Maternal sepsis and factors associated with poor maternal outcomes in a tertiary hospital in Tigray, Ethiopia: a retrospective chart review.

BACKGROUND: Maternal sepsis is the third leading cause of maternal death in the world. Women in resource-limited countries shoulder most of the burdens related to sepsis. Despite the growing risk associated with maternal sepsis, there are limited studies that have tried to assess the impact of maternal sepsis in resource-limited countries. The current study determined the outcomes of maternal sepsis and factors associated with having poor maternal outcomes. METHODS: A facility-based retrospective cross-sectional study design was employed to assess the clinical presentation, maternal outcomes, and factors associated with maternal sepsis. The study was conducted in Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Tigray, Ethiopia, from January 1, 2017, to December 31, 2021. Sociodemographic characteristics, clinical characteristics and outcomes of women with maternal sepsis were analyzed using a descriptive statistic. The association between dependent and independent variables was determined using multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: Among 27,350 live births, 298 mothers developed sepsis, giving a rate of 109 maternal sepsis for every 10,000 live births. There were 22 maternal deaths, giving rise to a case fatality rate of 7.4% and a maternal mortality ratio of 75 per 100,000 live births. Admission to the intensive care unit and use of mechanical ventilator were observed in 23.5% and 14.1% of the study participants, respectively. A fourth (24.2%) of the mothers were complicated with septic shock. Overall, 24.2% of women with maternal sepsis had severe maternal outcomes (SMO). Prolonged hospital stay, having parity of two and above, having the lung as the focus of infection, switchof antibiotics, and developing septic shock were significantly associated with SMO. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed that maternal sepsis continues to cause significant morbidity and mortality in resource-limited settings; with a significant number of women experiencing death, intensive care unit admission, and intubation attributable to sepsis. The unavailability of recommended diagnostic modalities and management options has led to the grave outcomes observed in this study. To ward off the effects of infection during pregnancy, labor and postpartum period and to prevent progression to sepsis and septic shock in low-income countries, we recommend that concerted and meticulous efforts should be applied to build the diagnostic capacity of health facilities, to have effective infection prevention and control practice, and to avail recommended diagnostic and management options.

Maternal mortality during war time in Tigray, Ethiopia: A community-based study.

OBJECTIVE: This study seeks to examine the impact of war on maternal mortality following an exacerbation in the dynamics of inequality in maternal health caused by the continuing conflict. DESIGN: Community-based cross-sectional study. SETTING: Tigray region of Northern Ethiopia, between November 2020 and May 2022. POPULATION: This study surveyed a total of 189 087 households from six of the seven zones of Tigray in 121 tabiyas from 31 districts selected. A multistage cluster sampling technique was used to select the districts and tabiyas. METHODS: The study was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, reproductive-age deaths that occurred during the study period were screened. In the second phase, verbal autopsies were conducted at the screened households. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Maternal mortality ratio level and cause-specific mortality. RESULTS: The results of the study showed that the maternal mortality ratio was 840 (95% CI 739-914) per 100 000 live births. Haemorrhage, 107 (42.8%), pregnancy-induced hypertension, 21 (8.4%), and accidents, 14 (5.6%), were the main causes of mortality. Additionally, 203 (81.2%) of the mothers died outside of a health facility. CONCLUSIONS: This study has shown a higher maternal mortality ratio following the dynamics of the Tigray war, as compared with the pre-war level of 186/100 000. Furthermore, potentially many of the pregnancy-related deaths could have been prevented with access to preventive and emergency services. Given the destruction and looting of many facilities, the restoration and improvement of the Tigray health system must take precedence.

Characteristics and outcome of pregnancy-related acute kidney injury in a teaching hospital in a low-resource setting: a five-year retrospective review.

BACKGROUND: Pregnancy-related kidney injury contributes to a high burden of acute kidney injury in low-resource settings and causes maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Few studies have examined the impact of acute kidney injury in resource-limited countries, with very limited research on pregnancy-specific disorders in Ethiopia. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of pregnancy-related acute kidney injury, outcomes and associated factors. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the clinical profile and maternal-fetal outcome of pregnancy-related acute kidney injury at Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital in Tigray, Ethiopia, from January 1, 2017, to December 31, 2021. Maternal and fetal outcomes were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine the association between the dependent and independent variables. RESULTS: Of 27,350 mothers who delivered at Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital between January 1, 2017, and December 31, 2021, a total of 187 women developed pregnancy-related acute kidney injury, a prevalence rate of 68 per 100,000 births. Preeclampsia, sepsis and pre-renal causes due to dehydration and hemorrhage were the most common causes of pregnancy-related acute kidney injury in this study. Hemodialysis was needed in 8.6% (n = 16) of patients. Of the 187 pregnancy-related acute kidney injuries, 143 (76.5%) recovered completely and 30 (16%) partially. The mortality rate was 7.5%. Preexisting chronic kidney disease (AOR = 30.13; 95% CI: 2.92, 310.84), use of vasoactive agents (AOR = 5.77; 95% CI: 1.47, 22.67), increase in creatinine per unit (AOR = 1.65; 95% CI: 1.11, 2.45) and complications related to acute kidney injury (AOR = 5.26; 95% CI: 1.73, 16.00) were determinants of the composite endpoints (partial renal recovery and death). CONCLUSIONS: This study emphasizes acute kidney injury in resource-limited settings is a significant cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. The vast majority of patients with pregnancy-related acute kidney injury recovered completely from kidney injury. The main causes of pregnancy-related acute kidney injury were preeclampsia, sepsis and pre-renal associated with hemorrhage and dehydration. Preexisting renal disease, use of vasopressors, increase in creatinine per unit and complications associated with acute kidney injury were determining factors for concomitant fetomaternal mortality. Appropriate preventive strategies during prenatal care and prompt treatment are needed for pregnancy-related acute kidney injury.

Lived experience of healthcare providers amidst war and siege: a phenomenological study of Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia.

BACKGROUND: Most wars are fought in poor countries and result in significant proportions of disabilities and mortalities. The consequences of wars and political instability on health workers and access to healthcare remain under-studied. This study aimed to explore the lived experience of healthcare providers amidst war and siege, in a teaching hospital in northern Ethiopia. METHODS: The study was conducted between February 2022 to March 2022. A qualitative phenomenological study was conducted between February to March 2022 with 20 healthcare providers working in Ayder Comprehensive and Specialized Hospital (ACSH), Tigray, Ethiopia, during the Tigray War. The study employed in-depth interviews. RESULTS: The main themes identified included the consequences of the siege on health service delivery at ACSH, personal survival threats posed by the siege, immediate health consequences of the siege among care providers, and consequences of the siege on the motivation and energy of health professionals. CONCLUSIONS: Health workers are exposed to a range of direct and indirect impacts of war, emphasizing the need to amend the conditions in which they live and work.

Perinatal outcome of oligohydramnios in academic hospitals in a low resource setting.

Oligohydramnios has been a topical issue in obstetrics. The prevalence of oligohydramnios ranges from 1 to 5%. Conflicting data exists concerning its effects on adverse perinatal outcome. This study aims to assess perinatal outcomes of oligohydramnios at the Mekelle Public Hospitals from April 1, 2018 - March 31, 2019. This was a cross-sectional study and a total population purposive sampling method was employed to collect data prospectively. During the study period, there were a total of 10,451 deliveries in both hospitals. Oligohydramnios complicated 332 pregnancies (3.2%, 95%CI: 2.9%, 3.5%) across all gestations and 273 pregnancies (2.6%, 95% CI: 2.3%, 2.9%) at term. The composite adverse perinatal outcome rate was 29.7% (95% CI, 24.5, 35.4). Primigravidity and presenting at post-term gestation were associated with adverse perinatal outcome. Nearly 70% of mothers gave birth via Cesarean delivery. Oligohydramnios was found to be associated with a significant increase in adverse newborn and maternal outcomes in the study setting. Although a significant proportion of mothers underwent Cesarean delivery for a perceived increased complications associated with vaginal delivery in this population of patients, Cesarean delivery was found to not improve perinatal outcome. Primigravids and postdated pregnancies must receive increased surveillance to detect oligohydramnios early and to institute appropriate and timely interventions. Indications for Cesarean delivery in patients complicated by oligohydramnios must be carefully examined to balance the benefit on the perinatal outcome on the one hand and to avoid unnecessary major surgery with potential fatal maternal complications on the other.

Nosocomial sepsis and drug susceptibility pattern among patients admitted to adult intensive care unit of Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northern Ethiopia.

OBJECTIVE: Developing nosocomial sepsis within intensive care unit (ICU) is associated with increased mortality, morbidity, and length of hospital stay. But information is scarce regarding nosocomial sepsis in intensive care units of Northern Ethiopia. Hence, this study aims to determine the incidence of nosocomial sepsis, associated factors, bacteriological profile, drug susceptibility pattern, and outcome among patients admitted to the adult ICU of Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital (ACSH), which is the largest tertiary hospital in Northern Ethiopia. METHOD: Facility-based longitudinal study was conducted by following 278 patients who were admitted for more than 48 h to adult ICU of ACSH, from October 2016 to October 2017. Data were collected from charts, electronic medical records, and microbiology registration book using a checklist. The collected data were subjected to descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression using SPSS version 25. Statistical significance was declared at p < 0.05. RESULT: Of all the patients, 60 (21.6%) of them acquired nosocomial sepsis. The risk of mortality was about two times higher among adult ICU patients who acquired nosocomial sepsis (RR = 2.2; 95% CI of RR = 1.3-3.5; p = 0.003). The odds of acquiring nosocomial sepsis among those who were on a mechanical ventilator (MV) and stayed more than a week were 5.7 and 9.3 times higher, respectively, than their corresponding counterparts. Among 48 isolates, Klebsiella was the most common pathogen. The isolates had a broad antibiotic resistance pattern for cephalosporins, penicillins, and methicillin. CONCLUSION: The incidence of nosocomial sepsis in the adult ICU patients of ACSH was higher when compared to the incidence reported from some African and Asian countries. Mortality was higher among patients who acquired nosocomial sepsis. Use of MV and longer length of ICU stay were the significant predictors of nosocomial sepsis. The isolates were resistant to several antibiotics. Therefore, strict application of infection prevention strategies and appropriate use of antibiotics is so crucial. As well, priority should be given to patients who develop nosocomial sepsis in ICU.

Thyrotoxicosis and dilated cardiomyopathy in developing countries.

BACKGROUND: Thyrotoxicosis is the state of thyroid hormone excess. But, in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), specifically Northern Ethiopia, scientific evidence about thyrotoxicosis and its cardiac complications like dilated cardiomyopathy is limited. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the thyrotoxicosis presentation and management and identify factors associated with dilated cardiomyopathy in a tertiary hospital in Northern Ethiopia. METHODS: An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital from 2017 to 2018. Data from 200 thyrotoxicosis cases were collected using a structured questionnaire. After describing variables, logistic regression was conducted to identify independent predictors of dilated cardiomyopathy. Statistical significance was declared at p < 0.05. RESULTS: Mean age at presentation of thyrotoxicosis was 45 years and females accounted for 89 % of the cases. The most frequent etiology was multinodular toxic goiter (51.5 %). As well, the most common symptoms and signs were palpitation and goiter respectively. Thyroid storm occurred in 6 % of the cases. Out of 89 patients subjected to echocardiography, 35 (39.3 %) of them had dilated cardiomyopathy. And, the odds of dilated cardiomyopathy were higher in patients who had atrial fibrillation (AOR = 15.95, 95 % CI:5.89-38.16, p = 0.001) and tachycardia (AOR = 2.73, 95 % CI:1.04-7.15, p = 0.040). All patients took propylthiouracil and 13.0 % of them experienced its side effects. Concerning ß-blockers, propranolol was the most commonly (78.5 % of the cases) used drug followed by atenolol (15.0 %). Six patients underwent surgery. CONCLUSIONS: In developing countries like Ethiopia, patients with thyrotoxicosis have no access to methimazole which is the first-line anti-thyroid drug. Besides, they greatly suffer from dilated cardiomyopathy (due to late presentation) and side effects of propylthiouracil. Therefore, we recommend that patients should get adequate health information about thyrotoxicosis and anti-thyroid drugs including their side effects. Additionally, hospitals and other concerned bodies should also avail of TSH tests and methimazole at an affordable cost. Furthermore, community awareness about iodized salt and iodine-rich foods should be enhanced.

Magnitude, trend, and causes of under-five mortality from Kilite-Awlaelo health demographic surveillance database, northern Ethiopia, 2009-2017.

BACKGROUND: Globally, neonatal and child mortality remains still high. Under-five mortality accounts for four-fifth of child and young adolescent deaths. In Ethiopia, though there has been a remarkable progress over the past years, under-five mortality is still high. Evidence from population-based longitudinal studies on under-five mortality is limited. Thus, this study aims to investigate the magnitude, trend, and causes of under-five mortality in the Kilite-Awlaelo Health Demographic Surveillance System, Northern Ethiopia. METHODS: Kilite-Awlaelo health and demographic surveillance system was established in 2009 in the northern part of Ethiopia. Population-based longitudinal study design was carried out through extracting data for nine consecutive years (2009-2017). After smoothing the data revealed a visually decreasing trend. Linear, quadratic, exponential, and autoregressive time-series models were checked. Accordingly, the exponential trend model provided the best fit with the lowest standard error of estimate, lowest sum square error and highest adjusted R2 value. Cause-specific mortality was determined by cross tabulating cause of death with specific age death. RESULTS: The overall under-five mortality rate was 35.62 per 1000 livebirths. The under-five mortality rate of rural and urban residents was 37.58 and 12.99 deaths per 1000 livebirths respectively. The exponential trend model showed the under-five mortality rate was declining exponentially. Bacterial sepsis 67(20.6%), prematurity 37(11.08%), intestinal infection disease 30(8.98%), acute lower respiratory infections 26(7.78%), and birth asphyxia 24(7.19%) were the major causes of under-five mortality. CONCLUSION: The overall under-five mortality rate for the surveillance period was comparatively lower. A statistically significant difference in under-five mortality rate was observed between urban and rural residents. A statistically significant declining trend in the under-five mortality rate was observed. Bacterial sepsis, prematurity, intestinal infection disease, acute lower respiratory infections, and birth asphyxia were the major causes of under-five mortality. We recommend the huge discrepancy in under-five mortality rate between urban and rural dwellers could be narrowed to some level by increasing healthcare access for rural residents.

Assessment of adverse events among healthcare workers following the Janssen COVID-19 vaccine in Tigray, Ethiopia.

Apart from the inequality in vaccination, war zones and areas where communication is disrupted are affected by myths and misconceptions about COVID-19 vaccines, heightening vaccine hesitancy. Local data on adverse events of the vaccines and their mildness can increase confidence and acceptance of the vaccines in the respective population. In areas of conflict and communication blackouts, the perception of the vaccines by health workers is of paramount importance as public health recommendations may not reach the public. Therefore, the scientific evaluation of adverse events following COVID-19 vaccination in such areas is invaluable. This cross-sectional, facility-based study was conducted using a structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire to assess the adverse events experienced by healthcare workers who received the Janssen COVID-19 vaccine. The sample was divided proportionally to the number of vaccinated healthcare workers for the different healthcare professions, and participants were then randomly selected from each profession. Prior to data collection, a pilot test was conducted with 5% of the sample size outside the selected hospital. The study was conducted using a structured questionnaire completed by an interviewer to assess adverse events in 442 healthcare workers who had received the Janssen COVID-19 vaccine between July 11 and 25, 2022. The study period was from August 15 to September 15, 2022. A significant number of healthcare workers [366 (83.3%); 95% CI 79.5%, 86.5%] experienced at least one adverse event. Nearly 90% of participants reported that the adverse events were mild to moderate. Pain at the injection site [307 (69.5%); 95% CI 65.0%, 73.6%] and headache [247 (55.9%); 95% CI 51.2%, 60.4%] were the most common local and systemic adverse events, respectively. Two HCWs experienced anaphylactic reaction. Younger age was significantly associated with the occurrence of adverse events. We deciphered that the adverse events reported by the study participants were not different from the typically occurring vaccine-related adverse reactions, and therefore concluded that post-vaccination reactions in healthcare workers were minor. Although vaccination in Tigray is currently stalled due to the siege, responsible stakeholders should develop a mechanism to track population-wide adverse events once the vaccines start to rollout.

The effect of war and siege on children with diabetes admitted to ayder comprehensive specialized hospital in mekelle, tigray, ethiopia: a cross-sectional study.

The armed conflict in Tigray, which spanned from November 2020 to November 2022, along with the accompanying siege, led to the near-total collapse of Tigray's healthcare system. Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus, the most common chronic condition in children, requires significant lifestyle adjustments, including daily insulin injections, regular glucose monitoring, and dietary modifications; all of which are severely impacted by war and siege. This study compared Type 1 diabetes care for children at the Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Tigray, during the conflict and siege period with that of the pre-war period. We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional survey, analyzing data from September 2019 to August 2020 (pre-war period) and comparing it with data from September 2021 to August 2022 (war and siege period). Descriptive statistics, including frequencies and percentages, were employed, and Pearson's or Spearman's correlation analyses were used to evaluate correlations where appropriate. We identified 143 pediatric patients admitted (56 during the pre-war period and 87 during the war and siege period), with a mean age of 109 months in both periods. During the war and siege, a higher proportion of diabetes admissions were due to diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) (90%) compared to the pre-war period (75%). In the pre-war period, the most common trigger for DKA was infections (35%), while in the war and siege period, it shifted to malnutrition (47%), infections (46%), lack of access to healthcare facilities (31%), and running out of medicines (24%). Complications such as death, renal failure, cerebral edema, and shock were more prevalent during the war and siege periods. The case fatality rate was significantly higher during the war and siege (9%) compared to the pre-war period (0%), correlating strongly with the severity of DKA, the degree of hypokalemia, the presence of complications, and admission during the war and siege. Our study showed the negative impact of war and siege on diabetes care in children demonstrating a high rate of DKA admissions with increased severity, complications, malnutrition, and case fatality rates. People with diabetes especially type 1 deserve great attention during such a crisis as the lack of insulin could lead to severe complications including death.

Causes of death among women of reproductive age during the war in Tigray, Ethiopia.

BACKGROUND: In resource-limited countries with weak healthcare systems, women of reproductive age are particularly vulnerable during times of conflict. In Tigray, Ethiopia, where a war broke out on 04 November 2020, there is a lack of information on causes of death (CoD) among women of reproductive age. This study aims to determine the underlying CoD among women of reproductive age during the armed conflict in Tigray. METHODS: This community-based survey was carried out in six Tigray zones, excluding the western zone for security reasons. We used a multistage stratified cluster sampling method to select the smallest administrative unit known as Tabiya. Data were collected using a standardized 2022 WHO Verbal Autopsy (VA) tool. The collected data were analyzed using the InterVA model using R analytic software. The study reported both group-based and cause-specific mortality fractions. RESULTS: A total of 189,087 households were screened and 832 deaths were identified among women of reproductive age. The Global Burden of Disease classification showed that infectious and maternal disorders were the leading CoD, accounting for 42.9% of all deaths. External causes contributed to 26.4% of fatalities, where assault accounted for 13.2% of the deaths. Maternal deaths made up 30.0% of the overall mortality rate. HIV/AIDS was the primary CoD, responsible for 13.2% of all deaths and 54.0% of infectious causes. Other significant causes included obstetric hemorrhage (11.7%) and other and unspecified cardiac disease (6.6%). CONCLUSIONS: The high proportion of infectious diseases related CoD, including HIV/AIDS, as well as the occurrence of uncommon external CoD among women, such as assault, and a high proportion of maternal deaths are likely the result of the impact of war in the region. This highlights the urgent need for targeted interventions to address these issues and prioritize sexual and reproductive health as well as maternal health in Tigray.

Neonatal mortality during the war in Tigray: a cross-sectional community-based study.

BACKGROUND: Neonatal mortality is among the key national and international indicators of health services. The global Sustainable Development Goal target for neonatal mortality is fewer than 12 deaths per 1000 livebirths, by 2030. Neonatal mortality estimates in the 2019 Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey found 25·7 deaths per 1000 livebirths. Subnational surveys specific to Tigray, Ethiopia, reported a neonatal mortality lifetime prevalence of 7·13 deaths. Another government report from the Tigray region estimated a neonatal mortality rate of ten deaths per 1000 livebirths in 2020. Despite the numerous interventions in Ethiopia's Tigray region to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals, the war has disrupted most health services, but the effect on neonatal mortality is unknown. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the magnitude and causes of neonatal mortality during the war in Tigray. METHODS: A cross-sectional community-based study was conducted in Tigray to evaluate neonatal mortality that occurred from Nov 4, 2020, to May 30, 2022. Among the 31 districts, 121 tabias were selected using computer-generated random sampling, and 189 087 households were visited. We adopted a validated WHO 2022 verbal autopsy tool, and data were collected using an interviewer-administrated Open Data Kit. In the absence of the mother, other respondents to the verbal autopsy interview were household members aged 18 years and older who provided care during the final illness that led to death. FINDINGS: 29 761 livebirths were recorded during the screening of 189 087 households. Verbal autopsy was administered for 1158 households with neonatal deaths. 317 neonates were stillborn, and 841 neonatal deaths were recorded with the WHO 2022 verbal autopsy tool from Nov 4, 2020, to May 30, 2022, in 31 districts. The neonatal mortality rate was 28·2 deaths per 1000 livebirths. 476 (57%) of the 841 neonatal deaths occurred at home and 296 (35%) in health facilities. A high rate of neonatal deaths was reported in rural districts (80% [673 of 841]) compared with urban districts (20% [168 of 841]), and 663 (79%) deaths occurred during the early neonatal period, in the first week of life (0-6 days). The leading causes of neonatal death were asphyxia (35% [291 of 834]), prematurity (30% [247 of 834]), and infection (12% [104 of 834]). Asphyxia (37% [246 of 663]) and infection (28% [50 of 178]) were the leading causes of death for early and late neonatal period deaths, respectively. INTERPRETATION: Neonatal mortality in Tigray is high due to preventable causes. An urgent response is needed to prevent the high number of neonatal deaths associated with the depleted health resources and services resulting from the war, and to achieve the Sustainable Development Goal on neonatal mortality. FUNDING: UNICEF and United Nations Fund for Population Activities. TRANSLATION: For the Tigrigna translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

Under-five mortality during the war in Tigray: A community-based study.

BACKGROUND: Child mortality is one of the key indicators of the Sustainable development goals. The Ethiopian healthcare system in general and Tigray's healthcare system in particular has shown a remarkable progress in terms of reducing maternal, neonatal, and under-five mortality in the last couple of decades. However, the war erupted in November 2020 caused the healthcare system to collapse and little is known about the status of child mortality in Tigray. Thus, this study aimed to examine the magnitude and causes of under-five child mortality in the embattled Tigray region was conducted from October 2020 - May 2022. METHODS: A cross-sectional community-based survey was employed. The study included all zones except the western zone and some areas of eastern and north western Tigray bordering Eritrea. These areas were skipped for security reasons. Based on multistage cluster sampling, 121 tabiyas in districts were selected. Census was conducted to survey 189,087 households in the 121 Tabiyas. A locally developed household screening tool and the latest world health organization verbal autopsy instrument were used. The Verbal Autopsy data was processed using the Inter-VA-5.1 (probabilistic modeling) to assign the cause of death. Under-five mortality rate (U5MR) was calculated per 1000 live births with a 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: In the present study, out of 29,761 live births, 1761 under-five children died giving an under-five mortality rate of 59(95% CI, 57-62) per 1000 live births. Deaths in the neonatal period and post-neonatal period accounted for 60% and 19.9% of the deaths respectively. Overall, the top 3 causes of under-five child mortality in the present study were: Perinatal asphyxia (n = 277,18%,) prematurity (n = 235,16%) and diarrheal diseases (n = 162, 12.5%). In those who died after first month of life, diarrheal diseases, lower respiratory tract infection, sever acute malnutrition and HIV were the main causes of death. Concerning the place of death, 61.6% of the children died at home. CONCLUSION: The present study revealed the doubling of under-five mortality in Tigray from where the figure stood in the pre-war period. The leading causes of death in under-five mortality are potentially preventable in situation where the healthcare system is functioning. Restoring the healthcare system and its apparatus, improving access to skilled institutional delivery, smooth perinatal transition, improving nutrition status of children, access to full course of vaccines could ameliorate the staggering under-five mortality rate in the war in Tigray.

Effect of vaginal scarring on the recovery of surgical repair of obstetric fistula in Northern Ethiopia.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of vaginal scarring on the recovery from surgical repair of obstetric fistula in Northern Ethiopia from 2015 to 2020. METHODS: A hospital-based retrospective cohort study was conducted among 224 women who had obstetric fistula repair surgery in Northern Ethiopia from March 1 to March 31, 2020. Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to determine the adjusted predictors of recovery for each main baseline predictor variable, using 95% confidence interval (CI) and P < 0.05 to declare statistical significance. RESULTS: The overall recovery rate was 57 of 1000 women (43 of 1000 and 73 of 1000 for women with and without vaginal scar, respectively), with an overall median time to recovery from obstetric fistula repair surgery of 15 days. Vaginal scarring (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.58 [95% CI, 1.13-2.21]), age of the patient (aHR, 4.05 [95% CI, 1.56-10.5]), mode of delivery (aHR, 2.14 [95% CI, 1.31-3.49]), place of delivery (aHR, 1.91 [95% CI, 1.17-3.12]), prior repair (aHR, 1.90 [95% CI, 1.08-3.35]), and duration of catheterization (aHR, 12.91 [95% CI, 7.21-23.13]) were independent predictors of recovery. CONCLUSIONS: In the present study, we found that women who had no vaginal scar, age older than 30 years, facility and spontaneous vaginal delivery, first attempt repair, and shorter duration of catheterization had a shorter recover time.

Clinical presentation, maternal-fetal, and neonatal outcomes of early-onset versus late onset preeclampsia-eclampsia syndrome in a teaching hospital in a low-resource setting: A retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Pre-eclampsia-eclampsia syndrome remains the leading cause of maternal and neonatal mortality worldwide. Both from pathophysiologic and clinical stand points, early and late onset preeclampsia are thought to be two different disease entities. However, the magnitude of preeclampsia-eclampsia and maternal-fetal and neonatal outcomes of early and late onset preeclampsia are not adequately investigated in resource-limited settings. This study sought to examine the clinical presentation and maternal-fetal and neonatal outcome of these two entities of the disease in Ayder comprehensive specialized hospital, an academic setting in Tigray, Ethiopia, from January 1, 2015-December 31, 2021. METHODS: A retrospective cohort design was employed. The patient charts were reviewed to see the baseline characteristics and their progress from the onset of the disease in the antepartum, intrapartum and postpartum periods. Women who developed pre-eclampsia before 34 weeks of gestation were defined as having early-onset pre-eclampsia, and those who developed at 34 weeks or later were identified as late-onset preeclampsia. We used chi-square, t-test and multivariable logistic regression analyses to determine differences between early- and late onset diseases in terms of clinical presentation, maternal-fetal, and neonatal outcomes. RESULTS: Among the 27,350 mothers who gave birth at the Ayder comprehensive specialized hospital, 1095 mothers had preeclampsia-eclampsia syndrome, with a prevalence of 4.0% (95% CI: 3.8, 4.2)]. Of the 934 mothers analyzed early and late onset diseases accounted for 253 (27.1%) and 681 (72.9%) respectively. Overall, death of 25 mothers was recorded. Women with early onset disease had significant unfavorable maternal outcomes including having preeclampsia with severity features (AOR = 2.92, 95% CI: 1.92, 4.45), liver dysfunction (AOR = 1.75, 95% CI: 1.04, 2.95), uncontrolled diastolic blood pressure (AOR = 1.71, 95% CI: 1.03, 2.84), and prolonged hospitalization (AOR = 4.70, 95% CI: 2.15, 10.28). Similarly, they also had increased unfavorable perinatal outcomes, including the APGAR score at the 5th minute (AOR = 13.79, 95% CI: 1.16, 163.78), low birth weight (AOR = 10.14, 95% CI 4.29, 23.91), and neonatal death (AOR = 6.82, 95% CI: 1.89, 24.58). CONCLUSION: The present study highlights the clinical differences between early versus late onset preeclampsia. Women with early-onset disease are at increased levels of unfavorable maternal outcomes. Perinatal morbidity and mortality were also increased significantly in women with early onset disease. Therefore, gestational age at the onset of the disease should be taken as an important indicator of the severity of the disease with unfavorable maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes.

Armed conflict and household food insecurity: evidence from war-torn Tigray, Ethiopia.

BACKGROUND: Exposure to armed conflicts result in strongly adverse and often irreversible short- and long-term effects which may transmit across generations. Armed conflicts directly cause food insecurity and starvation by disruption and destruction of food systems, reduce farming populations, destroying infrastructure, reducing resilience, and increasing vulnerabilities, disruptions in access to market, increasing food price or making goods and services unavailable altogether. The objective of the present study was to determine the status of household food insecurity in the armed conflict affected communities of Tigray in terms of Access, Experience and Hunger scale. METHOD: Community-based cross-sectional study was conducted to assess impact of armed conflict on household food insecurity among households with children with under one year. FHI 360 and FAO guidelines were used to quantify household food insecurity and Household hunger status. RESULTS: Three-fourth of the households had anxiety about food supply and eat undesired monotonous diet due to lack of resources. Households were obliged to eat few kinds of foods, eat smaller meals, eat foods they do not want to eat, or went a whole day without eating any food. Household food insecurity access, food insecurity experience, and hunger scales significantly increased by 43.3 (95% CI: 41.9-44.7), 41.9 (95% CI: 40.5-43.3) and 32.5 (95% CI: 31.0-33.9) percentage points from the prewar period. CONCLUSIONS: Household food insecurity levels and household hunger status of the study communities was unacceptably high. The armed conflict has significant negative effect on food security in Tigray. It is recommended that the study communities need to be protected from the immediate and long-term consequences of conflict-induced household food insecurity.

Impact of a double catastrophe, war and COVID-19, on health service utilization of a tertiary care hospital in Tigray: an interrupted time-series study.

BACKGROUND: In developing nations with fragile healthcare systems, the effect of war is likely to be much worse than it would be in more developed countries. The presence of COVID-19 will also likely exacerbate the war's impact. This study set out to determine the effect of armed conflict and the COVID-19 pandemic on health service utilization at Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, in the Tigray region of Ethiopia. METHODS: An interrupted time-series study design was used to analyze patient visits over forty-eight consecutive months (from July 2017 to June 2021) at inpatient, outpatient, and emergency departments. Data were analyzed using segmented regression analysis with a defined outcome of level and trend changes in the number of patient visits. In addition, negative binomial regression analysis was also used to estimate the impact of both COVID-19 and the war on patient flow. RESULTS: There were 59,935 admissions, 876,533 outpatient visits, and 127,872 emergency room visits. The effect of COVID-19 was seen as soon as the Tigray regional government imposed comprehensive restrictions. Immediately after COVID-19 appeared, all the service areas exhibited a significant monthly drop in visits; [-35.6% (95% CI: -48.2%, -23.1%)] for inpatient, [-60.6% (95% CI: -71.6%, -49.5%)] for outpatient, and [-44.1% (95% CI: -59.5%, -28.7%)] for emergency department visits. The impact of the war became apparent after a lag time of one month. Controlling the effects of time and COVID-19, the war led to a significant fall in inpatient visits [-44.3% (95% CI: -67.2%, -21.5%)], outpatients [-52.1% (95% CI: -82.7%, -21.5%)], and emergency-room attendances [-45.0% (95% CI: -74.8%, -15.2%)]. An upward trend in outpatient flow was observed after the war [1,219.4 (95% CI: 326.1, 2,112.8)]. CONCLUSIONS: The present study has clearly indicated that the war and COVID-19 have led to a large reduction in admissions, outpatient attendance, and emergency department visits. The evidence from this study suggests that due to this double catastrophe, thousands of patients could not gain access to healthcare, with probable negative consequences. Governments and organizations should implement measures to buttress the healthcare system to maintain pre-war status of service.

Dialysis Service in the Embattled Tigray Region of Ethiopia: A Call to Action.

Haemodialysis is extremely limited in low-income countries. Access to haemodialysis is further curtailed in areas of active conflict and political instability. Haemodialysis in the Tigray region of Ethiopia has been dramatically affected by the ongoing civil war. Rapid assessment from the data available at Ayder Hospital's haemodialysis unit registry, 2015-2021, shows that enrollment of patients in the haemodialysis service has plummeted since the war broke out. Patient flow has decreased by 37.3% from the previous yearly average. This is in contrary to the assumption that enrollment would increase because patients could not travel to haemodialysis services in the rest of the country due to the complete blockade. Compared to the prewar period, the mortality rate has doubled in the first year after the war broke out, i.e., 28 deaths out of 110 haemodialysis recipients in 2020 vs. 43 deaths out of 81 haemodialysis recipients in the year 2021. These untoward outcomes reflect the persistent interruption of haemodialysis supplies, lack of transportation to the hospital, lack of financial resources, and the unavailability of basic medications due to the war and the ongoing economic and humanitarian blockade of Tigray in Northern Ethiopia. In the setting of this medical catastrophe, the international community should mobilize to advocate for resumption of life-saving haemodialysis treatment in Ethiopia's Tigray region and put pressure on the Ethiopian government to allow the passage of life-saving medicines, essential medical equipment, and consumables for haemodialysis into Tigray.

Incidence and predictors of first-year unplanned discontinuation of Implanon at Ayder comprehensive specialized hospital, northern Ethiopia: A retrospective follow-up study.

BACKGROUND: Discontinuing contraception without switching to a different type of family planning (FP) method contributes to unwanted pregnancy and unsafe abortion. Unplanned discontinuation of Implanon (which is discontinuation of Implanon without switching, but not for reasons of wanting to get pregnant) during the first year and its possible determinants have not been well investigated in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the incidence and predictors of unplanned discontinuation of Implanon during the first year. METHODS: A retrospective follow-up study was conducted among 413 consecutive series of eligible women at Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital in Northern Ethiopia. Data were drawn from both FP initiation and removal registration books and from contacting users by phone over a one-year period (April 2016 and March 2017). The inclusion of the categorical predictor in the final Cox model was considered if the test had a P-value of <0.25 in the log-rank test. We identified predictors of time to unplanned discontinuation using a multivariable Cox regression analysis. Adjusted hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to assess the association of covariates with the risk of discontinuation. There were no statistically significant interaction terms and proportionality assumption was fulfilled. RESULTS: The unplanned discontinuation rate of Implanon during the first year was 18.2%, with an incidence density of 16.3 discontinuations/1000 women-months. Compared with those under 20 years of age, women aged 20 to 24 years (AHR = 0.42; 95% CI: 0.19-0.91) had a protective effect against discontinuation. On the other hand, clients whose partner's educational level was lower than secondary (AHR = 2.20; 95% CI: 1.08-4.49) and who had never used any modern contraception method before (AHR = 3.26; 95% CI: 1.61-6.61) had a higher risk of discontinuation. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings have significant implications for understanding why Implanon is discontinued in an unplanned manner, and will help policy makers plan the interventions needed to improve Implanon continuity by overcoming identified barriers. Providers in similar settings should pay more attention to clients whose partners have lower educational status and who are new acceptors.

Clinical features and risk factors associated with morbidity and mortality among patients with COVID-19 in northern Ethiopia.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical features and assess the determinants of severity and in-hospital mortality of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from a unique setting in Ethiopia. METHODS: Consecutive patients admitted to a COVID-19 isolation and treatment centre were included in this study. The overall clinical spectrum of COVID-19, and factors associated with risk of severe COVID-19 and in-hospital mortality were analysed. RESULTS: Of 2617 quarantined patients, three-quarters (n = 1935, 74%) were asymptomatic and only 114 (4.4%) presented with severe COVID-19. Common characteristics among the 682 symptomatic patients were cough (n = 354, 50.6%), myalgia (n = 212, 31.1%), headache (n = 196, 28.7%), fever (n = 161, 23.6%), dyspnoea (n = 111, 16.3%), anosmia and/or dysgeusia (n = 90, 13.2%), sore throat (n = 87, 12.8%) and chest pain (n = 77, 11.3%). Factors associated with severe COVID-19 were older age [adjusted relative risk (aRR) 1.78, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.61-1.97; P < 0.0001], diabetes (aRR 2.00, 95% CI 1.20-3.32; P = 0.007), cardiovascular disease (aRR 2.53, 95% CI 1.53-4.17; P < 0.0001), malignancy (aRR 4.57, 95% CI 1.62-12.87; P = 0.004), surgery/trauma (aRR 23.98, 95% CI 10.35-55.57; P < 0.0001) and human immunodeficiency virus infection (aRR 4.24, 95% CI 1.55-11.61; P = 005). Factors associated with risk of in-hospital mortality included older age (aRR 2.37, 95% CI 1.90-2.95; P < 0.001), malignancy (aRR 6.73, 95% CI 1.50-30.16; P = 0.013) and surgery/trauma (aRR 59.52, 95% CI 12.90-274.68; P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: A significant proportion of cases of COVID-19 were asymptomatic, and key comorbid conditions increased the risk of severe COVID-19 and in-hospital mortality. These findings could help in the design of appropriate management strategies for patients.