Fibroblast growth factor 23-mediated regulation of osteoporosis: Assessed via Mendelian randomization and in vitro study.

Despite numerous investigations on the influence of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), α-Klotho and FGF receptor-1 (FGFR1) on osteoporosis (OP), there is no clear consensus. Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was conducted on genome-wide association studies (GWASs)-based datasets to evaluate the causal relationship between FGF23, α-Klotho, FGFR1 and OP. The primary endpoint was the odds ratio (OR) of the inverse-variance weighted (IVW) approach. Furthermore, we stably transfected FGF23-mimic or siRNA-FGF23 into human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) in culture and determined its cell proliferation and the effects on osteogenic differentiation. Using MR analysis, we demonstrated a strong correlation between serum FGF23 levels and Heel- and femoral neck-BMDs, with subsequent ORs of 0.919 (95% CI: 0.860-0.983, p = 0.014) and 0.751 (95% CI: 0.587-0.962; p = 0.023), respectively. The expression levels of FGF23 were significantly increased in femoral neck of patients with OP than in the control cohort (p < 0.0001). Based on our in vitro investigation, after overexpression of FGF23, compared to the control group, the BMSC's proliferation ability decreased, the expression level of key osteogenic differentiation genes (RUNX2, OCN and OSX) significantly reduced, mineralized nodules and ALP activity significantly decreased. After silencing FGF23, it showed a completely opposite trend. Augmented FGF23 levels are causally associated with increased risk of OP. Similarly, FGF23 overexpression strongly inhibits the osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs, thereby potentially aggravating the pathological process of OP.

Capsular attachment on the anterosuperior femoral head-neck junction: A hypothesis about femoroacetabular impingement.

Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI), characterized by a pathological contact between the proximal femur and acetabulum, is a common precursor of hip osteoarthritis. Cam morphology is a bony prominence that causes FAI and frequently forms on the anterosuperior femoral head-neck junction. Despite anatomical consensus regarding the femoral head-neck junction as a boundary area covered by the articular cartilage and joint capsule, it remains unclear whether the joint capsule is continuous with the anterosuperior articular cartilage. For the anatomical consideration of cam morphology formation, this study aimed to investigate the histological characteristics of the capsular attachment on the anterosuperior femoral head-neck junction, particularly focusing on the presence or absence of continuity of the joint capsule to the articular cartilage. A total of 21 anterosuperior regions (seven hips each for the 12:00, 1:30, and 3:00 positions) from seven hips (three males and four females; mean age at death, 68.7 years) were histologically analyzed in this study for quantitative evaluation of the capsular thickness using histological sections stained with Masson's trichrome, as well as qualitative evaluation of the capsular attachment. The present study showed that the joint capsule, which folded proximally to the femoral head-neck junction from the recess, exhibited a blend of the fibrous and synovial regions. Notably, it not only continued with the superficial layer of the articular cartilage, but also attached to the articular cartilage via the fibrocartilage. This continuous region was relatively fibrous with dense connective tissue running in the longitudinal direction. The capsular thickness at the recess point (mean, 1.7 ± 0.9 mm) and those at the distal end of the articular cartilage (0.35 ± 0.16 mm) were significantly greater than the control value for the most superficial layer thickness of the articular cartilage (0.019 ± 0.003 mm) (Dunnett's T3, both p-value <0.001). Based on the fibrous continuity between the joint capsule and articular cartilage and its thickness, this study suggests the anatomical possibility that some mechanical stress can be transmitted from the joint capsule to the articular cartilage at the frequent sites of cam morphology.

Infantile Myofibromatosis of the Femoral Neck: A Case Report.

CASE: A 15-month-old boy who was being followed for developmental dysplasia of the hip because of breech presentation was discovered to have a solitary infantile myofibroma in the left femoral neck. The patient was avoiding weight-bearing on the affected extremity; thus, stabilization of the femoral neck was performed using a proximal femur locking plate. Postoperatively, he achieved all gross motor developmental milestones. CONCLUSION: This report is the first to describe a solitary infantile myofibroma in the femoral neck and demonstrates the utility of operative stabilization of these lesions.

Age and sex are excellent predictors of bone complications in patients with type 2 diabetes with no history of osteoporotic fracture or treatment for osteoporosis.

OBJECTIVE: To identify patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with no history of fracture or osteoporosis treatment who are at risk of bone complications through the assessment of bone quality and quantity. METHODS: Of the outpatients attending our clinic during 2021 to 2022, we retrospectively enrolled 137 (men/women: 85/52, median age: 65 years) consecutive patients aged ≥40 years who had T2DM but no history of fracture or osteoporosis treatment. The lumbar spine and femoral neck bone mineral density and the trabecular bone score were determined using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Independent factors associated with bone disease were identified using logistic regression analysis, and odds ratios (ORs) were calculated. RESULTS: Age and female sex were significantly associated with high ORs for development of bone disease. The integrated risk of bone complications was nearly 40-fold higher in older (≥65 years) women than in younger (<65 years) men. This difference remained after adjustment for the duration of T2DM, body mass index, and HbA1c level. CONCLUSIONS: Older women have the highest risk of osteopenia and osteoporosis among patients with T2DM who have no history of fracture or osteoporosis treatment. These patients should undergo intensive monitoring for bone fragility from an early stage of their disease.

Osteoma osteoide de cuello femoral: A propósito de un caso / Femoral neck osteoid osteoma: about a case

El osteoma osteoide es un tumor óseo benigno, de pequeño tamaño, sin potencial de crecimiento. Habitualmente se considera a los tumores óseos benignos y malignos como una causa poco frecuente de cojera en apirexia, siendo más frecuentes las patologías inflamatorias inespecíficas como la sinovitis transitoria de cadera, la enfermedad de Perthes y la condropatía conjugal del adolescente. Se presenta el caso clínico de un escolar de 8 años con una cojera dolorosa en apirexia de 4 meses de evolución con sospecha imagenológica de osteoma osteoide de cuello de fémur. Se decide realizar prueba terapéutica con ácido acetilsalicílico. A las 24 horas el niño se encontraba asintomático. Se indicó procedimiento quirúrgico de resección mediante punción bajo tomografía axial computada. El diagnóstico se confirmó mediante anatomía patológica. Se realizó resección completa del tumor con buena evolución. Es importante desde el punto de vista pediátrico realizar un correcto diagnóstico diferencial entre las diferentes causas de cojera dolorosa en apirexia, basándonos en la historia clínica y la imagenología.

Osteoid osteomas are small benign bone tumors which lack growth potential. All bone tumors, whether benign or malign, are considered a rare cause of apyretic limping, being non-specific inflammatory diseases more frequent, such as transient synovitis of the hip, Perthes disease and adolescent conjugal chondropathy. The study presents the clinical case of an 8 year old school boy with a 4 month evolution painful apyretic limp, being there a suspicion of femoral neck osteoid osteoma according to imaging studies. Therapeutic trial of acetylsalicylic acid was performed. Twenty four hours later the boy was asymptomatic. A tomography-guided puncture was indicated. Clinical diagnosis was pathologically confirmed. Subsequently, complete surgical resection of the tumor was performed, the evolution being favorable. From a pediatric perspective it is important to make an accurate differential diagnosis between the different possible causes of painful apyretic limp, based on clinical history and imaging studies.

Validação diagnóstica da densitometria óssea de antebraço para o rastreamento da desmineralização óssea axial / Validation study of forearm bone densitometry for axial bone demineralization screening

Osteoporose é caracterizada pela diminuição da massa óssea e deterioração da micro-arquitetura, que eleva o risco global de fratura, diminui a expectativa e a qualidade de vida. É a doença ósseo-metabólica mais prevalente e de grande impacto sócio-econômico, considerada mundialmente um dos agravos mais importantes para a saúde pública. Apesar da OMS ter definido o DXA de coluna e fêmur, como padrão-ouro para diagnóstico, prognóstico e monitoramento da densidade mineral óssea, segundo o T-Score: -1,0DP - DMO normal; = -1,0DP a - 2,5DP - osteopenia; = -2,5DP - osteoporose, com risco de fratura duplicado, a cada aumento de -1,0DP, é inviável economicamente e se questiona a extrapolação do TS como medida de referência. Como os DXA de antebraço são mais baratos, simples e portáteis, além de emitirem menos radiação, são indicados para rastreamento de desmineralização óssea axial ou orientação terapêutica, caso o TS seja = -1,0DP. Este estudo objetivou avaliar o desempenho da densitometria do antebraço, utilizando o TS = -1,0DP, frente a baixa massa óssea axial; e, validar as DMO do rádio distal e do ultradistal, para o rastreamento da desmineralização óssea axial. Foram estudadas 189 mulheres (50-65 anos), saudáveis e na pós-menopausa, através de densitometrias periféricas e axiais. Para avaliar a habilidade do TS = - 1,0DP do novo teste, em diagnosticar pacientes com baixa massa óssea no padrãoouro, utilizaram-se indicadores de validação diagnóstica. A curva ROC identificou limiares das DMO de antebraço mais sensíveis e acurados. O teste de McNemar comparou os indicadores utilizando o TS e a DMO. Estipulou-se a significância estatística em 0,05. Os sítios do antebraço, utilizando o TS, apresentaram-se mais específicos (81 por cento-83 por cento) que sensíveis (64 por cento-63 por cento), com acurácia de quase 68 por cento, para rastreamento de desmineralização óssea na coluna. As DMO = 0,488g/cm2 do rádio distal e = 0,388g/cm2 do ultradistal, frente ao TS da coluna, elevaram a sensibilidade e a acurácia para 90 por cento e 80 por cento, diminuíram a especificidade para 60 por cento e as prevalências quase se equipararam à do padrão-ouro (79 por cento-81 por cento). A utilização do TS para diagnosticar baixa massa óssea axial, comprometeu a habilidade da densitometria do antebraço; enquanto a capacidade da mesma em selecionar corretamente mulheres saudáveis e na pós-menopausa com maior propensão a desmineralização óssea na coluna, e que se beneficiariam mais em confirmar esse diagnóstico ou iniciar uma terapêutica, ajustou-se após emprego das DMO.

Doença de Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease: correlação entre o tempo de evolução clínica e o respectivo aspecto radiográfico / Legg-Calve-Perthes disease: correlation between the time of clinical evolution and the corresponding radiographic aspect

Objetivo: Organizar um quadro radiográfico evolutivo natural da doença de Legg-Calvé-Perthes (DLCP), baseado no estudo de 185 quadris com comprometimento unilateral, virgens de tratamento na data da primeira consulta, com o propósito de correlacionar o respectivo tempo de evolução clínica com o aspecto radiográfico de cada uma das estruturas da articulação coxofemoral da criança, envolvidas no processo. Métodos: Os casos foram separados em três grupos etários: grupo I menor de seis anos, grupo II de seis a 7,9 anos, grupo III maior de oito anos, de acordo com a data dos primeiros sintomas. Em cada grupo etário as radiografias foram reunidas, separadamente, por intervalo de tempo de evolução clínica de quatro em quatro meses, formando uma seqüência cronológica evolutiva. Em cada caso foram estudados vários aspectos radiográficos evolutivos: osteoepífise (forma); condroepífise cupuliforme (ossificação encondral nas regiões suprafisial e metafisária); colo femoral (alargamento nas bordas medial e lateral) e acetábulo (concavidade). Resultados: EVOLUÇÃO RADIOGRÁFICA: 1) DA FORMA DA OSTEOEPÍFISE. De zero a quatro meses a osteoepífise apresentou-se toda condensada, com forma simétrica com o lado oposto, ou com leve redução da altura, sem ôfragmentaçãoõ. O início da fragmentação surgiu no quinto mês. Nenhum caso estava completamente reconstituído com 25 meses e mais de evolução clínica. 2) REGIÃO SUPRAFISÁRIA. A neoformação óssea encondral na região suprafisária era inexistente na maioria dos casos, com zero a quatro meses de evolução. Dos cinco aos oito meses, havia predomínio de casos com pequenas condensações ôflousõ em localização medial, lateral e late-ral/medial. Dos nove aos 12 meses, a confluência dos núcleos ôflousõ era bem definida em 60% dos casos

Tratamiento farmacologico del osteoma osteoide. A proposito de 4 casos / Therapy of osteoid osteoma. Four case reports

Se presentan cuatro pacientes con diagnostico presuntivo de osteoma osteoide tratados con medicacion antiinflamatoria no esteroidea (Naproxeno 500 mg). Se obtuvo la remision de los sintomas a los 6 meses sin registrarse complicaciones inherentes al tratamiento en ninguno de los casos. El tratamiento farmacologico de esta lesion es una excelente opcion, sobre todo en localizaciones espinales o pelvicas en donde otros procedimientos invasivos podrian asociarse a morbilidad considerable. El costo del tratamiento es razonable no superando al de los tratamientos mas agresivos.