Effects of Naphthoquinones from the Roots of Onosma Armeniacum Klokov on Wound Healing.

In Turkish folk medicine, the roots of Onosma armeniacum Klokov are used to heal wounds, burns, hemorrhoids, hoarseness, dyspnea, stomach ulcers, and abdominal aches. The objective was to evaluate the plant's ethnopharmacological applications using in vivo pharmacological experimental models. In vivo linear incision and circular excision the wound models were used to assess the wound healing activity along with histopathological investigation. The active component(s) were isolated and identified after being exposed to several chromatographic separation procedures on the primary extract. The n-hexane-dichloromethane mixture extract was subjected to chromatographic separation after the wound-healing activity was confirmed. Deoxyshikonin (1), ß,ß-dimethylacrylshikonin (2), α-methyl-n-butylshikonin (3), isovalerylshikonin (4), acetylshikonin (5), ß-hydroxyisovalerylshikonin (6), and 5,8-O-dimethylacetylshikonin (7) were identified as the structures of the isolated compounds. The efficacy of O. armeniacum to heal wounds was investigated in this study. Shikonin derivatives were identified as the primary active components of the roots by bioassay-guided fractionation and isolation procedures.

Investigation of Antioxidant and Enzyme Inhibitory Activities of Echinophora chrysantha: Microwave-assisted Hydrodistillation and SPME Analysis of its Essential Oils.

Echinophora genus is represented by six species in Türkiye, including three endemics. The objective of this study was to ascertain the antioxidant, tyrosinase, and collagenase inhibitory activities and to analyse the volatile oil and extracts derived from E. chrysantha using GC/MS/SPME. The antioxidant and enzyme inhibition activities were evaluated using spectrophotometric methods. The findings indicated that the methanol extract of E. chrysantha exhibited the highest antioxidant activity. Furthermore, both the methanol extract and volatile oil of the plant demonstrated potent inhibitory effects on tyrosinase and collagenase. A total of 84 volatile compounds were identified from the hydrodistilled oil obtained using a microwave oven, and 23 compounds were detected by the solid-phase microextraction (SPME) method. The most frequently occurring volatile components were α-Phellandrene, o-Cymene, p-Cymene, E-ß-Farnesene, Carotol, trans-Caryophyllene, and ß-Phellandrene. The results of this study indicate that E. chrysantha has the potential to be developed for the treatment of hyperpigmentation issues and anti-aging applications. Furthermore, it may also have applications in pharmacology, cosmetics and the food industry.

Composition and bioactivity of essential oil from Stachys macrostachya (Wend.) Briq.

Stachys species belonging to Lamiaceae family have been used for medicinal purposes since ancient times. The aim of the present study was to investigate the chemical compositions and antibacterial, anti-tyrosinase activities of the essential oil of Stachys macrostachya. The essential oil was prepared by hydrodistillation method using a Clevenger-type apparatus and chemical composition was determined by gas chromatography (GC). The antibacterial activity of essential oil was performed by the disc diffusion and microdilution broth method against five Gram-positive and two Gram-negative bacteria. The tyrosinase inhibitory activity was evaluated by minor modifications of Masuda's method. According to the results of GC analyses, twenty-three compounds were identified representing 91.9% of the total volatile composition. The main compounds were germacrene D (12.2%), globulol (10.9%), α-pinene (9.7%), and valencene (7.6%). The present study showed that the tested essential oil of S. macrostachya exhibited antibacterial activity against Acinetobacter baumannii (MIC 62.50 µg/mL) and tyrosinase inhibition activity (IC50 22.86 ± 0.82 µg/mL). These results suggest that the essential oil could be exploited as a potential source of natural antimicrobial agents of this bacterium as well as tyrosinase inhibitors.

Outlining In Vitro and In Silico Cholinesterase Inhibitory Activity of Twenty-Four Natural Products of Various Chemical Classes: Smilagenin, Kokusaginine, and Methyl Rosmarinate as Emboldening Inhibitors.

Cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition is an important treatment strategy for Alzheimer's disease (AD) as acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) are involved in the pathology of AD. In the current work, ChE inhibitory potential of twenty-four natural products from different chemical classes (i.e., diosgenin, hecogenin, rockogenin, smilagenin, tigogenin, astrasieversianins II and X, astragalosides I, IV, and VI, cyclocanthosides E and G, macrophyllosaponins A-D, kokusaginin, lamiide, forsythoside B, verbascoside, alyssonoside, ipolamide, methyl rosmarinate, and luteolin-7-O-glucuronide) was examined using ELISA microtiter assay. Among them, only smilagenin and kokusaginine displayed inhibitory action against AChE (IC50 = 43.29 ± 1.38 and 70.24 ± 2.87 µg/mL, respectively). BChE was inhibited by only methyl rosmarinate and kokusaginine (IC50 = 41.46 ± 2.83 and 61.40 ± 3.67 µg/mL, respectively). IC50 values for galantamine as the reference drug were 1.33 ± 0.11 µg/mL for AChE and 52.31 ± 3.04 µg/mL for BChE. Molecular docking experiments showed that the orientation of smilagenin and kokusaginine was mainly driven by the interactions with the peripheral anionic site (PAS) comprising residues of hAChE, while kokusaginine and methyl rosmarinate were able to access deeper into the active gorge in hBChE. Our data indicate that similagenin, kokusaginine, and methyl rosmarinate could be hit compounds for designing novel anti-Alzheimer agents.

Dorycnium pentaphyllum Extract Has Antiproliferative Effect on Human Cervix and Colon Cancer Cells.

Although several studies have investigated the cytotoxic effects of different Fabaceae species, limited researches have been conducted on the cytotoxic effect of Dorycnium pentaphyllum. The aim of this study was to evaluate the phenolic characterization and the cytotoxic effect of D. pentaphyllum on human cervix (HeLa) and colon (WiDr) cancer cells and the possible mechanisms involved. Total phenolic content (TPC) and phenolic characterization of the extract were investigated using the Folin-Cioceltau method and RP-HPLC, respectively. The cytotoxic effect of the extract was evaluated using the MTT assay. The mechanism involved in the extract's cytotoxic effect was then evaluated in terms of apoptosis and the cell cycle using flow cytometry, while mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was investigated using the fluorometric method. The TPC value of the extract was 141.2 ± 0.8 mg gallic acid equivalent per g sample, and quercetin was detected as major phenolics. D. pentaphyllum extract exhibited a selective cytotoxic effect on HeLa and WiDr cells compared to normal fibroblast and colon cells, respectively. The extract induced cell cycle arrest at the S phase and apoptosis via reduced MMP in these cells. Further studies may be useful in developing a natural product based new generation pharmacological agent.

Carbonic Anhydrase and Urease Inhibitory Potential of Various Plant Phenolics Using in vitro and in silico Methods.

Plant phenolics are known to display many pharmacological activities. In the current study, eight phenolic compounds, e.g., luteolin 5-O-ß-glucoside (1), methyl rosmarinate (2), apigenin (3), vicenin 2 (4), lithospermic acid (5), soyasaponin II (6), rubiadin 3-O-ß-primeveroside (7), and 4-(ß-d-glucopyranosyloxy)benzyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (8), isolated from various plant species were tested at 0.2 mm against carbonic anhydrase-II (CA-II) and urease using microtiter assays. Urease inhibition rate for compounds 1 - 8 ranged between 5.0 - 41.7%, while only compounds 1, 2, and 4 showed a considerable inhibition over 50% against CA-II with the IC50 values of 73.5 ± 1.05, 39.5 ± 1.14, and 104.5 ± 2.50 µm, respectively, where IC50 of the reference (acetazolamide) was 21.0 ± 0.12 µm. In silico experiments were also performed through two docking softwares (Autodock Vina and i-GEMDOCK) in order to find out interactions between the compounds and CA-II. Actually, compounds 6 (30.0%) and 7 (42.0%) possessed a better binding capability toward the active site of CA-II. According to our results obtained in this study, among the phenolic compounds screened, particularly 1, 2, and 4 appear to be the promising inhibitors of CA-II and may be further investigated as possible leads for diuretic, anti-glaucoma, and antiepileptic agents.

Phtytochemical Studies and Quantitative HPLC Analysis of Rosmarinic Acid and Luteolin 5-O-ß-D-Glucopyranoside on Thymus praecox subsp. grossheimii var. grossheimii.

Thymus praecox ssp. grossheimii (RONNIGER) JALAS var. grossheimii (Lamiaceae) is used as an herbal tea for cold, stomachache, cough, and infections in Turkey. There are no phytochemical studies on this species. We performed phytochemical studies and quantitative analysis of rosmarinic acid and luteolin 5-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside in the methanol extract of the plant. Several chromatographic methods were used for the isolation of major compounds. HPLC methods were applied for quantitative analysis of rosmarinic acid and luteolin 5-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside in the methanol extract. In this study, ursolic acid (1), oleanolic acid (2), methyl rosmarinate (3), ethyl rosmarinate (4), rosmarinic acid (5), luteolin 5-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside (6), and thymoquinol 2,5-O-ß-diglucopyranoside (7) were isolated from the aerial parts of the plant. The relative contents of rosmarinic acid and luteolin 5-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside in the extract were 15.2 and 57.8 mg/g of dry weight, respectively. Compounds isolated from this plant and the contents of rosmarinic acid and luteolin 5-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside provided reasonable evidence for the traditional usages of this plant.

Protective effects of rosmarinic acid against renal ischaemia/reperfusion injury in rats.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the potential protective effects of Rosmarinic acid (RA) on rats exposed to ischaemia/reperfusion renal injury. METHODS: The prospective study was conducted at Abant Izzet Baysal University, Turkey, and comprised 21 male Spraque Dawley rats weighing 250-270g each. They were divided into three equal groups. Unilaterally nephrectomised rats were subjected to 60 minutes of left renal ischaemia followed by 60 minutes of reperfusion. Group 1 had sham-operated animals; group 2 had ischaemia/reperfusion untreated animals; and group 3 had ischaemia/reperfusion animals treated with rosmarinic acid. Serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, tissue malondialdehyde, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities, and light microscopic findings were evaluated. SPSS 17 was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Treatment of rats with rosmarinic acid produced a reduction in the serum levels of creatinine and blood urea nitrogen compared to the other groups. However, no statistically significant difference was found. The levels of malondialdehyde and myeloperoxidase were decreased in the renal tissue of group 3, while glutathione peroxidose and superoxide dismutase levels remained unchanged. The injury score decreased in the treatment group rats compared to the untreated group. Rosmarinic acid significantly decreased focal glomerular necrosis, dilatation of Bowman's capsule, degeneration of tubular epithelium, necrosis in tubular epithelium, and tubular dilatation. CONCLUSIONS: Rosmarinic acid prevented ischaemia/reperfusion injury in the kidneys by decreasing oxidative stress.

Evaluation of Herbal Products and Dietary Supplements Use in Patients with Respiratory Diseases Applied to Tertiary Health Institution.

Objectives: In recent years, especially with the Coronavirus Disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the use of herbal products for various health problems has been increasing worldwide. This study aimed to determine the frequency of herbal product/dietary supplement use, the most used products, and the factors affecting the use of these products in patients who applied to the Chest Diseases Clinic. Materials and Methods: This descriptive survey study was conducted at Chest Diseases Clinic using a face-to-face interview technique. Adult individuals with subacute respiratory complaints for > 3 weeks or a diagnosis of chronic chest disease were included in the study. The questionnaire form included questions about personal characteristics, data related to disease and treatment, use of herbal products/dietary supplements, and attitudes toward these products. A total of 444 participants with all the data included in the study. Descriptive statistics, chi-square, and binary logistic regression tests were used. Results: It was determined that 49.3% of the participants used herbal products/dietary supplements, and the most frequently used products were honey, linden, ginger, lemon, and carob. According to the results of the binary logistic regression test, it was determined that patients over 60 years old [odds ratio (OR)= 2.0, 95% confidence interval (Cl): 1.1-3.8, p= 0.042], those with a high education level (OR= 2.0, 95% Cl: 1.1-3.6, p= 0.018), those who live in urban (OR= 1.8, 95% Cl: 1.1-3.0, p= 0.018), and those with a diagnosis of post-COVID syndrome (OR= 2.7, 95%, Cl: 1.3-5.5, p= 0.007) are more likely to use these products. It was determined that 57.9% of the participants used these products to relieve the symptoms of the disease. Conclusion: Considering the high probability of using these products in patients with respiratory tract disease, it is essential for public health that health professionals question the use of these products and provide counseling on this issue.

A descriptive survey study in endocrinology clinic: evaluation of the use of natural products.

OBJECTIVE: The use of herbal products/dietary supplements (HP/DS) in endocrinal chronic diseases is growing. However, no studies have evaluated their use in patients who present to endocrinology and metabolic diseases clinics. This descriptive study aims to investigate the rate of HP/DS use and the factors affecting this in patients who presented to Karadeniz Technical University (KTU) Farabi Hospital Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Clinic, Türkiye between 01.11.2021 and 01.05.2022. METHODS: Five hundred six questionnaires with acceptable data quality were included this investigation. The data were analyzed on SPSS version 23.0 software. The factors with the greatest effect on the use of HP/DS were determined using binary logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Analysis showed that 49.4% of the participants used HP/DS. The main factors affecting the use of herbal products were age, diagnosis of the disease, and treatment compliance problems. The most frequently used products were lemon, cinnamon, black cumin, ginger, turmeric, and dill. The participants main sources of information about HP/DS were friends/relatives, the internet/social media, and television, respectively. 74.8% of the participants using HP/DS did not inform their physcisian/pharmacist about such use, although 81.8% of these nevertheless wished to receive information from these occupational groups. CONCLUSION: Herbal product monitoring in patients should be performed in collaboration with pharmacists, herbal product use should be investigated, and counseling services should be made available in order to maintain and promote public health.

Investigation of Selected Medicinal Plants for Their Anti-Obesity Properties.

Objectives: Obesity, which is a risk factor for diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer, is caused serious health problems and economic costs on a global scale. Nowadays, pancreatic lipase inhibitors that cause inhibition of lipid digestion and lipid absorption are one of the limited treatment approaches for obesity. Plant-derived secondary metabolites can be used for treating obesity. The aim of this study was to research the antiobesity potential of Amaranthus albus L. (Amaranthaceae), Helichrysum compactum Boiss. (Asteraceae), Chenopodium album L. (Chenopodiaceae), and Agrimonia eupatoria L. (Rosaceae). Materials and Methods: To detect the antiobesity potentials of the plants, in vitro lipase inhibitory activity studies by spectroscopic method and quantitative analysis studies of some anti-obesity effective secondary metabolites by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) technique were carried out. Results: In vitro lipase inhibitory studies showed that all plant extracts possess lipase inhibitory effect, and the highest lipase inhibitory potential was observed for H. compactum (IC50: 45.70 µg/mL ± 2.3618). According to HPLC analyses, p-coumaric acid (0.27 mg/g) in A. albus; benzoic acid (0.33 mg/g) in C. album; vanillic acid (7.32 mg/g), syringaldehyde (14.97 mg/g), quercetin (4.66 mg/g), p-coumaric acid (0.71 mg/g), and benzoic acid (3.43 mg/g) in H. compactum; p-coumaric acid (0.71 mg/g) and benzoic acid (3.43 mg/g) in A. eupatoria were detected. Conclusion: In conclusion, H. compactum is the most remarkable natural source for the study. The fact remains that all plants may be promising candidates for treating obesity.

Evaluation of biological activities of Barbarea integrifolia and isolation of a new glucosinolate derivated compound.

The aim of the present study is to determine the potent biological activities and carry out isolation studies on Barbarea integrifolia. The antioxidant capacity of the species was evaluated by total phenolic content, FRAP, CUPRAC, and DPPH radical scavenging activity. Anticancer activity studies were performed by MTT assay in MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, Hep3B, PC-3, A549, HCT116, L-929 cell lines. It was observed that the remaining aqueous fraction has higher total phenolic content while higher activity in the CUPRAC and FRAP assays was displayed for the methanolic extract and chloroform fraction. The extracts showed anticancer activity as compared with vincristine. It was observed that chloroform fraction has the highest anticancer activity on MCF-7 cell line, while ethyl acetate fraction has the highest anticancer activity on Hep-3B and A549 cell lines. Methanolic extract has the highest anticancer activity on HCT116 and MDA-MB-23 cell lines. The isolation studies have been performed using several chromatographic methods. The chemical structures of compounds have been identified by means of 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 2D-NMR, and MS. Five major compounds, one steroid (ß-Sitosterol), one phenolic acid (Rosmarinic acid), one flavonol heteroside (kaempferol 7-O-α-l-rhamnoside-3-O-ß-d-(2-O-ß- d -glucosyl)-ß-d-glucoside), and two glucosinolates (Gluconasturtiin, Gluconasturtiin choline salt) have been isolated.

A new sulfated alpha-ionone glycoside from Sonchus erzincanicus Matthews.

Sonchus erzincanicus (Asteraceae) is an endemic species in Turkey, where six Sonchus species grow. In this study, a phytochemical study was performed on the aerial parts of the plant. The study describes the isolation and structure elucidation of five flavonoids and two a-ionone glycosides from S. erzincanicus. The compounds were isolated using several and repeated chromatographic techniques from ethyl acetate and aqueous phases that were partitioned from a methanol extract obtained from the plant. 5,7,3',4'-Tetrahydroxy-3-methoxyflavone (1) and quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside (2) were isolated from the ethyl acetate phase, while corchoionoside C 6'-O-sulfate (3), corchoionoside C (4), luteolin 7-O-glucuronide (5) and luteolin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside (6), apigenin 7-O-glucuronide (7) were isolated from the aqueous phase. Corchoionoside C 6'-O-sulfate (3), isolated for the first time from a natural source, was a new compound. The structures of the compounds were elucidated by means of 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, 2D-NMR (COSY, HMQC, HMBC) and ESI-MS.

Isolation of Major Compounds and Gastroprotective Activity of Alchemilla Caucasica on Indomethacin Induced Gastric Ulcers in Rats.

OBJECTIVE: The Alchemilla genus, which belongs to the Rosaceae family, is known as Lady's mantle and is commonly used in traditional medicine. This study was designed to investigate the major metabolites isolation and gastroprotective effects of Alchemilla caucasica. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Phytochemical studies were carried out using column chromatography on Alchemilla caucasica. The gastroprotective effect of ethanol extract of this plant was tested on indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer model in rats. In addition, superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione (GSH) parameters in the stomach tissue were examined. RESULTS: Quercetin-3-O-glucuronide, apigenin, and catechin were isolated from aerial parts of Alchemilla caucasica. When macroscopic ulcer index and histopathological results were analyzed, the extract at 200 mg/kg dose was found to be most effective. All doses of extract reduced MDA level and enhanced SOD activity and GSH level. CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed that Alchemilla caucasica has significant antiulcer activity. This effect was thought to be caused by antioxidant properties of flavonoids.

Cholinesterase and Tyrosinase Inhibitory Potential and Antioxidant Capacity of Lysimachia verticillaris L. and Isolation of the Major Compounds.

OBJECTIVES: The scope of the present study was to specify the therapeutic potential for neurodegenerative diseases through evaluating cholinesterase and tyrosinase (TYR) inhibitory and antioxidant activity of Lysimachia verticillaris (LV), and to isolate the major compounds considering the most active fraction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The methanol extract (ME) of LV and the chloroform, ethyl acetate (EtOAC), and aqueous fractions obtained from it were used for biological activity and isolation studies. The ME and all fractions were tested for their acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and TYR inhibitory and antioxidant potentials using ELISA microtiter assays. Seven major compounds were isolated from the active EtOAC fraction by semi-preparative high performance liquid chromatography. The structures of the compounds were elucidated by several spectroscopic methods. RESULTS: Marked AChE inhibitory activity was observed in the EtOAC fraction (6337±1.74%), BChE inhibitory activity in the ME and EtOAC fraction (85.84±3.01% and 83.82±3.93%), total phenol content in the EtOAC fraction (261.59±3.95 mg equivalent of gallic acid/1 g of extract) and total flavonoid contents in the EtOAC fraction (515.54±2.80 mg equivalent of quercetin/1 g of extract), and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity and ferric-reducing antioxidant power values in the aqueous and EtOAC fractions (92.54±0.67%, 92.11±0.30%; 2.318±0.054, 2.224±0.091, respectively). Accordingly, the isolation studies were carried out on the EtOAC fractions. Compounds 1-7 (gallic acid, (+)-catechin, myricetin 3-O-arabinofuranoside, myricetin 3-O-α-rhamnopyranoside, quercetin 3-O-ß-glucopyranoside, quercetin 3-O-arabinofuranoside, and quercetin 3-O-α-rhamnopyranoside, respectively) were isolated from the active EtOAC fraction. CONCLUSION: LV may be a potential herbal source for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases based on its strong antioxidant activity and significant cholinesterase inhibition similar to that of the reference.

An investigation on the anticandidal activity of some traditional medicinal plants in Turkey.

Methanol and chloroform extracts obtained from eight plant species belonging to six families, which were selected depending on their use in Turkish folk medicine, including Mentha longifolia L. (Labiatae), Mentha piperita L. Hudson (Labiatae), Prongos ferulaceae (Umbelliferae), Galium verum L. (Rubiaceae), Salvia limbata C. A Meyer (Labiatae), Artemisia austriaca Jacq. (Artemiceae), Plantago lanceolata L. (Plantaginaceae) and Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae) were evaluated for their in vitro anticandidal activity. The anticandidal activity of extracts against 99 human pathogenic clinical isolates belonging to 35 Candida albicans, 33 Candida tropicalis and 31 Candida glabrata and standard strains of Candida spp. (C. albicans ATCC 10231, C. glabrata ATCC 80030 and C. tropicalis ATCC 22019) were tested by disc diffusion method and the active extracts were assayed for the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). Chloroform extracts of plants have no inhibitory effect against both clinical and standard strains of Candida spp., whereas methanol extracts exhibited good activity. Among the plants tested, M. piperita showed the highest anticandidal activity with 12.3 mm inhibition zone and 1.25 mg ml(-1) MIC value against C. albicans, M. longifolia, P. lanceolata and A. austriaca also displayed activity against C. albicans and C. tropicalis.

4-(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyloxymethyl)phenyl-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside effect in liver regeneration.

Following an injury or resection, the mammalian liver has the capacity to regain its former volume and functioning by restoring itself. Studies have demonstrated that antioxidants play a role in hepatic regeneration. This study investigated the effect of 4-(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyloxymethyl) phenyl-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside (PG) obtained from Origanum micranthum on liver regeneration. Sixty Wistar Albino rats were used. In the sham-operated group, a midline abdominal laparotomy was performed without hepatectomy. In the partial hepatectomy (PHx) group, the median and left lateral lobes were removed. Rats in the PHx group received 20 mg/kg/day PG intraperitoneally before being sacrificed at 24, 48, and 72 hrs, and 7 days later. Liver tissues were collected for immunohistochemical analysis and electron microscopic evaluation. We found an increase in mitotic index, and the numbers of Ki-67 stained hepatocytes in all PHx early stage groups (24 hr, 48hr, 72 hr), but not in 7-day groups. The regeneration mediators eNOS, iNOS, TNF-α and NF-κB were shown to increase in PHx groups. This increase was more prominent dependening on time. In the PHx treatment (PHx+PG) groups, while eNOS was still high, iNOS, TNF-α and NF-κB had decreased. The apoptotic index was markedly high in the PHx groups; this was prevented by PG treatment. These findings were supported by the ultrastructural results. Our findings indicate that PG supports liver regeneration, hepatocyte proliferation, reduced liver damage, and inflammatory mediators following PHx.

Effects of Onosma armeniacum root extract on ethanol-induced oxidative stress in stomach tissue of rats.

This study investigated the effects of Onosma armeniacum K. (Boraginaceae) root extract (AR-1) on ethanol-induced stomach ulcers, and on some oxidant and antioxidant parameters, in stomach tissue in rats. The results obtained showed that AR-1 significantly inhibited ethanol-induced ulcers at 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg doses. We found that 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg doses of AR-1 inhibited ulcers more effectively than did ranitidine. AR-1 at doses of 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg significantly prevented the decrease in total glutathione (tGSH) level which occurs in damaged stomach tissues of rats given ethanol (control group). Only a 100 mg/kg dose of AR-1 significantly increased the glutathione S-transferase (GST) level in stomach tissue compared to the control. All doses of AR-1 except the 25 mg/kg dose eliminated the decrease in the superoxide dismutase (SOD) level in the stomach tissue of rats given ethanol. While all doses of AR-1 decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels significantly; all doses AR-1 except 25 mg/kg decreased myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels significantly compared to the control. The effect of AR-1 on catalase (CAT) activity was insignificant at all doses. AR-1 significantly increased nitric oxide (NO) levels at 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg doses compared to the control. Our results indicate that the protection of some antioxidant mechanisms and the inhibition of some oxidant mechanisms have a role in AR-1's antiulcer effect mechanism.

Lithospermic acid and ischemia/reperfusion injury of the rat small intestine prevention.

BACKGROUND: Intestinal ischemia and reperfusion (I-R) injury of different causes, including cardiac insufficiency, sepsis, vasodepressant and cardiodepressant drugs, and complications of long-lasting surgery, represents a major clinical problem. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether lithospermic acid (LA) can reduce oxidative stress and histological damage in the rat small bowel subjected to mesenteric I-R injury. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was performed on three groups of animals, each composed of 7 rats: the SO (sham operation) group, the I-R/Untreated group and the I-R/LA (I-R plus LA pretreatment) group. Intestinal ischemia for 45 minutes and reperfusion for 60 minutes were applied. Ileum specimens were obtained to determine the tissue level of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities and histological changes. RESULTS: Untreated intestinal I-R resulted in increased tissue MDA and MPO levels and diminished SOD and GPx activities. These changes were found to be almost reversed in the LA treatment group. Histopathologically, the intestinal injury in rats treated with LA was less than the untreated I-R group. CONCLUSIONS: Lithospermic acid attenuates mesenteric ischemia reperfusion injury in rat intestines by increasing tissue SOD and GPx activities and decreasing MDA and MPO levels. Lithospermic acid also improves morphological alterations which occurred after periods of reperfusion.

Antioxidant properties of some medicinal plants: Prangos ferulacea (Apiaceae), Sedum sempervivoides (Crassulaceae), Malva neglecta (Malvaceae), Cruciata taurica (Rubiaceae), Rosa pimpinellifolia (Rosaceae), Galium verum subsp. verum (Rubiaceae), Urtica dioica (Urticaceae).

Antioxidant and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities, reducing powers and the amount of total phenolic compounds of aqueous and/or methanolic extracts of some medicinal plants used in Eastern Turkey were studied. These plants are Prangos ferulacea (CASIR), Sedum sempervivoides (HOROZ LELESI), Malva neglecta (EBEMGUMECI), Cruciata taurica (SARILIK OTU), Rosa pimpinellifolia (KOYUN GOZU), Galium verum subsp. verum (MADAVUR OTU), Urtica dioica (ISIRGAN). The highest peroxidation inhibitions were shown by aqueous extracts of C. taurica and R. pimpinellifolia (IC(50): 0.00022 mg/l and IC(50): 23 mg/l, respectively). However, the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity, reducing power and the amount of phenolic compounds were shown by R. pimpinellifolia. The lowest antioxidant properties were shown by aqueous extract of M. neglecta.