Effect of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) consumption on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Conflicting evidence exists on the effect of sesame consumption on glucose metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Therefore, this meta-analysis focuses on the relationship between sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) intervention and glycemic control in patients with T2D. Published literature was retrieved and screened from PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library up to December 2022. Outcome measures included fasting blood sugar (FBS) concentrations, fasting insulin levels, and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) percentage. Pooled effect sizes were reported as weighted mean differences (WMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Eight clinical trials (395 participants) were eligible for meta-analyses. Overall, sesame consumption significantly reduced serum FBS (WMD: -28.61 mg/dL, 95% CI: -36.07 to -21.16, p˂0.001; I2 = 98.3%) and HbA1c percentage (WMD: -0.99%, 95% CI: -1.22 to -0.76, p ≤ 0.001; I2 = 65.1%) in patients with T2D. However, sesame consumption did not significantly influence fasting insulin levels (Hedges's: 2.29, 95% CI: -0.06 to 4.63, p = 0.06; I2 = 98.1%). In summary, the current meta-analysis showed a promising effect of sesame consumption on glycemic control through reducing FBS and HbA1c, yet additional prospective studies are recommended, using higher doses and longer intervention period, to confirm the impact of sesame consumption on insulin levels in T2D patients.

Granisetron and carvedilol can protect experimental rats againstadjuvant-induced arthritis.

CONTEXT: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a disabling autoimmune disorder of the joints as well as other organs, affects about 1% of population. Unfortunately, all current treatments of RA cause severe gastrointestinal, renal and other complications. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the possible antiarthritic effects of a serotonin 5-HT3 receptor blocker, granisetron, and a nonselective adrenergic receptor blocker, carvedilol, on complete Freund's adjuvant-induced RA in adult female albino rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Rats were allocated into a normal control group, an arthritis control group, two reference treatment groups receiving dexamethasone (1.5 mg/kg/day) and methotrexate (1 mg/kg/day), and two treatment groups receiving granisetron (2.5 mg/kg/day) and carvedilol (10 mg/kg/day). Serum-specific rheumatoid, immunological, inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers were assessed. A confirmatory histopathological study on joints and spleens was performed. RESULTS: Granisetron administration significantly improved all the measured biomarkers, with the values of rheumatoid factor, matrix metalloproteinase-3, cartilage oligomeric matrix protein, immunoglobulin G, antinuclear antibody and myeloperoxidase being restored back to normal levels. Carvedilol administration significantly improved all biomarkers, with serum MPO value restored back to normal levels. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Serotonin 5-HT3 receptor blockers and adrenergic receptor blockers, represented by granisetron and carvedilol, may represent new promising protective strategies against RA, at least owing to immune-modulator, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potentials.

Protective Effects of Simvastatin and Hesperidin against Complete Freund's Adjuvant-Induced Rheumatoid Arthritis in Rats.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a disabling autoimmune disease for which most current treatments cause massive complications, thereby limiting treatment dose and duration. The anti-arthritic effects of the 3-hydroxy-3-metylglutary-CoA reductase inhibitor, simvastatin, and the natural flavonoid, hesperidin, were investigated against complete Freund's adjuvant-induced RA in rats. METHODS: A normal control group, an arthritis control group, 2 reference treatment groups receiving dexamethasone (1.5 mg/kg/day) and methotrexate (1 mg/kg/day), and 2 treatment groups receiving simvastatin (0.5 mg/kg/day) and hesperidin (200 mg/kg/day) were included in the study. Serum rheumatoid factor, matrix metalloprotinease-3 (MMP-3) and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) as specific rheumatoid biomarkers, serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and antinuclear antibody (ANA) as immunological biomarkers, serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-10 as immunomodulatory cytokines, serum myeloperoxidase (MPO) and C-reactive protein as inflammatory biomarkers, and malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) as oxidative stress biomarkers were assessed, supported by joint and spleen histopathological study. RESULTS: Simvastatin significantly improved all the measured biomarkers, with MMP-3, COMP, and GSH restored to normal levels. Hesperidin significantly improved all the measured biomarkers, with COMP, IgG, ANA, MPO, MDA and GSH restored to normal levels. CONCLUSION: Simvastatin and hesperidin may be promising protective agents against RA through immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potentials.

Amyloid fibril polymorphism in the heart of an ATTR amyloidosis patient with polyneuropathy attributed to the V122Δ variant.

ATTR amyloidosis is a phenotypically heterogeneous disease characterized by the pathological deposition of transthyretin in the form of amyloid fibrils into various organs. ATTR amyloidosis may stem from mutations in variant (ATTRv) amyloidosis, or aging in wild-type (ATTRwt) amyloidosis. ATTRwt generally manifests as a cardiomyopathy phenotype, whereas ATTRv may present as polyneuropathy, cardiomyopathy, or mixed, in combination with many other symptoms deriving from secondary organ involvement. Over 130 different mutational variants of transthyretin have been identified, many of them being linked to specific disease symptoms. Yet, the role of these mutations in the differential disease manifestation remains elusive. Using cryo-electron microscopy, here we structurally characterized fibrils from the heart of an ATTRv patient carrying the V122Δ mutation, predominantly associated with polyneuropathy. Our results show that these fibrils are polymorphic, presenting as both single and double filaments. Our study alludes to a structural connection contributing to phenotypic variation in ATTR amyloidosis, as polymorphism in ATTR fibrils may manifest in patients with predominantly polyneuropathic phenotypes.

Cryo-EM confirms a common fibril fold in the heart of four patients with ATTRwt amyloidosis.

ATTR amyloidosis results from the conversion of transthyretin into amyloid fibrils that deposit in tissues causing organ failure and death. This conversion is facilitated by mutations in ATTRv amyloidosis, or aging in ATTRwt amyloidosis. ATTRv amyloidosis exhibits extreme phenotypic variability, whereas ATTRwt amyloidosis presentation is consistent and predictable. Previously, we found an unprecedented structural variability in cardiac amyloid fibrils from polyneuropathic ATTRv-I84S patients. In contrast, cardiac fibrils from five genotypically-different patients with cardiomyopathy or mixed phenotypes are structurally homogeneous. To understand fibril structure's impact on phenotype, it is necessary to study the fibrils from multiple patients sharing genotype and phenotype. Here we show the cryo-electron microscopy structures of fibrils extracted from four cardiomyopathic ATTRwt amyloidosis patients. Our study confirms that they share identical conformations with minimal structural variability, consistent with their homogenous clinical presentation. Our study contributes to the understanding of ATTR amyloidosis biopathology and calls for further studies.

Repurposing celecoxib for colorectal cancer targeting via pH-triggered ultra-elastic nanovesicles: Pronounced efficacy through up-regulation of Wnt/ß-catenin pathway in DMH-induced tumorigenesis.

Celecoxib (CLX), a selective inhibitor for cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), has manifested potential activity against diverse types of cancer. However, low bioavailability and cardiovascular side effects remain the major challenges that limit its exploitation. In this work, we developed ultra-elastic nanovesicles (UENVs) with pH-triggered surface charge reversal traits that could efficiently deliver CLX to colorectal segments for snowballed tumor targeting. CLX-UENVs were fabricated via a thin-film hydration approach. The impact of formulation factors (Span 80, Tween 80, and sonication time) on the nanovesicular features was evaluated using Box-Behnken design, and the optimal formulation was computed. The optimum formulation was positively coated with polyethyleneimine (CLX-PEI-UENVs) and then coated with Eudragit S100 (CLX-ES-PEI-UENVs). The activity of the optimized nano-cargo was explored in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colorectal cancer in Wistar rats. Levels of COX-2, Wnt-2 and ß-catenin were assessed in rats' colon. The diameter of the optimized CLX-ES-PEI-UENVs formulation was 253.62 nm, with a zeta potential of -23.24 mV, 85.64% entrapment, and 87.20% cumulative release (24 h). ES coating hindered the rapid release of CLX under acidic milieu (stomach and early small intestine) and showed extended release in the colon section. In colonic environments, the ES coating layer was removed due to high pH, and the charge on the nanovesicular corona was shifted from negative to positive. Besides, a pharmacokinetics study revealed that CLX-ES-PEI-UENVs had superior oral bioavailability by 2.13-fold compared with CLX suspension. Collectively, these findings implied that CLX-ES-PEI-UENVs could be a promising colorectal-targeted nanoplatform for effective tumor management through up-regulation of the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway.

Multi-organ structural homogeneity of amyloid fibrils in ATTRv-T60A amyloidosis patients, revealed by Cryo-EM.

ATTR amyloidosis is a degenerative disorder characterized by the systemic deposition of the protein transthyretin. These amyloid aggregates of transthyretin (ATTR) can deposit in different parts of the body causing diverse clinical manifestations. Our laboratory aims to investigate a potential relationship between the different genotypes, organ of deposition, clinical phenotypes, and the structure of ATTR fibrils. Using cryo-electron microscopy, we have recently described how the neuropathic related mutations ATTRv-I84S and ATTRv-V122∆ can drive structural polymorphism in ex vivo fibrils. Here we question whether the mutation ATTRv-T60A, that commonly triggers cardiac and neuropathic symptoms, has a similar effect. To address this question, we extracted and determined the structure of ATTR-T60A fibrils from multiple organs (heart, thyroid, kidney, and liver) from the same patient and from the heart of two additional patients. We have found a consistent conformation among all the fibril structures, acquiring the "closed-gate morphology" previously found in ATTRwt and others ATTRv related to cardiac or mixed manifestations. The closed-gate morphology is composed by two segments of the protein that interact together forming a polar channel, where the residues glycine 57 to isoleucine 68 act as a gate of the polar cavity. Our study indicates that ATTR-T60A fibrils present in peripheral organs adopt the same structural conformation in all patients, regardless of the organ of deposition.

Structural polymorphism of amyloid fibrils in ATTR amyloidosis revealed by cryo-electron microscopy.

ATTR amyloidosis is caused by the deposition of transthyretin in the form of amyloid fibrils in virtually every organ of the body, including the heart. This systemic deposition leads to a phenotypic variability that has not been molecularly explained yet. In brain amyloid conditions, previous studies suggest an association between clinical phenotype and the molecular structures of their amyloid fibrils. Here we investigate whether there is such an association in ATTRv amyloidosis patients carrying the mutation I84S. Using cryo-electron microscopy, we determined the structures of cardiac fibrils extracted from three ATTR amyloidosis patients carrying the ATTRv-I84S mutation, associated with a consistent clinical phenotype. We found that in each ATTRv-I84S patient, the cardiac fibrils exhibited different local conformations, and these variations can co-exist within the same fibril. Our finding suggests that one amyloid disease may associate with multiple fibril structures in systemic amyloidoses, calling for further studies.

ATTRv-V30M Type A amyloid fibrils from heart and nerves exhibit structural homogeneity.

ATTR amyloidosis is a systemic disease characterized by the deposition of amyloid fibrils made of transthyretin, a protein integral to transporting retinol and thyroid hormones. Transthyretin is primarily produced by the liver and circulates in blood as a tetramer. The retinal epithelium also secretes transthyretin, which is secreted to the vitreous humor of the eye. Because of mutations or aging, transthyretin can dissociate into amyloidogenic monomers triggering amyloid fibril formation. The deposition of transthyretin amyloid fibrils in the myocardium and peripheral nerves causes cardiomyopathies and neuropathies, respectively. Using cryo-electron microscopy, here we determined the structures of amyloid fibrils extracted from cardiac and nerve tissues of an ATTRv-V30M patient. We found that fibrils from both tissues share a consistent structural conformation, similar to the previously described structure of cardiac fibrils from an individual with the same genotype, but different from the fibril structure obtained from the vitreous humor. Our study hints to a uniform fibrillar architecture across different tissues within the same individual, only when the source of transthyretin is the liver. Moreover, this study provides the first description of ATTR fibrils from the nerves of a patient and enhances our understanding of the role of deposition site and protein production site in shaping the fibril structure in ATTRv-V30M amyloidosis.

Restoring glomerular filtration rate by sulforaphane modulates ERK1/2/JNK/p38MAPK, IRF3/iNOS, Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways against folic acid-induced acute renal injury in rats.

BACKGROUND: Folic acid (FA)-induced acute renal injury (AKI) is a commonly and highly reproducible model used to study AKI. The current study aims to evaluate the possible protective effects of sulforaphane (SFN) against FA-induced renal damage and explore the underlying molecular mechanism. METHODS: The animals were divided into four groups (6 rats/group) as follows: normal group (received vehicle, p.o.), FA group (received 250 mg/kg, i.p.), SFN low dose group (received 15 mg/kg, p.o. plus FA 250 mg/kg, i.p.), SFN high dose group (30 mg/kg, p.o. plus FA 250 mg/kg, i.p.). At the end of the experiment, serum samples and kidney tissues were obtained to perform biochemical, molecular, and histopathological investigations. RESULTS: The present study showed that FA-caused AKI was confirmed by a significant elevation of kidney function biomarkers serum levels accompanied by an observation of histopathologic changes. Interestingly, SFN-administration significantly improved kidney function, reduced oxidative stress markers; MDA, NADPH oxidase, MPO, iNOS with up-regulation of GSH, GCLM, GPX4, SOD, NQO1, HO-1 and Nrf2 levels. SFN also downregulated proinflammatory markers. The results also demonstrated the anti-apoptotic effect of SFN through its ability to increase the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 protein and to decrease caspase-3. Moreover, SFN significantly decreased the relative expression of JNK, ERK-1/2, IRF3, and p38MAPK as compared to the FA-nephrotoxic group. CONCLUSION: The present study revealed that SFN possess an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic activity by modulating caspase-3, Bcl-2, ERK1/2, JNK, GCLM, NQO1, GPX4, Nrf2, HO-1 and P38 signaling pathways in a dose dependent manner which provides a potential therapeutic strategy for preventing FA-induced AKI.

Pure Isolated Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia as Presentation of Midbrain Ischemic Stroke: A Case Report.

Internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO) is a condition characterized by impaired ocular movement, leading to an inability to perform coordinated lateral gaze, resulting in ophthalmoplegia. This impairment results from damage to the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF), which can occur because of various types of lesions localized in the pons or midbrain. In this case, we report on a 67-year-old man with multiple comorbidities who arrived at the emergency department with complaints of sudden dizziness and an unsteady gait. During the examination, he exhibited left INO, which was characterized by limited left eye adduction and multidirectional nystagmus of the right eye when performing right lateral gaze.

Salivary Antimicrobial Peptide Histatin-5 Does Not Display Zn(II)-Dependent or -Independent Activity against Streptococci.

Histatin-5 (Hst5) is a member of the histatin superfamily of cationic, His-rich, Zn(II)-binding peptides in human saliva. Hst5 displays antimicrobial activity against fungal and bacterial pathogens, often in a Zn(II)-dependent manner. In contrast, here we showed that under in vitro conditions that are characteristic of human saliva, Hst5 does not kill seven streptococcal species that normally colonize the human oral cavity and oropharynx. We further showed that Zn(II) does not influence this outcome. We then hypothesized that Hst5 exerts more subtle effects on streptococci by modulating Zn(II) availability. We initially proposed that Hst5 contributes to nutritional immunity by limiting nutrient Zn(II) availability and promoting bacterial Zn(II) starvation. By examining the interactions between Hst5 and Streptococcus pyogenes as a model Streptococcus species, we showed that Hst5 does not influence the expression of Zn(II) uptake genes. In addition, Hst5 did not suppress growth of a ΔadcAI mutant strain that is impaired in Zn(II) uptake. These observations establish that Hst5 does not promote Zn(II) starvation. Biochemical examination of purified peptides further confirmed that Hst5 binds Zn(II) with high micromolar affinities and does not compete with the AdcAI high-affinity Zn(II) uptake protein for binding nutrient Zn(II). Instead, we showed that Hst5 weakly limits the availability of excess Zn(II) and suppresses Zn(II) toxicity to a ΔczcD mutant strain that is impaired in Zn(II) efflux. Altogether, our findings led us to reconsider the function of Hst5 as a salivary antimicrobial agent and the role of Zn(II) in Hst5 function.

Factors Associated with Reported COVID-like Symptoms and Seroprevalence Data Matched with COVID-like Symptoms in Slums and Non-Slums of Two Major Cities in Bangladesh.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the levels and socio-demographic differentials of: (a) reported COVID-like symptoms; and (b) seroprevalence data matched with COVID-like symptoms. METHODS: Survey data of reported COVID-like symptoms and seroprevalence were assessed by Roche Elecsys® Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoassay. Survey data of 10,050 individuals for COVID-like symptoms and seroprevalence data of 3205 individuals matched with COVID-like symptoms were analyzed using bivariate and multivariate logistic analysis. RESULTS: The odds of COVID-like symptoms were significantly higher for Chattogram city, for non-slum, people having longer years of schooling, working class, income-affected households, while for households with higher income had lower odd. The odds of matched seroprevalence and COVID-like symptoms were higher for non-slum, people having longer years of schooling, and for working class. Out of the seropositive cases, 37.77% were symptomatic-seropositive, and 62.23% were asymptomatic, while out of seronegative cases, 68.96% had no COVID-like symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Collecting community-based seroprevalence data is important to assess the extent of exposure and to initiate mitigation and awareness programs to reduce COVID-19 burden.

Exploring the potential of quercetin/aspirin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles coated with Eudragit L100 in the treatment of induced-colorectal cancer in rats.

Growing evidence suggests quercetin and aspirin may have anticancer properties, notably in the case of colorectal cancer. The goal of this study was to create Pluronic F127 and polyethylene glycol4000 solid dispersion-loaded chitosan nanoparticles for colonic quercetin and aspirin delivery. In 1:1 polymeric stoichiometric ratio, solubility and complex formation were verified. Solid dispersion-loaded chitosan nanoparticles with a diameter of 244.45 ± 8.5 nm, a surface charge of 34.1 ± 3.3 mV, and encapsulation effectiveness of 76.3 ± 4.3% were generated under ideal conditions. In some cases, coating with Eudragit L100 resulted in a decrease in zeta potential and an increase in particle size. The coated formulation released the actives in a pH-dependent manner, considering their physicochemical features. Surprisingly, when compared to the actives' suspension and uncoated formulation, the coated formulation had greater anti-inflammatory efficacy, with a substantial reduction of PGE2 and IL-8 production in colonic tissues (16.9 ± 7.9 ng/g tissue and 134.9 ± 10.1 pg/g tissue, respectively). It also reversed most of the dimethyl hydrazine-induced histological alterations in the colon. It also demonstrated a greater reduction in TNF expression in colonic tissues. As a result, Eudragit L100-coated QT/AS-loaded chitosan nanoparticles are suggested to provide a potential platform for colonic delivery of quercetin and aspirin.

Blocking Polyphosphate Mobilization Inhibits Pho4 Activation and Virulence in the Pathogen Candida albicans.

The ability of pathogenic fungi to obtain essential nutrients from the host is vital for virulence. In Candida albicans, acquisition of the macronutrient phosphate is regulated by the Pho4 transcription factor and is important for both virulence and resistance to host-encountered stresses. All cells store phosphate in the form of polyphosphate (polyP), a ubiquitous polymer comprising tens to hundreds of phosphate residues. Release of phosphate from polyP is one of the first responses evoked in response to phosphate starvation, and here, we sought to explore the importance of polyP mobilization in the pathobiology of C. albicans. We found that two polyphosphatases, Ppn1 and Ppx1, function redundantly to release phosphate from polyP in C. albicans. Strikingly, we reveal that blocking polyP mobilization prevents the activation of the Pho4 transcription factor: following Pi starvation, Pho4 fails to accumulate in the nucleus and induce Pi acquisition genes in ppn1Δ ppx1Δ cells. Consequently, ppn1Δ ppx1Δ cells display impaired resistance to the same range of stresses that require Pho4 for survival. In addition, cells lacking both polyphosphatases are exquisitely sensitive to DNA replication stress, indicating that polyP mobilization is needed to support the phosphate-demanding process of DNA replication. Blocking polyP mobilization also results in significant morphological defects, as ppn1Δ ppx1Δ cells form large pseudohypha-like cells that are resistant to serum-induced hypha formation. Thus, polyP mobilization impacts key processes important for the pathobiology of C. albicans, and consistent with this, we found that blocking this process attenuates the virulence of this important human fungal pathogen. IMPORTANCE Acquisition of the essential macronutrient phosphate is important for the virulence of Candida albicans, a major human fungal pathogen. All cells store phosphate as polyphosphate (polyP), which is rapidly mobilized when phosphate is limiting. Here, we identified the major phosphatases involved in releasing phosphate from polyP in C. albicans. By blocking this process, we found that polyP mobilization impacts many process that contribute to C. albicans pathogenesis. Notably, we found that blocking polyP mobilization inhibits activation of the Pho4 transcription factor, the master regulator of phosphate acquisition. In addition, cell cycle progression, stress resistance, morphogenetic switching, and virulence are all impaired in cells that cannot mobilize polyP. This study therefore provides new insight into the importance of polyP mobilization in promoting the virulence of C. albicans. As phosphate homeostasis strategies differ between fungal pathogen and host, this offers promise for the future development of antifungals.

Sustainable Release of Propranolol Hydrochloride Laden with Biconjugated-Ufasomes Chitosan Hydrogel Attenuates Cisplatin-Induced Sciatic Nerve Damage in In Vitro/In Vivo Evaluation.

Peripheral nerve injuries significantly impact patients' quality of life and poor functional recovery. Chitosan-ufasomes (CTS-UFAs) exhibit biomimetic features, making them a viable choice for developing novel transdermal delivery for neural repair. This study aimed to investigate the role of CTS-UFAs loaded with the propranolol HCl (PRO) as a model drug in enhancing sciatica in cisplatin-induced sciatic nerve damage in rats. Hence, PRO-UFAs were primed, embedding either span 20 or 60 together with oleic acid and cholesterol using a thin-film hydration process based on full factorial design (24). The influence of formulation factors on UFAs' physicochemical characteristics and the optimum formulation selection were investigated using Design-Expert® software. Based on the optimal UFA formulation, PRO-CTS-UFAs were constructed and characterized using transmission electron microscopy, stability studies, and ex vivo permeation. In vivo trials on rats with a sciatic nerve injury tested the efficacy of PRO-CTS-UFA and PRO-UFA transdermal hydrogels, PRO solution, compared to normal rats. Additionally, oxidative stress and specific apoptotic biomarkers were assessed, supported by a sciatic nerve histopathological study. PRO-UFAs and PRO-CTS-UFAs disclosed entrapment efficiency of 82.72 ± 2.33% and 85.32 ± 2.65%, a particle size of 317.22 ± 6.43 and 336.12 ± 4.9 nm, ζ potential of -62.06 ± 0.07 and 65.24 ± 0.10 mV, and accumulatively released 70.95 ± 8.14% and 64.03 ± 1.9% PRO within 6 h, respectively. Moreover, PRO-CTS-UFAs significantly restored sciatic nerve structure, inhibited the cisplatin-dependent increase in peripheral myelin 22 gene expression and MDA levels, and further re-established sciatic nerve GSH and CAT content. Furthermore, they elicited MBP re-expression, BCL-2 mild expression, and inhibited TNF-α expression. Briefly, our findings proposed that CTS-UFAs are promising to enhance PRO transdermal delivery to manage sciatic nerve damage.

Pioglitazone Synthetic Analogue Ameliorates Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes Mellitus through Modulation of ACE 2/Angiotensin 1-7 via PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway.

The renin angiotensin aldosterone system has a localized key regulatory action, especially in liver and body circulation. Furthermore, it accomplishes a significant role in the downregulation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway that is involved in type II diabetes mellitus pathogenesis. The current study aimed to evaluate the effect of a synthetic pioglitazone analogue (benzenesulfonamide derivative) compared to the standard pioglitazone hypoglycemic drug on enhancing liver insulin sensitivity via ACE 2/Ang (1-7)/PI3K/AKT/mTOR in experimental STZ-induced diabetes. After the model was established, rats were distributed into the normal control group, diabetic group, pioglitazone group (20 mg/kg), and a benzenesulfonamide derivative group (20 mg/kg), with the last 2 groups receiving oral treatment for 14 consecutive days. Our results suggested enhancing liver insulin sensitivity against the ACE2/Ang (1-7)/PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Moreover, the synthetic compound produced a reduction in blood glucose levels, restored hyperinsulinemia back to normal, and enhanced liver glycogen deposition. In addition, it up regulated the ACE2/Ang (1-7)/PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway via increasing insulin receptor substrate 1 and 2 sensitivity to insulin, while it increased glucose transporter 2 expression in the rat pancreas. The study findings imply that the hypoglycemic effect of the benzenesulfonamide derivative is due to enhancing liver sensitivity to regulate blood glucose level via the ACE2/Ang (1-7)/PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.

Brain Targeting of Citicoline Sodium via Hyaluronic Acid-Decorated Novel Nano-Transbilosomes for Mitigation of Alzheimer's Disease in a Rat Model: Formulation, Optimization, in vitro and in vivo Assessment.

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the furthermost advanced neurodegenerative disorders resulting in cognitive and behavioral impairment. Citicoline sodium (CIT) boosts the brain's secretion of acetylcholine, which aids in membrane regeneration and repair. However, it suffers from poor blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeation, which results in lower levels of CIT in the brain. Purpose: This study targeted to encapsulate CIT into novel nano-platform transbilosomes decorated with hyaluronic acid CIT-HA*TBLs to achieve enhanced drug delivery from the nose to the brain. Methods: A method of thin-film hydration was utilized to prepare different formulae of CIT-TBLs using the Box-Behnken design. The optimized formula was then hyuloranated via integration of HA to form the CIT-HA*TBLs formula. Furthermore, AD induction was performed by aluminum chloride (Alcl3), animals were allocated, and brain hippocampus tissue was isolated for ELISA and qRT-PCR analysis of malondialdehyde (MDA), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB), and microRNA-137 (miR-137) coupled with immunohistochemical amyloid-beta (Aß1-42) expression and histopathological finding. Results: The hyuloranated CIT-HA*TBLs formula, which contained the following ingredients: PL (300 mg), Sp 60 (43.97 mg), and SDC (20 mg). They produced spherical droplets at the nanoscale (178.94 ±12.4 nm), had a high entrapment efficiency with 74.92± 5.54%, had a sustained release profile of CIT with 81.27 ±3.8% release, and had ex vivo permeation of CIT with 512.43±19.58 µg/cm2. In vivo tests showed that CIT-HA*TBL thermogel dramatically reduces the hippocampus expression of miR-137 and (Aß1-42) expression, boosting cholinergic neurotransmission and decreasing MDA and NF-kB production. Furthermore, CIT-HA*TBLs thermogel mitigate histopathological damage in compared to the other groups. Conclusion: Succinctly, the innovative loading of CIT-HA*TBLs thermogel is a prospectively invaluable intranasal drug delivery system that can raise the efficacy of CIT in Alzheimer's management.

Partial Synthetic PPARƳ Derivative Ameliorates Aorta Injury in Experimental Diabetic Rats Mediated by Activation of miR-126-5p Pi3k/AKT/PDK 1/mTOR Expression.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a world wild health care issue marked by insulin resistance, a risk factor for the metabolic disorder that exaggerates endothelial dysfunction, increasing the risk of cardiovascular complications. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor PPAR) agonists have therapeutically mitigated hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia in T2D patients. Therefore, we aimed to experimentally investigate the efficacy of newly designed synthetic PPARα/Ƴ partial agonists on a High-Fat Diet (HFD)/streptozotocin (STZ)-induced T2D. Female Wistar rats (200 ± 25 g body weight) were divided into four groups. The experimental groups were fed the HFD for three consecutive weeks before STZ injection (45 mg/kg/i.p) to induce T2D. Standard reference PPARƳ agonist pioglitazone and the partial synthetic PPARƳ (PIO; 20 mg/kg/BW, orally) were administered orally for 2 weeks after 72 h of STZ injection. The aorta tissue was isolated for biological ELISA, qRT-PCR, and Western blotting investigations for vascular inflammatory endothelial mediators endothelin-1 (ET-1), intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), E-selectin, and anti-inflammatory vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), as well as microRNA126-5p and p-AKT/p-Pi3k/p-PDK-1/p-mTOR, endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase (eNOS) immunohistochemical staining all are coupled with and histopathological examination. Our results revealed that HFD/STZ-induced T2D increased fasting blood glucose, ET-1, ICAM-1, E-selectin, and VIP levels, while decreasing the expression of both microRNA126-5p and p-AKT/p-Pi3k/p-PDK-1/p-mTOR phosphorylation. In contrast, the partial synthetic PPARƳ derivative evidenced a vascular alteration significantly more than reference PIO via decreasing (ET-1), ICAM-1, E-selectin, and VIP, along with increased expression of microRNA126-5p and p-AKT/p-Pi3k/p-PDK-1/p-mTOR. In conclusion, the partial synthetic PPARƳ derivative significantly affected HFD/STZ-induced T2D with vascular complications in the rat aorta.

Novel Bile Salt Stabilized Vesicles-Mediated Effective Topical Delivery of Diclofenac Sodium: A New Therapeutic Approach for Pain and Inflammation.

The oral delivery of diclofenac sodium (DNa), a non-steroidal analgesic, anti-inflammatory drug, is associated with various gastrointestinal side effects. The aim of the research was to appraise the potential of transdermal delivery of DNa using bilosomes as a vesicular carrier (BSVC) in inflamed paw edema. DNa-BSVCs were elaborated using a thin-film hydration technique and optimized using a 31.22 multilevel categoric design with Design Expert® software 10 software (Stat-Ease, Inc., Minneapolis, MI, USA). The effect of formulation variables on the physicochemical properties of BSVC, as well as the optimal formulation selection, was investigated. The BSVCs were evaluated for various parameters including entrapment efficiency (EE%), vesicle size (VS), zeta potential (ZP) and permeation studies. The optimized BSVC was characterized for in vitro release, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and incorporated into hydrogel base. The optimized DNa-BSVC gel effectiveness was assessed in vivo using carrageenan-induced paw edema animal model via cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), interleukin 6 (IL-6), Hemooxygenase 1 (HO-1) and nuclear factor-erythroid factor2-related factor 2 (Nfr-2) that potentiate anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activity coupled with histopathological investigation. The resulting vesicles presented VS from 120.4 ± 0.65 to 780.4 ± 0.99 nm, EE% from 61.7 ± 3.44 to 93.2 ± 2.21%, ZP from -23.8 ± 2.65 to -82.1 ± 12.63 mV and permeation from 582.9 ± 32.14 to 1350.2 ± 45.41 µg/cm2. The optimized BSVCs were nano-scaled spherical vesicles with non-overlapped bands of their constituents in the FTIR. Optimized formulation has superior skin permeability ex vivo approximately 2.5 times greater than DNa solution. Furthermore, histological investigation discovered that the formed BSVC had no skin irritating properties. It was found that DNa-BSVC gel suppressed changes in oxidative inflammatory mediators (COX-2), IL-6 and consequently enhanced Nrf2 and HO-1 levels. Moreover, reduction of percent of paw edema by about three-folds confirmed histopathological alterations. The results revealed that the optimized DNa-BSVC could be a promising transdermal drug delivery system to boost anti-inflammatory efficacy of DNa by enhancing the skin permeation of DNa and suppressing the inflammation of rat paw edema.