RESUMEN
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is a routinely used vaccine for protecting children against Mycobacterium tuberculosis that comprises attenuated Mycobacterium bovis. BCG can also be used to protect livestock against M. bovis; however, its effectiveness has not been quantified for this use. We performed a natural transmission experiment to directly estimate the rate of transmission to and from vaccinated and unvaccinated calves over a 1-year exposure period. The results show a higher indirect efficacy of BCG to reduce transmission from vaccinated animals that subsequently become infected [74%; 95% credible interval (CrI): 46 to 98%] compared with direct protection against infection (58%; 95% CrI: 34 to 73%) and an estimated total efficacy of 89% (95% CrI: 74 to 96%). A mechanistic transmission model of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) spread within the Ethiopian dairy sector was developed and showed how the prospects for elimination may be enabled by routine BCG vaccination of cattle.
Asunto(s)
Vacuna BCG , Erradicación de la Enfermedad , Mycobacterium bovis , Tuberculosis Bovina , Vacunación , Eficacia de las Vacunas , Animales , Bovinos , Vacuna BCG/administración & dosificación , Mycobacterium bovis/inmunología , Tuberculosis Bovina/prevención & control , Tuberculosis Bovina/transmisión , Vacunación/métodos , Vacunación/veterinaria , Erradicación de la Enfermedad/métodosRESUMEN
Spreading of Mycobacterium bovis causing animal tuberculosis (TB) at livestock-wildlife-environment interfaces remains a significant problem. Recently, we provided evidence of widespread environmental contamination of an endemic animal TB setting with viable and dormant M. bovis cells able to recover metabolic activity, making indirect transmission via environmental contamination plausible. We now report the first whole genome sequences of M. bovis recovered from the environment. We establish epidemiological links at the environment-animal interface by phylogenomic comparison of these M. bovis genomes with those isolated from livestock and wild ungulates from the same area. Environmental and animal genomes are highly intertwined and distribute similarly into the same M. bovis lineages, supporting several instances of environmental contamination. This study provides compelling evidence of M. bovis excretion into the environment and viability maintenance, supporting the environment as a potential source of new infection. These insights have clear implications for policy formulation, advocating environmental surveillance and an ecosystem perspective in TB control programs. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATION: We report the first whole genome sequences of M. bovis from the environment and establish epidemiological links at the environment-animal interface, demonstrating close phylogenomic relatedness of animal and environmental M. bovis. Definitive evidence of M. bovis excretion into the environment with viability maintenance is provided, supporting the environment as a potential source of new infection. Implications of this work include methodological innovations offering a tool to resolve indirect transmission chains and support customized biosecurity measures. Policy formulation aiming at the control of animal tuberculosis and cost mitigation should consider these findings, encouraging environmental surveillance in official eradication programmes.
Asunto(s)
Mycobacterium bovis , Filogenia , Secuenciación Completa del Genoma , Mycobacterium bovis/genética , Animales , Genoma Bacteriano , Tuberculosis Bovina/transmisión , Tuberculosis Bovina/microbiología , Tuberculosis/transmisión , Tuberculosis/microbiología , Bovinos , Microbiología Ambiental , Animales Salvajes/microbiologíaRESUMEN
Mycobacterium bovis causes animal tuberculosis in livestock and wildlife, with an impact on animal health and production, wildlife management, and public health. In this work, we sampled a multi-host tuberculosis community from the official hotspot risk area of Portugal over 16 years, generating the largest available data set in the country. Using phylogenetic and ecological modeling, we aimed to reconstruct the history of circulating lineages across the livestock-wildlife interface to inform intervention and the implementation of genomic surveillance within the official eradication plan. We find evidence for the co-circulation of M. bovis European 1 (Eu1), Eu2, and Eu3 clonal complexes, with Eu3 providing sufficient temporal signal for further phylogenetic investigation. The Eu3 most recent common ancestor (bovine) was dated in the 1990s, subsequently transitioning to wildlife (red deer and wild boar). Isolate clustering based on sample metadata was used to inform phylogenetic inference, unravelng frequent transmission between two clusters that represent an ecological corridor of previously unrecognized importance in Portugal. The latter was associated with transmission at the livestock-wildlife interface toward locations with higher temperature and precipitation, lower agriculture and road density, and lower host densities. This is the first analysis of M. bovis Eu3 complex in Iberia, shedding light on background ecological factors underlying long-term transmission and informing where efforts could be focused within the larger hotspot risk area of Portugal. IMPORTANCE: Efforts to strengthen surveillance and control of animal tuberculosis (TB) are ongoing worlwide. Here, we developed an eco-phylodynamic framework based on discrete phylogenetic approaches informed by M. bovis whole-genome sequence data representing a multi-host transmission system at the livestock-wildlife interface, within a rich ecological landscape in Portugal, to understand transmission processes and translate this knowledge into disease management benefits. We find evidence for the co-circulation of several M. bovis clades, with frequent transmission of the Eu3 lineage among cattle and wildlife populations. Most transition events between different ecological settings took place toward host, climate and land use gradients, underscoring animal TB expansion and a potential corridor of unrecognized importance for M. bovis maintenance. Results stress that animal TB is an established wildlife disease without ecological barriers, showing that control measures in place are insufficient to prevent long-distance transmission and spillover across multi-host communities, demanding new interventions targeting livestock-wildlife interactions.
Asunto(s)
Animales Salvajes , Mycobacterium bovis , Filogenia , Portugal/epidemiología , Animales , Mycobacterium bovis/genética , Mycobacterium bovis/clasificación , Mycobacterium bovis/aislamiento & purificación , Bovinos , Animales Salvajes/microbiología , Ganado/microbiología , Tuberculosis Bovina/transmisión , Tuberculosis Bovina/microbiología , Tuberculosis Bovina/epidemiología , Ciervos/microbiología , Sus scrofa/microbiología , Tuberculosis/transmisión , Tuberculosis/microbiología , Tuberculosis/epidemiología , Tuberculosis/veterinariaRESUMEN
In areas where human tuberculosis and bovine tuberculosis coexist, differentiation between M. bovis and M. tuberculosis is important for monitoring the spread of M. bovis among cattle and from cattle to humans. The objective of this study was to isolate and identify M. bovis in bovines with positive diagnosis identified on tuberculin test in the State of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil. Thirty-two bovines that tested positive in the comparative tuberculin test were used, from which samples of any organ with lesions suggestive of tuberculosis were collected, as well as lymph nodes, when no gross lesions were observed. Samples were submitted to histopathological exam, mycobacterial culture, Ziehl-Neelsen staining and molecular diagnosis. Twenty-one (65.6%) animals presented lesions suggestive of tuberculosis. As to body region 77.7% of lesions were found in the thoracic cavity, 12.4% in the head and 9.9% in the abdominal cavity. Among 55 samples submitted to mycobacterial culture, mycobacteria were isolated in 31 (56.4%), being 13 (41.9%) identified as M. bovis and 18 (58.1%) as Mycobacterium spp. Conclusion is that isolation and identification of M. bovis and Mycobacterium spp. in cattle suggests that humans are exposed to the risk of infection. This reinforces the need for intensification and optimization of prevention and control measures foreseen in the Brazilian National Program for the Control and Eradication of Bovine Brucellosis and Tuberculosis. Mycobacteria isolation and identification surveys are, therefore, encouraged in other Northeastern states.(AU)
Em áreas onde a tuberculose humana e a tuberculose bovina coexistem, a diferenciação entre M. bovis e M. tuberculosis é importante para monitorar a disseminação de M. bovis entre bovinos e destes para os seres humanos. Objetivou-se neste estudo isolar e identificar M. bovis em bovinos com diagnóstico positivo pelo teste de tuberculinização no estado da Paraíba, nordeste do Brasil. Foram submetidos 32 bovinos positivos ao teste de tuberculinização comparativa, dos quais foram colhidas amostras de qualquer órgão com lesões sugestivas de tuberculose, e, nos casos em que não foram observadas lesões sugestivas, foram colhidas amostras de linfonodos. As amostras foram submetidas a exame histopatológico, cultivo micobacteriológico, coloração de Ziehl-Neelsen e diagnóstico molecular. Apresentaram lesões sugestivas de tuberculose 21 animais (65,6%). Com relação à distribuição das lesões de acordo com a região corporal, 77,7% localizavam-se na cavidade torácica, 12,4% na cabeça e 9,9% na cavidade abdominal. De 55 amostras submetidas ao cultivo de micobactérias, em 31 (56,4%) foram isoladas micobactérias, sendo que em 13 (41,9%) foi identificado M. bovis, e nas 18 restantes (58,1%) foi identificado Mycobacterium spp. Conclui-se que o isolamento e a identificação de M. bovis e Mycobacterium spp. em bovinos indicam que os seres humanos estão expostos ao risco de infecção. Isso reforça a necessidade de intensificação e otimização de medidas de prevenção e controle previstas no Programa Nacional de Controle e Erradicação da Brucelose e Tuberculose Bovina. Sugere-se a realização de estudos de isolamento e identificação de micobactérias em outros estados do Nordeste.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Bovinos , Tuberculosis/transmisión , Tuberculosis Bovina/transmisión , Pruebas Inmunológicas/métodos , Brucelosis Bovina , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular/métodos , MycobacteriumRESUMEN
Mycobacterium bovis is the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis (TB), a disease that affects approximately 5% of Argentinean cattle. Among the molecular methods for genotyping, the most convenient are spoligotyping and variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR). A total of 378 samples from bovines with visible lesions consistent with TB were collected at slaughterhouses in three provinces, yielding 265 M. bovis spoligotyped isolates, which were distributed into 35 spoligotypes. In addition, 197 isolates were also typed by the VNTR method and 54 combined VNTR types were detected. There were 24 clusters and 27 orphan types. When both typing methods were combined, 98 spoligotypes and VNTR types were observed with 27 clusters and 71 orphan types. By performing a meta-analysis with previous spoligotyping results, we identified regional and temporal trends in the population structure of M. bovis. For SB0140, the most predominant spoligotype in Argentina, the prevalence percentage remained high during different periods, varying from 25.5-57.8% (1994-2011). By contrast, the second and third most prevalent spoligotypes exhibited important fluctuations. This study shows that there has been an expansion in ancestral lineages as demonstrated by spoligotyping. However, exact tandem repeat typing suggests dynamic changes in the clonal population of this microorganism.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Bovinos , Técnicas de Tipificación Bacteriana/veterinaria , Técnicas de Genotipaje/veterinaria , Mycobacterium bovis/genética , Tuberculosis Bovina/genética , Argentina , Técnicas de Tipificación Bacteriana/métodos , Bases de Datos Genéticas , Variación Genética , Genotipo , Geografía , Técnicas de Genotipaje/tendencias , Epidemiología Molecular , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa Multiplex , Repeticiones de Minisatélite/genética , Mycobacterium bovis/clasificación , Tuberculosis Bovina/transmisiónAsunto(s)
Animales , Bovinos , Femenino , Masculino , Modelos Biológicos , Mustelidae , Mycobacterium bovis/inmunología , Vacunas contra la Tuberculosis , Tuberculosis Bovina , Mustelidae/inmunología , Mustelidae/microbiología , Vacunas contra la Tuberculosis/inmunología , Vacunas contra la Tuberculosis/farmacología , Tuberculosis Bovina/epidemiología , Tuberculosis Bovina/inmunología , Tuberculosis Bovina/prevención & control , Tuberculosis Bovina/transmisión , Reino UnidoRESUMEN
In the present work, 19 Mycobacterium bovis isolates from different cats were typified by spoligotyping. We detected nine spoligotypes. There was only one cluster, which grouped 11 of the isolates (57.9%), showing the main spoligotype from cattle from Argentina. The rest of the spoligotypes presented only one isolate each. Five of them were not found in cattle, and were unique and exclusive of cats. The isolates studied show that tuberculosis of bovine origin in cats constitutes a potential public health problem in Buenos Aires region. The identification of genotypes from non-natural hosts could contribute to understand the spread of bovine tuberculosis. This is the first report showing genetic profiles of M. bovis isolates in felines from Argentina.
En el presente trabajo se tipificaron por spoligotyping 19 aislamientos de M. bovis de diferentes gatos. Se detectaron 9 espoligotipos y un único agrupamiento o cluster integrado por 11 aislamientos (57,9%) y relacionado con el principal espoligotipo de bovinos de Argentina. El resto de los espoligotipos detectados presentaron solamente un aislamiento cada uno; 5 de ellos no se encontraron en bovinos y fueron únicos y exclusivos de gatos. La presencia de estos aislamientos indica que la tuberculosis bovina en los gatos constituye un potencial problema de salud pública en la ciudad de Buenos Aires. La identificación de genotipos de aislamientos de M. bovis de hospedadores no convencionales podría contribuir a la mejor comprensión de la diseminación de la tuberculosis bovina. Este es el primer informe en el que se muestran los perfiles genotípicos de aislamientos de M. bovis obtenidos de felinos de Argentina.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Bovinos , Técnicas de Tipificación Bacteriana/métodos , Enfermedades de los Gatos/microbiología , Gatos/microbiología , ADN Bacteriano/análisis , Mycobacterium bovis/aislamiento & purificación , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/métodos , Tuberculosis/veterinaria , Alimentación Animal/efectos adversos , Alimentación Animal/microbiología , Argentina/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Gatos/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Gatos/transmisión , ADN Bacteriano/genética , Reservorios de Enfermedades/microbiología , Reservorios de Enfermedades/veterinaria , Contaminación de Alimentos , Microbiología de Alimentos , Pulmón/microbiología , Mycobacterium bovis/clasificación , Mycobacterium bovis/genética , Tuberculosis Bovina/epidemiología , Tuberculosis Bovina/microbiología , Tuberculosis Bovina/transmisión , Tuberculosis/epidemiología , Tuberculosis/microbiología , Tuberculosis/transmisiónRESUMEN
A tuberculose bovina é uma doença infecciosa crônica e debilitante que pode infectar humanos. Uma importante etapa para o controle é a determinação da prevalência nos rebanhos. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar a prevalência da tuberculose bovina em Mossoró, RN. Inicialmente foi realizada uma avaliação de risco para a ocorrência da tuberculose bovina em 21 propriedades da região avaliada. Foram testadas 150 vacas leiteiras por meio do teste da prega caudal. Também foram avaliados outros 120 bovinos pelo teste da tuberculinização cervical comparada. Os resultados revelaram falta de conhecimento dos proprietários sobre o controle da doença, bem como o descuido no momento da aquisição de animais. A prevalência foi de 8,66% e 3,33% nos testes da prega caudal e cervical comparativo, respectivamente. Assim, foi verificada uma prevalência de tuberculose bovina bastante elevada, sendo superior à média nacional.
Bovine tuberculosis is an infectious chronic and debilitating disease that can infect humans. A key step for its controls is to determine the prevalence in the herd. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis at Mossoró, RN. Initially, it was done an evaluation for infection hazard by tuberculosis in bovines at 21 farms. It were tested 150 dairy cows by caudal-fold tuberculin test. Other 120 bovines were also tested by comparative cervical tuberculin test. The results revealed lack of knowledge by owners about the prevention of the disease, as well as negligence when they buy animals.The prevalence was 8.66% at the cervical test and 3.33% at caudal-fold tuberculin test and comparative cervical tuberculin test, respectively.Thus, it was verified a high prevalence of bovine tuberculosis, which is greater than the national mean prevalence.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Masculino , Femenino , Bovinos , Bovinos , Mycobacterium bovis/crecimiento & desarrollo , Prevalencia , Tuberculina/análisis , Tuberculosis Bovina/diagnóstico , Tuberculosis Bovina/transmisiónRESUMEN
Visando conhecer os dados sobre a história do Mycobacterium bovis, sua taxonomia, dados epidemiológicos, impactos à saúde humana, economia e os riscos de transmissão através do comércio clandestino de leite no Brasil, realizou-se uma extensa revisão sobre a situação da tuberculose humana de origem zoonótica causada pela ingestão de leite contaminado. Evidenciou-se que estes dados, juntamente com a prevalência real da tuberculose bovina no Brasil são precários, demonstrando, assim, a necessidade urgente de adoção de medidas sanitárias.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Bovinos , Contaminación de Alimentos , Leche , Mycobacterium bovis/aislamiento & purificación , Tuberculosis Bovina/epidemiología , Tuberculosis Bovina/transmisión , Zoonosis , Brasil , Comercio , Salud PúblicaRESUMEN
Respecto al Programa de la Campaña Nacional Contra la Tuberculosis Bovina, corresponde a la Secretaría de Agricultura y Recursos Hidráulicos, a través de la Dirección General de Salud Animal, la instrumentación legal, la elaboración de normas y procedimientos, así como el control, supervisión administrativa, evaluación epizootiológica, económica y verificación de la calidad de la tuberculina empleada. En relación a los procedimientos, se mencionan los criterios que han de seguirse en: diagnóstico de la situación de la tuberculosis bovina; promoción y control; y, erradicación. En lo que concierne a la certificación y revalidación de hatos libres, se establecen: requisistos para la certificación de hato libre; pruebas diagnósticas; reactores positivos y sospechosos; cuarentena; cancelación del certificado; control de los animales en hatos registrados; requisitos para la revalidación de hatos libres; suspensión de la certificación de hato libre; exportación de ganado de carne; y, corrales de acopio. En cuanto al uso e interpretación de las pruebas de tuberculina, se deben tener en cuenta: las instrucciones para la realización de las pruebas de tuberculina (equipo, identificación, facilidades para el manejo de ganado, sitio de aplicación de la tuberculina, técnica de aplicación, observaciones, procedimiento para registrar y reportar los resultados y archivo de pruebas); pruebas aprobadas de tuberculina (anocaudal, simple o cervical, doble comparativa y excepciones); procedimientos especiales en hatos de alto riesgo; investigación en animales concurrentes (aves, cerdos, cabras, gatos y perros); e, investigación en humanos. Por otra parte, se proporciona una "guía técnica para el Programa de la Campaña Nacional para el Control y Erradicación de la Brucelosis", misma que está integrada por los siguientes apartados: términos empleados; disposiciones generales; procedimiento de aplicación en bovinos; procedimiento de aplicación en caprinos y bovinos; disposiciones generales en zonas de erradicación; y, procedimientos de vigilancia