observing the behaviour of Listeria monocytogenes inoculated into a food model (meat cubes) that was stored at refrigeration temperature (7 ± 1 ºC) for 4 days. The results indicated a bactericidal effect against Aeromonas hydrophila and Listeria monocytogenes and bacteriostatic action against Salmonella Enteritidis. A bacteriostatic effect on meat contaminated with L. monocytogenes was found for all concentrations of essential oils tested. These results showed that essential oil from the leaves of C. blanchetianus Baill represents an alternative source of potentially natural antimicrobial agents that may be used as a food preservative.
Asunto(s)
Aeromonas hydrophila/efectos de los fármacos , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Aceite de Crotón/farmacología , Croton/química , Listeria monocytogenes/efectos de los fármacos , Aceites Volátiles/farmacología , Salmonella enteritidis/efectos de los fármacos , Antibacterianos/aislamiento & purificación , Carga Bacteriana , Aceite de Crotón/aislamiento & purificación , Conservantes de Alimentos/aislamiento & purificación , Conservantes de Alimentos/farmacología , Viabilidad Microbiana/efectos de los fármacos , Aceites Volátiles/aislamiento & purificación , Hojas de la Planta/química , TemperaturaRESUMEN
This research evaluated the antimicrobial effect of the clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf.) essential oils (EOs) against Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19117 growth added to bovine ground meat stored under refrigeration (5 ± 2 °C) for three days. The EOs, extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), were tested in vitro using an agar well diffusion methodology for determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). The MIC concentrations for both essential oils on culture tested of L. monocytogenes were 1.56%. The EOs concentrations applied in contaminated ground beef were 1.56, 3.125 and 6.25% (w/v) based on MIC levels and possible activity reductions by food constituents. The bacteria populations were significantly reduced (p < 0.05) after one day of storage in ground meat samples treated with clove and lemongrass EOs at concentrations of 1.56%. There were no significant counts of L. monocytogenes in samples at the other concentrations of the two oils applied after the second day of storage. The sensory acceptability evaluation of the bovine ground meat samples treated with EOs showed that the addition at concentrations higher than 1.56% promote undesirable alterations of taste, odor and characteristic color. The application of EOs at low concentrations in food products can be used in combination with other preservation methods, such as refrigeration, to control pathogens and spoilage bacteria during shelf-life; which goes according to current market trends, where consumers are requesting natural products.