RESUMEN
Neural tissue engineering is a sub-field of tissue engineering that develops neural tissue. Damaged central and peripheral nervous tissue can be fabricated with a suitable scaffold printed with biomaterials. These scaffolds promote cell growth, development, and migration, yet they vary according to the biomaterial and scaffold printing technique, which determine the physical and biochemical properties. The physical and biochemical properties of scaffolds stimulate diverse signalling pathways, such as Wnt, NOTCH, Hedgehog, and ion channels- mediated pathways to promote neuron migration, elongation and migration. However, neurotransmitters like dopamine, acetylcholine, gamma amino butyric acid, and other signalling molecules are critical in neural tissue engineering to tissue fabrication. Thus, this review focuses on neural tissue regeneration with a tissue engineering approach highlighting the signalling pathways. Further, it explores the interaction of the scaffolds with the signalling pathways for generating neural tissue.
Asunto(s)
Transducción de Señal , Ingeniería de Tejidos , Andamios del Tejido , Ingeniería de Tejidos/métodos , Humanos , Animales , Andamios del Tejido/química , Materiales Biocompatibles , Tejido Nervioso/metabolismo , Regeneración Nerviosa/fisiología , Neuronas/metabolismoRESUMEN
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a neuropeptide composed of 37 amino acids secreted from the sensory nerve endings, reportedly possesses various physiological effects, such as vasodilation and neurotransmission. Recently, there have been increasing reports of the involvement of CGRP in bone metabolism; however, its specific role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis, particularly in the repair and healing processes, remains to be elucidated. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate dynamic expression patterns of CGRP during the destruction and regeneration processes of periodontal tissues in a mouse model of experimental periodontitis. We also explored the effects of CGRP on periodontal ligament cells, which can differentiate to hard tissue-forming cells (cementoblasts or osteoblasts). Our findings demonstrated that CGRP stimulation promotes the differentiation of periodontal ligament cells into hard tissue-forming cells. Experimental results using a ligature-induced periodontitis mouse model also suggested fluctuations in CGRP expression during periodontal tissue healing, underscoring the vital role of CGRP signaling in alveolar bone recovery. The study results highlight the important role of nerves in the periodontal ligament not only in sensory reception in the periphery, as previously known, but also in periodontal tissue homeostasis and tissue repair processes.
Asunto(s)
Tejido Nervioso , Periodontitis , Ratones , Animales , Péptido Relacionado con Gen de Calcitonina/genética , Péptido Relacionado con Gen de Calcitonina/metabolismo , Periodoncio/metabolismo , Ligamento Periodontal/metabolismo , Periodontitis/genética , Periodontitis/metabolismo , Tejido Nervioso/metabolismoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Testis-expressed sequence 101 (TEX101) was found to be highly expressed in testis and involved in acrosome reaction in previous studies. Recently, the metastasis suppressor function of TEX101 in cancer was disclosed, but the comprehensive investigation of its expression has rarely been reported. In this study, the expression features of TEX101 in normal human organs and seminoma were systematically analyzed. RESULTS: Immunohistochemistry demonstrated intense staining of TEX101 in human testis tissues; however, its expression in 27 other types of normal human organs, including the ovary, was negligible. Higher expression of TEX101 was observed in the spermatocytes and spermatids of the testis, but relatively lower staining was detected in spermatogonia. Western blotting showed a single TEX101 band of 38 kDa in human testis, but it did not correspond to the predicted molecular weight of its mature form at 21 KDa. Furthermore, we examined seminoma tissues by immunohistochemistry and found that none of the 36 samples expressed TEX101. CONCLUSIONS: Our data confirmed TEX101 to be a testis protein that could be related to the maturation process of male germ cells. The lack of TEX101 in seminoma indicated its potential role in tumor progression. This characteristic expression of TEX101 could provide a valuable reference for understanding its biological functions.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Epitelio Seminífero/metabolismo , Neoplasias Testiculares/metabolismo , Seminoma/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Especificidad de Órganos/fisiología , Ovario/metabolismo , Epitelio Seminífero/patología , Maduración del Esperma/fisiología , Espermatozoides/crecimiento & desarrollo , Neoplasias Testiculares/patología , Testículo/metabolismo , Testículo/patología , Inmunohistoquímica , Diferenciación Celular , Western Blotting , Seminoma/patología , Tracto Gastrointestinal/metabolismo , Epitelio/metabolismo , Tejido Linfoide/metabolismo , Tejido Nervioso/metabolismoRESUMEN
Programmed cell death in the form of apoptosis involves a network of metabolic events and may be triggered by a variety of stimuli in distinct cells. The nervous system contains several neuron and glial cell types, and developmental events are strongly dependent on selective cell interactions. Retinal explants have been used as a model to investigate apoptosis in nervous tissue. This preparation maintains the structural complexity and cell interactions similar to the retina in situ, and contains cells in all stages of development. We review the finding of nuclear exclusion of several transcription factors during apoptosis in retinal cells. The data reviewed in this paper suggest a link between apoptosis and a failure in the nucleo-cytoplasmic partition of transcription factors. It is argued that the nuclear exclusion of transcription factors may be an integral component of apoptosis both in the nervous system and in other types of cells and tissues