Effect of α-blockers on Handgrip Test Response of Diastolic Blood Pressure in Hypertensive, Benign Hypertrophy of Prostate Patients in a Therapeutics Clinic, Kolkata: A Cross-sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: The isometric handgrip (IHG) test is commonly used to detect sympathetic autonomic dysfunction. Tamsulosin, approved for the management of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), acts as an antagonist for α1-adrenergic receptors (α1-AR), whereas prazosin, an α1 receptor blocker, being less selective than tamsulosin, is used as an antihypertensive agent clinically. Our objective was to investigate if there is a distinction in blood pressure (BP) increase during IHG exercise between individuals with essential hypertension taking tamsulosin compared to those taking prazosin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional observational study was performed on 50 subjects receiving tablet prazosin and 47 subjects receiving tamsulosin, who were asked to undergo an IHG test. Pre- and posttest BP was recorded for both the groups, and the difference in diastolic BP (DBP) (delta DBP) was compared between the groups and to their respective baseline values. RESULTS: Post-IHG test, mean DBP was found to be 93.98 ± 9.13 mm Hg in the prazosin group and 101.00 ± 12.05 mm Hg in the tamsulosin group, respectively. The change of delta DBP in the tamsulosin group was significant, but the prazosin group showed an insignificant rise in DBP. CONCLUSION: Prazosin, being less selective than tamsulosin in terms of α1 receptor antagonism, showed suppression of BP during IHG. Tamsulosin demonstrates high selectivity for prostatic receptors while showing minimal affinity for vascular receptors. As a result, its impact on BP is expected to be minimal.

Randomized controlled pilot trial of prazosin for prophylaxis of posttraumatic headaches in active-duty service members and veterans.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of prazosin for prophylaxis of headaches following mild traumatic brain injury in active-duty service members and military veterans. BACKGROUND: Prazosin is an alpha-1 adrenoreceptor antagonist that reduces noradrenergic signaling. An open-label trial in which prazosin reduced headache frequency in veterans following mild traumatic brain injury provided the rationale for this pilot study. METHODS: A 22-week parallel-group randomized controlled trial  which included 48 military veterans and active-duty service members with mild traumatic brain injury-related headaches was performed. The study design was based on International Headache Society consensus guidelines for randomized controlled trials for chronic migraine. Following a pre-treatment baseline phase, participants with at least eight qualifying headache days per 4 weeks were randomized 2:1 to prazosin or placebo. After a 5-week titration to a maximum possible dose of 5 mg (morning) and 20 mg (evening), participants were maintained on the achieved dose for 12 weeks. Outcome measures were evaluated in 4-week blocks during the maintenance dose phase. The primary outcome measure was change in 4-week frequency of qualifying headache days. Secondary outcome measures were percent participants achieving at least 50% reduction in qualifying headache days and change in Headache Impact Test-6 scores. RESULTS: Intent-to-treat analysis of randomized study participants (prazosin N = 32; placebo N = 16) demonstrated greater benefit over time in the prazosin group for all three outcome measures. In prazosin versus placebo participants, reductions from baseline to the final rating period for 4-week headache frequency were -11.9 ± 1.0 (mean ± standard error) versus -6.7 ± 1.5, a prazosin minus placebo difference of -5.2 (-8.8, -1.6 [95% confidence interval]), p = 0.005 and for Headache Impact Test-6 scores were -6.0 ± 1.3 versus +0.6 ± 1.8, a difference of -6.6 (-11.0, -2.2), p = 0.004. The mean predicted percent of participants at 12 weeks with ≥50% reduction in headache days/4 weeks, baseline to final rating, was 70 ± 8% for prazosin (21/30) versus 29 ± 12% for placebo (4/14), odds ratio 5.8 (1.44, 23.6), p = 0.013. The trial completion rate of 94% in the prazosin group (30/32) and 88% in the placebo group (14/16) indicated that prazosin was generally well tolerated at the administered dose regimen. Morning drowsiness/lethargy was the only adverse effect that differed significantly between groups, affecting 69% of the prazosin group (22/32) versus 19% of the placebo group (3/16), p = 0.002. CONCLUSIONS: This pilot study provides a clinically meaningful efficacy signal for prazosin prophylaxis of posttraumatic headaches. A larger randomized controlled trial is needed to confirm and extend these promising results.

Psychosocial treatments for nightmares in adults and children: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: As nightmares may be a risk factor for, or symptom of, multiple psychological disorders, some researchers suggest that nightmares should be screened, diagnosed, and treated. Treatments for nightmares include trauma-focused Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and Image Rehearsal Therapy, and pharmacological interventions such as prazosin and nitrazepam. As recent research has put into question our current understanding of treatment efficacy, there is a need to systematically review findings related to the effectiveness of nightmare treatments to inform best practice. The current review assessed the efficacy of psychosocial treatments of nightmare in all cohorts. METHODS: A systematic search of four databases for peer reviewed journal articles from 2000 onwards produced 69 (35 RCTs, 34 non-RCTs) eligible articles that underwent narrative synthesis. RESULTS: The results provide strong evidence for exposure and image rehearsal treatments for the reduction of nightmare frequency, severity, and distress, in civilian, military, idiopathic, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) cohorts. There is emerging evidence that self-guided and brief treatment modalities offer efficient and effective treatment options. There is an urgent need for clinical trials of treatment effectiveness in children. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that treatments for nightmares are most effective when they facilitate a sense of control or mastery by directly targeting the nightmare content and/or the client's emotional responses to the nightmare content. TRIAL REGISTRATION: A review protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020204861).

Alcohol withdrawal symptoms predict corticostriatal dysfunction that is reversed by prazosin treatment in alcohol use disorder.

Chronic alcohol use increases risk of alcohol withdrawal symptoms (AW) and disrupts stress biology and resilient coping, thereby promoting excessive alcohol intake. Chronic alcohol intake and multiple alcohol detoxifications are known to impair brain medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and striatal functioning, regions involved in regulating stress, craving and alcohol intake. In two related studies, we examined whether AW predicts this functional brain pathology and whether Prazosin versus Placebo treatment may reverse these effects. In Study 1, patients with Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) (N = 45) with varying AW levels at treatment entry were assessed to examine AW effects on corticostriatal responses to stress, alcohol cue and neutral visual images with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In Study 2, 23 AUD patients entering a 12-week randomised controlled trial (RCT) of Prazosin, an alpha1 adrenergic antagonist that decreased withdrawal-related alcohol intake in laboratory animals, participated in two fMRI sessions at pretreatment and also at week 9-10 of chronic treatment (Placebo: N = 13; Prazosin: N = 10) to assess Prazosin treatment effects on alcohol-related cortico-striatal dysfunction. Study 1 results indicated that higher AW predicted greater disruption in brain mPFC and striatal response to stress and alcohol cues (p < 0.001, family-wise error [FWE] correction) and also subsequently greater heavy drinking days (HDD) in early treatment (p < 0.01). In Study 2, Prazosin versus Placebo treatment reversed mPFC-striatal dysfunction (p < 0.001, FWE), which in turn predicted fewer drinking days (p < 0.01) during the 12-week treatment period. These results indicate that AW is a significant predictor of alcohol-related prefrontal-striatal dysfunction, and Prazosin treatment reversed these effects that in turn contributed to improved alcohol treatment outcomes.

Prazosin improves neurogenic acute heart failure through downregulation of fibroblast growth factor 23 in rat hearts.

Bilateral nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) lesions, possibly caused by enterovirus 71 infection, cause severe neurogenic hypertension, leading to acute heart failure (HF), pulmonary edema, and death within hours. Alpha-adrenergic blockers attenuate blood pressure and ameliorate HF and pulmonary edema, thereby prolonging survival time. However, the molecular mechanisms of these blockers are not clear. In this study, we investigated these mechanisms in a rat model of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced HF. Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with prazosin 10 min after the microinjection of 6-OHDA into the NTS. Immunohistochemistry and dihydroethidium (DHE) staining were used for analysis. In the cardiac tissue of 6-OHDA-induced HF, in situ expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23), and FGF receptor 1 (FGFR1) increased, but in situ expression of Vitamin D receptor (VDR) decreased. DHE staining revealed several heart cells with high reactive oxygen species production. Prazosin treatment decreased TNF-α, FGF23, and FGFR1 expression in the heart of rats with 6-OHDA-induced HF. It also prevented cardiomyopathy caused by 6-OHDA-induced bilateral NTS lesions by inhibiting the FGF23-FGFR1 pathway and downregulating TNF-α expression. In situ, FGF23, FGFR1, VDR, superoxide, and TNF-α in the heart were found to be involved in acute HF in our rat model of 6-OHDA-induced bilateral NTS lesions. These findings are potentially useful for treating fatal enterovirus 71 infection-induced NTS lesions and HF.

Kidney, Cardiac, and Safety Outcomes Associated With α-Blockers in Patients With CKD: A Population-Based Cohort Study.

RATIONALE & OBJECTIVES: Alpha-blockers (ABs) are commonly prescribed for control of resistant or refractory hypertension in patients with and without chronic kidney disease (CKD). The association between AB use and kidney, cardiac, mortality, and safety-related outcomes in CKD remains unknown. STUDY DESIGN: Population-based retrospective cohort study. SETTINGS & PARTICIPANTS: Ontario (Canada) residents 66 years and older treated for hypertension in 2007 to 2015 without a prior prescription for an AB. EXPOSURES: New use of an AB versus new use of a non-AB blood pressure (BP)-lowering medication. OUTCOMES: 30% or greater estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) decline; dialysis initiation or kidney transplantation (kidney replacement therapy); composite of acute myocardial infarction, coronary revascularization, congestive heart failure, or atrial fibrillation; safety (hypotension, syncope, falls, and fractures) events; and mortality. ANALYTICAL APPROACH: New users of ABs (doxazosin, terazosin, and prazosin) were matched to new users of non-ABs by a high dimensional propensity score. Cox proportional hazards and Fine and Gray models were used to examine the association of AB use with kidney, cardiac, mortality, and safety outcomes. Interactions by eGFR categories (≥90, 60-89, 30-59, and<30mL/min/1.73m2) were explored. RESULTS: Among 381,120 eligible individuals, 16,088 were dispensed ABs and matched 1:1 to non-AB users. AB use was associated with higher risk for≥30% eGFR decline (HR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.08-1.21) and need for kidney replacement therapy (HR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.13-1.44). eGFR level did not modify these associations, P interaction=0.3and 0.3, respectively. Conversely, AB use was associated with lower risk for cardiac events, which was also consistent across eGFR categories (HR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.89-0.95; P interaction=0.1). AB use was also associated with lower mortality risk, but only among those with eGFR<60mL/min/1.73m2 (P interaction<0.001): HRs were 0.85 (95% CI, 0.78-0.93) and 0.71 (95% CI, 0.64-0.80) for eGFR of 30 to 59 and<30mL/min/1.73m2, respectively. LIMITATIONS: Observational design, BP measurement data unavailable. CONCLUSIONS: AB use in CKD is associated with higher risk for kidney disease progression but lower risk for cardiac events and mortality compared with alternative BP-lowering medications.

Prazosin for treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Prazosin has been an accepted treatment for patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) who experience sleep disturbances, including nightmares. Results of a recent large randomized control trial did not find benefit of prazosin vs placebo in improving such outcomes. A meta-analysis that includes this most recent trial was conducted to examine the pooled effect of prazosin vs placebo on sleep disturbances and overall PTSD symptoms in patients with PTSD. METHODS: A systematic review of the published literature on trials comparing prazosin vs placebo for improvement of overall PTSD scores, nightmares, and sleep quality was conducted. Hedges' g standardized mean differences (SMD) between prazosin and placebo were calculated for each outcome across studies. RESULTS: Six randomized placebo-controlled studies representing 429 patients were included in the analysis, including two studies with a crossover design. Results showed prazosin significantly improved overall PTSD scores (SMD = -0.31; 95% confidence intervals [CI]: -0.62, -0.01), nightmares (SMD = -0.75; 95% CI: -1.24, -0.27), and sleep quality (SMD = -0.57; 95% CI: -1.02, -0.13). In the largest trial, prazosin showed a reduction in clinical outcome measures similar to past studies, but a relatively large placebo effect size, particularly for nightmares, contributed to no treatment differences. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the results of a recent, large randomized study, pooled effect estimates show that prazosin has a statistically significant benefit on PTSD symptoms and sleep disturbances. Limitations that should be considered include heterogeneity of study design and study populations as well as the small number of studies conducted and included in this meta-analysis.

Pharmacological management of post-traumatic stress disorder and its associated nightmares: A survey of psychiatrists.

WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE: To describe the pharmacological management of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) by psychiatrists, with a focus on their use of clinical guidelines and the role of prazosin for nightmares. METHODS: An online survey of Australian and New Zealand psychiatrists was conducted. Aspects included respondent demographics, familiarity and usage of guidelines for PTSD, and opinions on the safety and efficacy of prazosin for PTSD-associated nightmares. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: A total of 157 responses were recorded, 106 of which were complete. The most frequently used guideline for PTSD management was over 10 years old and used by only 48% of respondents. Peer-reviewed scientific journals were the most common additional source used by psychiatrists to inform their practice. For the targeted treatment of nightmares, 35 different medications had been trialled by respondents. Prazosin had been prescribed by 86% of psychiatrists for PTSD-associated nightmares, with only 2% reporting it to be ineffective in reducing nightmare frequency and/or intensity. Psychiatrists who were familiar with prazosin-mentioning guidelines (P < .05) and those who more frequently treat patients with PTSD (P < .01) were most likely to have prescribed prazosin. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION: Psychiatrists generally do not rely on guidelines to inform the treatment of PTSD. Off-label prescription of prazosin for PTSD-associated nightmares occurs frequently, with positive perceived outcomes, despite conflicting published evidence and a lack of local guideline recommendations for its use.

Echocardiographic Evaluation of the Response to Prazosin Treatment in Scorpion Sting.

BACKGROUND: Scorpion envenomation is a major public health problem in children that can induce lethal neurological, respiratory and cardiovascular complications. We aimed to evaluate cardiovascular complications with a follow-up of envenomed children for 1 month for possibility of incomplete recovery. METHODS: This was a prospective study conducted for children who presented with scorpion sting to Emergency and Intensive Care units. Demographic, clinical and laboratory findings of patients were recorded. Cases with suspected clinical and electrocardiographic manifestations of myocarditis were subjected to bedside echocardiography with follow-up at the end of the first week and the first month. RESULTS: Scorpion sting cases presented to our hospital were 81 cases during 1-year study; of them, 17 cases were stable without systemic manifestations after 12 h observation and discharged. Sixty-four cases suffered systemic organic complications and needed ICU admission; their mean age was 11.52 ± 3.74 and 64% of them were males. Twenty-eight of admitted cases showed manifestations of myocarditis and by echocardiography, all of them had evidence of left ventricular dysfunction. On follow-up, there was significant improvement at the end of first week and complete improvement at the end of first month except three cases who died due to pulmonary edema and cardiogenic shock. CONCLUSION: Acute toxic myocarditis is a common and an important cause of morbidity and mortality following scorpion envenomation that necessitates early and aggressive management. High index of suspicion, serial electrocardiogram monitoring and echocardiography are three integrative lines required to recognize this serious complication. Lay summaryAcute toxic myocarditis is a common cause of morbidity and mortality following scorpion envenomation that necessitates rapid medical treatment. We aimed to evaluate cardiovascular complications after scorpion sting with a follow-up of envenomed children for 1 month for possibility of incomplete recovery. Tachycardia was the most frequent observed cardiac sign followed by hypotension, while the least was bradycardia and hypertension. All cases with manifestations suggestive of myocarditis were evaluated by bedside two-dimensional echocardiography and showed evidence of left ventricular dysfunction, that begin to regress within 1 week of treatment unless progressive pulmonary edema and resistant cardiogenic shock occurred. On follow-up for survivors, complete improvement at the end of first month was noticed. Clinical suspicion, serial ECG monitoring and echocardiography are required for rapid and early diagnosis. Early use of prazosin therapy can prevent long-term residual damage as evidenced by echocardiographic evaluation.

Terazosin Stimulates Pgk1 to Remedy Gastrointestinal Disorders.

Gastrointestinal disease is the most common health concern that occurs due to environmental, infectious, immunological, psychological, and genetic stress. Among them, the most frequent diseases are gastric ulcer (GU) and ulcerative colitis (UC). DSS-induced UC and ethanol-stimulated GU models resemble the pathophysiology of human gastrointestinal disease. The current study was designed to explore the anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-cell death properties of terazosin, an α-adrenergic receptor antagonist, in vivo and in vitro. Our results indicate that terazosin dramatically activates Pgk1, and upregulates glycose metabolism, evidenced by the enhanced ATP production and higher LDH enzymatic activity. Also, terazosin significantly enhances p-AKT expression and inhibits NF-κB p65 activation through abrogating the phosphorylation of IKBα, as well as lowers Caspase-1 and GSDMD expression. The findings in this study demonstrate that terazosin exhibits anti-inflammatory effects by downregulating NF-κB-GSDMD signal pathway, along with enhancing glycolysis for gastrointestinal disease treatment. Meanwhile, we also find terazosin ameliorates ethanol-induced gastric mucosal damage in mice. Collectively, as a clinical drug, terazosin should be translated into therapeutics for gastrointestinal disease soon.

Effects of Prazosin on Provoked Alcohol Craving and Autonomic and Neuroendocrine Response to Stress in Alcohol Use Disorder.

BACKGROUND: Chronic alcohol use results in changes to stress biology and autonomic arousal contributing to acute alcohol withdrawal symptoms, neuroendocrine tolerance of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responses, high stress-induced craving, and risk of alcohol relapse. Thus, stress coping and recovery from alcohol during early abstinence may be jeopardized by such stress system dysfunction. Significant preclinical evidence suggests that noradrenergic disruption may contribute to these alcohol-related stress arousal changes and that alpha-1 adrenergic antagonists, such as prazosin, may normalize these stress system adaptations and reduce alcohol intake. Thus, we hypothesized that prazosin would reduce stress-induced craving and improve neuroendocrine and autonomic response to stress and alcohol cue exposure during early abstinence. We secondarily also assessed the role of lifetime anxiety disorders on these prazosin effects. METHODS: Forty inpatient treatment-seeking alcohol-dependent individuals were randomly assigned to receive placebo (n = 18) or 16 mg/d, T.I.D., prazosin (n = 22) in a double-blind manner, titrated over 2 weeks. In weeks 3 to 4 after achieving full dose, patients were exposed to 3 5-minute personalized guided imagery conditions (stress cue, alcohol cue, neutral/relaxing cue), on 3 consecutive days in a random, counterbalanced order. Alcohol craving, anxiety, heart rate, cortisol, and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels were assessed at baseline, following imagery and at repeated recovery timepoints. RESULTS: Prazosin reduced stress cue-induced alcohol craving (p < 0.05) and stress- and alcohol cue-induced anxiety (p < 0.05) and increased heart rate responses in all imagery conditions (p < 0.05). Prazosin lowered basal cortisol and ACTH (p's < 0.05) and attenuated stress cue-induced rises in cortisol (p < 0.05) versus placebo. Finally, in those without lifetime anxiety disorder, the placebo group showed stress- and alcohol cue-induced increases in cortisol (p's < 0.05), while the prazosin group did not. CONCLUSIONS: Prazosin may attenuate stress cue-induced alcohol craving and anxiety during early abstinence while improving adrenergic and stress system function, effects which are independent of a history of lifetime anxiety disorders.

Alpha-blockers after shock wave lithotripsy for renal or ureteral stones in adults.

BACKGROUND: Shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) is a widely used method to treat renal and ureteral stone. It fragments stones into smaller pieces that are then able to pass spontaneously down the ureter and into the bladder. Alpha-blockers may assist in promoting the passage of stone fragments, but their effectiveness remains uncertain.  OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of alpha-blockers as adjuvant medical expulsive therapy plus usual care compared to placebo and usual care or usual care alone in adults undergoing shock wave lithotripsy for renal or ureteral stones. SEARCH METHODS: We performed a comprehensive literature search of the Cochrane Library, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, MEDLINE, Embase, several clinical trial registries and grey literature for published and unpublished studies irrespective of language. The date of the most recent search was 27 February 2020. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomized controlled trials of adults undergoing SWL. Participants in the intervention group had to have received an alpha-blocker as adjuvant medical expulsive therapy plus usual care. For the comparator group, we considered studies in which participants received placebo. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently selected studies for inclusion/exclusion, and performed data abstraction and risk of bias assessment. We conducted meta-analysis for the identified dichotomous and continuous outcomes using RevManWeb according to Cochrane methods using a random-effects model. We judged the certainty of evidence on a per outcome basis using GRADE. MAIN RESULTS: We included 40 studies with 4793 participants randomized to usual care and an alpha-blocker versus usual care alone. Only four studies were placebo controlled. The mean age of participants was 28.6 to 56.8 years and the mean stone size prior to SWL was 7.1 mm to 13.2 mm. The most widely used alpha-blocker was tamsulosin; others were silodosin, doxazosin, terazosin and alfuzosin.  Alpha-blockers may improve clearance of stone fragments after SWL (risk ratio (RR) 1.16, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.09 to 1.23; I² = 78%; studies = 36; participants = 4084; low certainty evidence). Based on the stone clearance rate of 69.3% observed in the control arm, an alpha-blocker may increase stone clearance to 80.4%. This corresponds to 111 more (62 more to 159 more) participants per 1000 clearing their stone fragments. Alpha-blockers may reduce the need for auxiliary treatments after SWL (RR 0.67, 95% CI 0.45 to 1.00; I² = 16%; studies = 12; participants = 1251; low certainty evidence), but also includes the possibility of no effect. Based on a rate of auxiliary treatments in the usual care arm of 9.7%, alpha-blockers may reduce the rate to 6.5%. This corresponds 32 fewer (53 fewer to 0 fewer) participants per 1000 undergoing auxiliary treatments. Alpha-blockers may reduce major adverse events (RR 0.60, 95% CI 0.46 to 0.80; I² = 0%; studies = 7; participants = 747; low certainty evidence). Major adverse events occurred in 25.8% of participants in the usual care group; alpha-blockers would reduce this to 15.5%. This corresponds to 103 fewer (139 fewer to 52 fewer) major adverse events per 1000 with alpha-blocker treatment. None of the reported major adverse events appeared drug-related; most were emergency room visits or rehospitalizations. Alpha-blockers may reduce stone clearance time in days (mean difference (MD) -3.74, 95% CI -5.25 to -2.23; I² = 86%; studies = 14; participants = 1790; low certainty evidence). We found no evidence for the outcome of quality of life. For those outcomes for which we were able to perform subgroup analyses, we found no evidence of interaction with stone location, stone size or type of alpha-blocker. We were unable to conduct an analysis by lithotripter type. The results were also largely unchanged when the analyses were limited to placebo controlled studies and those in which participants explicitly only received a single SWL session. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Based on low certainty evidence, adjuvant alpha-blocker therapy following SWL in addition to usual care may result in improved stone clearance, less need for auxiliary treatments, fewer major adverse events and a reduced stone clearance time compared to usual care alone. We did not find evidence for quality of life. The low certainty of evidence means that our confidence in the effect estimate is limited; the true effect may be substantially different from the estimate of the effect.

Effect of monoamine reuptake inhibition and α1 blockade on respiratory arrest and death following electroshock-induced seizures in mice.

OBJECTIVE: Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is the leading cause of death in patients with refractory epilepsy. Although the mechanisms for SUDEP are incompletely understood, seizure-induced respiratory arrest (S-IRA) has been strongly and consistently implicated. A body of evidence indicates that serotonin (5-HT), a modulator of breathing, plays a critical role in SUDEP. Because the 5-HT and norepinephrine (NE) systems interact in many biologic processes and NE is known to modulate breathing and seizures, we hypothesized that NE may play a role in S-IRA and SUDEP. METHODS: We examined the effects of pharmacologic manipulation of 5-HT and NE on S-IRA and death following maximal electroshock (MES)-induced seizures in adult wild-type (WT) mice, genetically 5-HT neuron-deficient (Lmx1bf/f/p ) mice, and chemically NE neuron-deficient mice. Mice were treated with pharmacologic agents targeting the serotonergic and noradrenergic systems and subjected to seizure induction via MES while breathing was measured via whole-body plethysmography. RESULTS: S-IRA and death was reduced in WT mice with NE reuptake inhibitors (NRIs), reboxetine and atomoxetine, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), fluoxetine and citalopram, and the dual 5-HT/NE reuptake inhibitor (SNRI), duloxetine. S-IRA and death was also reduced in Lmx1bf/f/p mice with reboxetine and fluoxetine. The protective effects of the reuptake inhibitors were prevented by the α1 antagonist, prazosin. Citalopram did not reduce S-IRA and death in NE neuron-deficient mice. SIGNIFICANCE: These data suggest that 5-HT and NE critically interact in the modulation of breathing following a seizure and potentially inform preventive strategies for SUDEP.

Alcohol Abstainer Status and Prazosin Treatment in Association with Changes in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in Veterans with Comorbid Alcohol Use Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.

BACKGROUND: The noradrenergic system has been implicated in alcohol use disorder (AUD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), with adrenergic agents reducing drinking in individuals with AUD and improving sleep disturbances in individuals with PTSD. In a recent clinical trial, prazosin, an α1-adrenergic antagonist, was not superior to placebo in reducing PTSD symptoms, sleep problems, or alcohol consumption in a comorbid population; however, patients in both treatment conditions improved in all symptom domains over the course of treatment. It remains unknown whether alcohol abstinence is related to changes in PTSD symptoms and medication effects in individuals with this comorbidity. METHODS: Veterans with comorbid alcohol dependence and PTSD (n = 96) were randomized to prazosin (16 mg) or placebo in a 12-week outpatient, double-blind clinical trial. In this secondary data analysis, we examined main effects of alcohol abstainer status (abstainer vs. nonabstainer), treatment, and their interaction on changes in PTSD symptoms over time using linear mixed models. RESULTS: There was a main effect of alcohol abstainer status on symptoms of PTSD (p = 0.03), such that nonabstainers had lower total Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) scores than abstainers. There was a significant treatment by alcohol abstainer status interaction (p = 0.01); specifically, among placebo-treated individuals, those who did not abstain from alcohol had lower total CAPS scores compared to alcohol abstainers. Within the prazosin-treated group, abstainers and nonabstainers did not differ on total CAPS scores. Results were similar for the avoidance (p = 0.02), reexperiencing (p = 0.01), and hyperarousal (p = 0.04) subscales, such that placebo-treated nonabstainers had lower CAPS scores overall. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, prazosin treatment was not significantly related to changes in PTSD symptoms over the course of the 12-week clinical trial in a comorbid population. Interestingly, placebo-treated alcohol nonabstainers had a significant reduction in PTSD symptoms. Whether placebo-treated individuals continued to use alcohol because of ongoing symptoms of PTSD is not known.

Effects of Initiating Abstinence from Alcohol on Daily Craving and Negative Affect: Results from a Pharmacotherapy Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: Craving and negative affect are distressing and commonly experienced during alcohol use disorder (AUD) treatment. Patients may assume that initiating abstinence will intensify their cravings and negative affect despite limited empirical data to support this assumption. This study extends and replicates, under improved methodological conditions, previous work that found reductions in daily craving associated with initiating abstinence. METHODS: Seventy-eight adults (80.8% male, 57.1% Caucasian) in a clinical trial testing prazosin for AUD provided daily reports of drinking, craving, and negative affect for up to 12 weeks (mean = 64.77 daily reports). Participants were classified into 3 subgroups based on whether and when they initiated 14 days of continuous abstinence, including (i) "abstinence initiators" who quit drinking during treatment (n = 17), (ii) "already abstainers" who were abstinent at the start of treatment (n = 20), and (iii) "continued drinkers" who never initiated abstinence (n = 41). The timing and degree of change in craving and negative affect were compared across these groups using multivariate growth curve modeling. RESULTS: All participant subgroups reported gradual reductions in craving over the course of treatment, with "abstinence initiators" reporting additional sudden reductions in craving upon initiating abstinence from alcohol. "Continued drinkers" reported higher levels of craving than "already abstainers" throughout the full course of treatment. Negative affect followed a different pattern of change, with "abstinence initiators" experiencing gradual reductions in negative affect after initiating abstinence but no changes prior to or immediately upon initiating abstinence, and with "already abstainers" and "continued drinkers" experiencing no changes in negative affect over time. CONCLUSIONS: Initiating abstinence is associated with immediate reductions in craving, followed by gradual reductions in both craving and negative affect. Results provide insight into the timing and magnitude of changes in theoretically and clinically important variables and may help patients anticipate when to expect improvement in craving and negative effect.

Management of Post-Traumatic Nightmares: a Review of Pharmacologic and Nonpharmacologic Treatments Since 2013.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Post-traumatic nightmares (PTN) are a common and enduring problem for individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other clinical presentations. PTN cause significant distress, are associated with large costs, and are an independent risk factor for suicide. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment options for PTN exist. A previous review in this journal demonstrated that Prazosin, an alpha blocker, was a preferred pharmacological treatment for PTN and imagery rescripting therapy (IRT) was a preferred non-pharmacological treatment. Since that time, new and important research findings create the need for an updated review. RECENT FINDINGS: Based on the results of a recent study in the New England Journal of Medicine, Prazosin has been downgraded by both the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) and the Veterans Health Administration/Department of Defense (VA/DoD) for PTN. In Canada, Nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid, appears to be promising. Few recent studies have been published on non-pharmacological interventions for PTN; however, recent data is available with regard to using IRT on an inpatient setting, with German combat veterans, and through the use of virtual technology. Recent evidence supports the use of exposure, relaxation, and rescripting therapy (ERRT) with children and individuals with comorbid bipolar disorder and PTN. Prazosin is no longer considered a first-line pharmacological intervention for PTN by AASM and VA/DoD. However, in the absence of a suitable alternative, it will likely remain the preferred option of prescribers. IRT and ERRT remain preferred non-pharmacological treatments of PTN. Combining cognitive behavior therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) with IRT or ERRT may lead to improved outcomes.

[Ningmitai Capsules relieve lower urinary tract symptoms in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia : A short-term clinical observation].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the clinical effect and safety of the Chinese patent medicine Ningmitai Capsules (NMT) in relieving lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in the patient with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). METHODS: We randomly assigned 40 BPH patients to an experimental and a control group of equal number to receive oral administration of NMT at 4 capsules tid and terazosin hydrochloride tablets at 2 mg qd, respectively, both for 14 days. At 7 and 14 days after medication, we recorded and compared the International Prostate Symptoms Score (IPSS), maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax), quality of life (QoL) scores, results of urinalysis and blood routine examination, and indexes of hepatic and renal function. RESULTS: Both NMT and terazosin significantly improved the total IPSS score, the IPSS scores in the storage and voiding phases, increased Qmax and urine output, reduced post-void residual urine (PVR), and improved the QoL of the patients. The patients of the NMT group showed a better relief of incomplete bladder emptying, more improved QoL and fewer adverse reactions, while those treated with terazosin achieved a better attenuation of weak urine stream and PVR. CONCLUSIONS: NMT is safe and effective in relieving LUTS in BPH patients. Each of NMT and terazosin has its own advantages in attenuating urinary tract irritation and obstruction, but whether their combination may produce a better effect on LUTS and the specific mechanisms of NMT improving acute symptoms of BPH are yet to be further studied.

Factors Affecting Urinary Retention in Critically Ill Trauma Patients.

The objective of this retrospective study was to gain a better understanding of patient and care factors that may contribute to urinary retention in critically ill trauma patients. Fifty trauma patients over a 1-year period with an International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) code for urinary retention were identified and analyzed. Most patients had an indwelling urinary catheter placed on admission, and it was reinserted in 39 patients. Male gender, orthopedic trauma, and anesthesia were possible contributing factors for urinary retention in our sample population. The use of paralytics and more than one operative intervention had a significant relationship with prescribing bladder medications. It is imperative to have protocols based on best evidence to guide management of urinary retention in this critically ill trauma patient population.

Prazosin in Children and Adolescents With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Who Have Nightmares: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this systematic review was to identify published articles that evaluated the use of prazosin for treating nightmares in children and adolescents who have posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PROCEDURES: A literature search was conducted of PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Collaboration, and PsycINFO databases for published articles in any language that evaluated the use of prazosin for treating nightmares in the context of PTSD in children and adolescents using the following key words: PTSD, nightmares, prazosin, children, adolescents, trauma, and sleep. RESULTS: A total of 9 published articles related to the use of prazosin for treatment of nightmares in PTSD in children and adolescents were identified. Six of the 9 articles that met our inclusion criteria were case reports. All of these 6 case reports showed marked improvement in nightmares when prazosin was used, although at a generally lower dose when compared with its use in adults, with dosing ranging from 1 to 4 mg/d. CONCLUSIONS: Prazosin has shown promising outcomes in treating nightmares associated with PTSD in children and adolescents, although this has not been well studied. Future placebo-controlled trials are needed to assess the efficacy and safety of prazosin in treating PTSD-related nightmares in children and adolescents.

Doxazosin, an α-1-adrenergic-receptor Antagonist, for Nightmares in Patients with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and/or Borderline Personality Disorder: a Chart Review.

Objective: Centrally active α-1-adrenergic-receptor antagonists such as prazosin are effective in the treatment of nightmares in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A pharmacological alternative is doxazosin, which has a longer half-life and fewer side effects. However, doxazosin is currently being used without solid empirical evidence. Furthermore, no study so far has assessed the effects of α-1-antagonists on nightmares in patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD). We retrospectively assessed the effectiveness of doxazosin on nightmares in PTSD and BPD. Method: A retrospective chart review of patients treated with doxazosin for trauma-associated nightmares in our clinic was performed. As in previous prazosin studies, the B2 score of the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) was used as the primary outcome measure. Furthermore, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index-Addendum for PTSD (PSQI-A) and sleep logs were analyzed. Results: We identified 51 patients with PTSD and/or BPD (mean age 35.7 years, 92.3% women) who received doxazosin for nightmares. Of these, 46 patients continued doxazosin over a 4-week period and 31 patients over a 12-week period. Within the 12-week period, doxazosin treatment significantly reduced nightmares regardless of PTSD/BPD. 25 percent of patients treated for 12 weeks had full remission of nightmares. PSQI-A scores indicated that additional trauma-associated sleep symptoms improved over 12 weeks. Furthermore, recuperation of sleep improved with doxazosin within the first 4 weeks of treatment. Conclusion: Doxazosin might improve trauma associated nightmares and more general sleep parameters in patients with PTSD and BPD. Randomized controlled trials are warranted.