Cost-effectiveness analysis of biopsy strategies for endometrial cancer diagnosis in women with postmenopausal bleeding: Pipelle sampling curette versus dilatation & curettage.

BACKGROUND: Endometrial sampling is widely used for accurate diagnosis of endometrial cancer (EC), which is the most common gynecologic cancer in US women. The objective of this study was to explore the cost-effectiveness of two endometrial sampling procedures for diagnosing EC: (1) Pipelle endometrial sampling (Pipelle), and (2) dilatation & curettage (D&C), while accounting for sampling procedure failure rates and diagnostic accuracy in women with postmenopausal bleeding (PMB). METHOD: The decision analytic model was built to compare the cost-effectiveness of Pipelle and D&C strategies in a hypothetical cohort of PMB women. The analysis was performed from the perspective of a public healthcare payer (Medicare, US). We used 2017 Medicare reimbursement data for cost estimation. The effectiveness of these two diagnostic strategies was measured by analyzing the remaining life expectancy after EC diagnosis and subsequent treatment. RESULTS: The base case analysis suggested that Pipelle was not only equally effective (32.11 vs. 32.11 years of life), but also less costly ($1897.80 vs. $2999.11) based on Medicare reimbursement when compared to D&C. In one-way sensitivity analyses and Monte Carlo probabilistic sensitivity analysis, the Pipelle remained the more cost-effective sampling strategy even after accounting for sampling failure rate associated with each sampling strategy. CONCLUSION: The Pipelle is the more cost-effective sampling strategy compared to D&C for EC diagnosis in women with PMB. From the cost-effectiveness perspective, the higher sampling failure rate of Pipelle should not be regarded as a limitation in its clinical application.

Patient and provider factors associated with endometrial Pipelle sampling failure.

OBJECTIVE: To explore risk factors associated with sampling failure in women who underwent Pipelle biopsy. METHODS: A consecutive sample of 201 patient records was selected from women who underwent Pipelle biopsy procedures for suspected uterine pathology in a large healthcare system over a 6-month period (January 2013 through June 2013). Personal and medical data including age, BMI, gravidity and parity, and previous history of Pipelle biopsy were abstracted from medical records for each patient. Logistic regression analyses were used to determine factors associated with biopsy sampling failure. RESULTS: Pipelle biopsy sampling failed in 46 out 201 women (22.89%), where 8 (17.39%) were due to inability to access the endometrium, 37 (80.43%) were inadequate samples, and 1 (2.18%) was due to unknown reasons. Personal and medical factors found to be related to sampling failure included: postmenopausal bleeding as biopsy indication (OR 7.41, 95% CI 2.27-24.14); history of prior biopsy failure (OR 23.87, 95% CI 3.76-151.61); and provider type (physician vs. midlevel provider) (OR 9.152, 95% CI 2.49-33.69). CONCLUSION: We identified several risk factors for biopsy failure that suggest the need for particular care with Pipelle sampling procedures among women with certain characteristics, including postmenopausal bleeding and a history of prior failed Pipelle biopsy. Our finding of a significantly higher risk of sampling failure based on personal and clinical data suggests that providers must take into account additional considerations to improve sampling success.

Understanding COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in health care professionals in Central and West Asia: lessons for future emergency mass vaccination campaigns.

A Quick Assessment of Vaccine Hesitancy approach was developed to collect population insights on vaccination hesitancy for low resource environments. Insights into COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy were collected through online webinars with heads of healthcare departments and anonymized online surveys of healthcare managers (HCM) and primary healthcare workers (HCW) in four countries in Central and West Asia (Armenia, Georgia, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan) between 28 February 2022 and 29 March 2022. From the responses to the survey some key themes identified that underpinned in vaccine hesitancy across the region were perceived understanding of vaccine efficacy, conflict with individual religious beliefs, concerns for side effects, and the relatively rapid development of the vaccine and that improving communications strategies to address these concerns would be critical in combatting vaccine hesitancy through any future public health emergencies.

Qualitative Interview Study of Gynecologic Oncologist Utilization of Recommended Same-Day Discharge Following Minimally Invasive Hysterectomy.

Recent investigations have supported the safety and benefits of discharging women on the same day following a minimally invasive hysterectomy (MIH) for both benign and malignant indications. Not all eligible candidates for same-day discharge (SDD) are discharged the same day, and patients undergoing an MIH for malignant indications have decreased the odds of receiving SDD despite established safety. The objective of this study was to use qualitative interviews to explore physician decision making regarding SDD after an MIH for malignant indications. Six qualitative interviews of gynecologic oncologists were analyzed using recurrent theme analysis for distinct themes in physician decision making regarding SDD. Results suggest that physician-perceived barriers to SDD include patient health characteristics, patient social characteristics, and hospital-system factors. Cited factors influencing SDD include patient travel, social support, practice setting (urban vs. rural) and staff comfort with the recommendation. Obstructive sleep apnea and post-surgical oxygenation appear to be a recurring reason for unplanned admission. The utilization of SDD after an MIH in the gynecologic oncology patient population is influenced by patient, physician, and system factors. Addressing the physician's perceived barriers to SDD and catering recommendations to the gynecologic oncology population may increase utilization.

Endometrial cancer risk factors in Singapore Chinese: a prospective cohort study.

PURPOSE: The incidence of Endometrial cancer (EC) has grown substantially in Asia over the past decade. However, few studies have addressed risk factors associated with EC incidence in Asian populations. We explored the association between reproductive and dietary risk factors and EC in the Singapore Chinese Health Study (SCHS), one of the largest prospective cohort studies in Asia. METHODS: Data were collected from 34,028 ethnically Chinese women aged 45-74 residing in Singapore, enrolled between 1993 and 1998. Baseline demographic, dietary, and reproductive factors were collected via structured questionnaires. EC cases were identified from the Singapore Cancer Registry (n = 126) up to 2010. Cox proportional hazard models were used to analyze association between EC and personal, reproductive, and dietary factors. RESULTS: The incidence of EC in this population was 28.8 per 100,000 person-years. Regardless of menopausal status, obesity (BMI ≥ 27) was associated with increased EC risk (HR = 2.22, 95% CI 1.26-3.92), while later age at menarche was associated with decreased EC risk (HR = 0.14, 95% CI 0.04-0.46). In postmenopausal women, later age at menopause was associated with increased EC risk (HR = 2.82, 95% CI 1.24-6.43). Lifestyle and nutritional factors were not associated with risk of EC in this cohort. CONCLUSIONS: This study is one of the largest cohort studies exploring EC risk factors in Asian populations. Our study identified similarities in EC risk factors for European and Asian populations, which potentially suggests that strategies developed for EC prevention in Western populations can be potentially appropriate for the Singapore Chinese population due to risk factor similarities.

Neuropsychological Assessment of Community-Dwelling Older Adults in Almaty, Kazakhstan.

Cognitive impairment in older adults is a major public concern for Kazakhstan's aging population. We aimed to (1) administer a neuropsychological test battery (NTB) in domains relevant to aging-associated cognitive impairment in a sample of adults aged 60+ without dementia in Almaty, Kazakhstan; (2) investigate the associations between demographic factors and test performance; and (3) provide information on the distribution of NTB scores as preliminary local normative data relevant for this population. A cross-sectional evaluation of 276 participants aged 60+ in Almaty, Kazakhstan, was conducted using cognitive instruments including tests of memory, attention, language, executive functions, visuospatial abilities, and processing speed. Multiple linear regression analyses were used to examine the association of demographic factors with neuropsychological test performance. The results from the regression analysis showed that those who are younger, have more years of education, are women, and are of Russian ethnicity had significantly better performance. The current study illustrated (1) the feasibility of administering the NTB to older adults in the general population in Kazakhstan; (2) the preliminary local normative neuropsychological measures; and (3) their independent associations with age, education, gender, and ethnicity. The findings are a platform for future research on dementia and cognitive impairment in older adults in Kazakhstan.

Same-day discharge after minimal invasive hysterectomy: Applications for improved value of care.

OBJECTIVE: Hysterectomy is one of the most common surgical procedures. Same-day discharge (SDD) is increasingly utilized for minimally invasive hysterectomies, but its uptake varies across healthcare systems and surgical specialties. An evidence-based initiative was developed to aid in the incorporation of SDD into the practice of minimally invasive hysterectomy (MIH) in the UPMC Health System. The objective of this study was to identify trends of SDD utilization across various gynecologic specialties at UPMC, as well as evaluate the impact of SDD on length of stay (LOS) and complications after the implementation of SDD initiative. STUDY DESIGN: We retrospectively identified 5554 patients who underwent MIH between 2014 and 2017 and were eligible for SDD, as determined by physicians and authorized by patients' insurance plans. Multivariable logistic regression models evaluated the trend of SDD utilization among four specialty types (general gynecologists, urogynecologists, specialized minimally invasive surgeons, and oncologists) and trends in complications. Multivariable logistic and linear regression models were applied to compare complications and LOS between patients with SDD vs. those with overnight admissions. RESULTS: SDD utilization increased from 28.55% to 74.99% during the study period. SDD significantly increased over the study period for all specialty types, with urogynecologists having the highest uptake from 3.9% in 2014 to 95.8% in 2017 (p<.01). After adjusting for year, specialty types, MIH procedure type, and total case time, SDD utilization was associated with shorter mean LOS (p<.01); such that mean LOS was 764.43 min (95% CI: 735.46-793.40) for SDD patients and 2041.84 min (95% CI: 2015.99-2067.70) for patients with overnight admissions. SDD was also associated with 42% lower odds (95% CI: 0.37-0.93, p=.02) of complications compared with patients with overnight admissions. CONCLUSION: Same-day discharge uptake increased over years and was associated with lower odds of complications and decreased length of stay. More studies are needed to explore same-day discharge process to improve patient outcomes, patient satisfaction, and value of care.

Survival and recurrence after intraperitoneal chemotherapy use: Retrospective review of ovarian cancer hospital registry data.

BACKGROUND: Intraperitoneal/intravenous chemotherapy (IP/IV) was associated with improved survival for ovarian cancer (OC) patients in several randomized clinical trials. However, the uptake of IP/IV in clinical practice is varied due to conflicting evidence about its impact on survival and recurrence. The aim of this study was to explore the uptake of IP/IV treatment and to evaluate its impact on survival and recurrence in OC patients. METHODS: Demographic and clinical information on OC patients (N = 2916) who underwent treatment for OC between 2000 and 2017 was obtained from the large healthcare system cancer registry. Duplicate records, grade 1, rare (eg, gelatinous carcinoma), and non-epithelial (eg, granulosa cell carcinoma) tumors were excluded. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were constructed to compare 5- and 10-year survival based on the chemotherapy type, surgery type, and stage. Multivariable Gray's piecewise constant time-varying coefficient models were fitted to evaluate the effect of IP/IV on adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) of OC survival and recurrence adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS: The final sample consisted of 1846 OC patients, 14% (250/1846) of which received IP/IV chemotherapy. IP/IV was significantly associated with improved 10-year survival (P < .001). Multivariable Gray's model demonstrated that IP/IV therapy significantly reduced the AHR of death (AHR = 0.39-1.07, P < .001) with the beneficial effect gradually declining over time. Use of IP/IV chemotherapy had no impact on OC recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrated that only a small fraction of eligible patients underwent IP/IV chemotherapy. We report a significant 10-year survival, but not necessarily recurrence benefit is associated with IP/IV chemotherapy compared to IV only, suggesting the need for novel ways of identifying patients who may benefit from IP/IV chemotherapy.

Relationships Between a History of Abuse, Changes in Body Mass Index, Physical Health, and Self-Reported Depression in Female Bariatric Surgery Patients.

Background/Objectives: A history of physical and sexual abuse has been implicated in weight gain. Although bariatric surgery is effective for weight loss in severely obese individuals, we investigated whether bariatric surgery patients who self-report a history of physical and/or sexual abuse have differential outcomes regarding weight loss, body mass index (BMI), quality of life (SF-36), and depressive symptoms (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression [CESD]) compared with nonabused patients. Materials and Methods: Standardized assessments at baseline and follow-up visits were performed on 103 obese (BMI >35) female bariatric surgery patients (mean age: 44.11 years, standard deviation: 11.67 years). Results: In total 49.5% of participants reported abuse. Abused group had significantly higher BMI (p < 0.01) and depression scores (p < 0.01). After surgery, the BMI between the two groups was no longer significantly different, although the abused group remained significantly more depressed. Mixed models showed that abuse was associated with CESD scores (p < 0.01) and SF-36 mental composite scores (p = 0.03) after adjusting for smoking history. Conclusion: Bariatric surgery leads to a better weight loss in abused patients. Abuse history might be an additional factor for clinicians to consider when advising bariatric surgery, as our study suggests that women with history of abuse may have a higher weight loss benefit but less mental health improvement from the intervention.

Metabolic Syndrome in Endometrial Cancer Patients: Systematic Review.

Large numbers of previously published studies show the importance of Metabolic syndrome (MetS) in the development of endometrial cancer (EC), the most common gynecologic malignancy in the United States. Defining the association between EC and MetS is complicated by inconsistencies among the MetS definitions used in EC. The aim of this study was to identify the MetS definition that is most practical for EC patients, as well as to estimate the prevalence of MetS using each definition in EC patients. A systematic literature search of PubMed and Embase was conducted to identify studies published between 1988 and 2018 and reporting the components of MetS in EC patients. Relevant studies were selected based on the presence of key MetS components, including central obesity, dyslipidemia, elevated blood pressure, and impaired glucose metabolism. Two independent reviewers extracted information from these articles. Our literature search has identified 400 articles, 8 of which were used for the final analyses. In this systematic review, the prevalence of MetS in EC patients varied based on the definition used, ranging from 6% for International Diabetes Federation (IDF) to 62% for Harmonized. IDF and Harmonized of MetS were the most practical definitions for women with EC. While our review included different approaches to diagnosing MetS and linking it to EC, we argue that there is a need for single and practical MetS definition criteria to improve diagnostics, decrease the inconsistencies across the future EC studies, and foster a cohesive understanding of the evidence regarding the association between MetS and EC.

Inflammatory biomarker in adipose stem cells of women with endometrial cancer.

AIM: To explore inflammatory biomarkers secreted by adipose stem cells (ASCs) in omental, retroperitoneal and subcutaneous adipose tissues of women with endometrial cancer. PATIENTS & METHODS: ASCs were collected from 22 women, aged 35-83 years, undergoing hysterectomy for endometrial cancer. Angiopoietin-2, EGF, IL-8, leptin, VEGFA, VEGFC and VEFGD levels in the ASC-conditioned media were analyzed by Luminex. RESULTS: We found a significant difference between the three depots for IL-8 (p < 0.0001), with the highest levels of IL-8 in the omental depot. VEGFA levels were highest in the retroperitoneal depot. CONCLUSION: This is one of the first studies to explore biomarker expression in ASC-conditioned media in adipose tissue. ASC characteristics may be important to evaluate in relation to cancer risk.

Health challenges in Kazakhstan and Central Asia.

The Central Asian region, which encompasses Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Kyrgyzstan, is an interesting geographic region with a rich history dating back to the Silk Road, Mongol conquests and expansion of the Russian Empire. However, from a public health viewpoint, the Central Asian region is under-investigated, and many public health challenges exist, as countries of Central Asia inherited the centralised medical systems practiced in the Soviet Union, and are currently undergoing rapid transitions. A large number of low and middle-income countries around the world, including countries of Central Asia, face a double burden of chronic and infectious disease. This essay focuses on the exploration of the most important public health challenges in the Central Asian region, including limited scientific productivity, the double burden of chronic and infectious disease, the need for healthcare reform and the reduction in care variation. Central Asia has a large number of medical schools, medical centres, and emerging research institutes that can be used to foster a change in medical and public health practice in the region.

Publication Productivity in Central Asia and Countries of the Former Soviet Union.

INTRODUCTION: Despite the significant number of research institutions and rich scientific heritage, published research from Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan) is traditionally underrepresented in international scientific literature. The goal of this paper was to analyze publication patterns in Central Asian countries, and to explore the factors that contributed to the publication productivity in Kazakhstan. METHODS: Publication productivity was evaluated using data generated by the SCImago Journal & Country Rank over the period of 1996-2014 for all of the 15 former Soviet Union Republics for all subject categories. Country specific data, including total population, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, research and development (R&D) expenditure (% of GDP), number of reserchers (per million people), was abstracted from World Bank data. ANOVA and ANCOVA analyses compared the mean number of publications among Central Asian countries. Separate analyses was done for publication patterns in the health sciences. Multiple comparisons were performed using Tukey method. RESULTS: The analysis of publication productivity showed significant discrepancies in the number of published documents among the Central Asian countries. Kazakhstan demonstrated a significant increase in the number of published documents in the period of 1996-2014, mainly in the areas of natural and multidisciplinary sciences. Our analyses also showed that the number of publications are siginicantly associated with GDP and population size. CONCLUSIONS: We identified large gaps in publication productivity among the Central Asian countries. The association between publication rate with GDP and population size indicates there is a need to adjust for these factors when planning research policy.

The Central Asian Journal of Global Health to Increase Scientific Productivity.

The WHO Collaborating Center at the University of Pittsburgh, USA partnering with Nazarbayev University, developed the Central Asian Journal of Global Health (CAJGH, cajgh.pitt.edu) in order to increase scientific productivity in Kazakhstan and Central Asia. Scientists in this region often have difficulty publishing in upper tier English language scientific journals due to language barriers, high publication fees, and a lack of access to mentoring services. CAJGH seeks to help scientists overcome these challenges by providing peer-reviewed publication free of change with English and research mentoring services available to selected authors. CAJGH began as a way to expand the Supercourse scientific network (www.pitt.edu/~super1) in the Central Asian region in order to rapidly disseminate educational materials. The network began with approximately 60 individuals in five Central Asian countries and has grown to over 1,300 in a few short years. The CAJGH website receives nearly 900 visits per month. The University of Pittsburgh's "open access publishing system" was utilized to create CAJGH in 2012. There are two branches of the CAJGH editorial board: Astana (at the Center for Life Sciences, Nazarbayev University) and Pittsburgh (WHO Collaborating Center). Both are comprised of leading scientists and expert staff who work together throughout the review and publication process. Two complete issues have been published since 2012 and a third is now underway. Even though CAJGH is a new journal, the editorial board uses a rigorous review process; fewer than 50% of all submitted articles are forwarded to peer review or accepted for publication. Furthermore, in 2014, CAJGH will apply to be cross referenced in PubMed and Scopes. CAJGH is one of the first English language journals in the Central Asian region that reaches a large number of scientists. This journal fills a unique niche that will assist scientists in Kazakhstan and Central Asia publish their research findings and share their knowledge with others around the region and the world.