Grand rounds education in neurology, with a focus on headache medicine.

OBJECTIVE: To quantify the proportion of headache-related grand rounds in academic neurology programs and to compare this with adult neurology residency director views on the need for an increase in headache-related grand rounds. BACKGROUND: Although headache are among the most prevalent and most burdensome neurologic conditions, headache medicine is often considered underrepresented in neurology departments. Additionally, prior studies have shown that many neurology residency directors feel that training programs do not include an adequate amount of exposure to headache clinics or headache-related didactics. One important aspect of didactic education in neurology departments is adult neurology grand rounds. Previous publications have evaluated neither the proportion of headache-related grand rounds in academic neurology departments nor the residency program directors' views on appropriate amount of headache-related grand rounds. Our study has attempted to quantify this information to elucidate opportunities to improve practice educational gaps. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, we surveyed adult neurology residency directors (from the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education [ACGME] listing of academic adult neurology residency programs) between October 2018 and September 2019. In addition, we used two methods to obtain the proportion of headache-related grand rounds in neurology: (1) emailing residency directors a questionnaire asking for a list of prior grand rounds topics and (2) an online search for each academic neurology program. RESULTS: First, for our grand rounds analysis, headache medicine consisted of 3.7% of the lectures in 2017-2018 and 6.3% of the lectures in 2018-2019 (average of each institution; 17 institutions and 411 total lectures in 2017-2018, 21 institutions and 463 total lectures in 2018-2019). The most common number of lectures on headache medicine for each grand rounds series was zero (for 7 of 17 grand rounds series in 2017-2018 and 7 of 21 in 2018-2019), followed closely by one lecture (for 6 of 17 grand rounds series in 2017-2018 and 6 of 21 in 2018-2019). Second, for our survey, the response rate was 19.3% (29/150). No residency director thought their institution had too many grand rounds dedicated to headache medicine, and 62.1% (18/29) thought they had an adequate amount of headache grand rounds. Within the survey responders, 75.9% (22/29) of adult neurology residency programs have a board-certified headache specialist at their institution. CONCLUSIONS: Although most adult neurology residency directors believe that headache is adequately represented in adult neurology grand rounds, headache medicine makes up 4%-6% of all neurology grand rounds. Compared with other neurology subspecialties and the other core ACGME milestones, headache makes up the fewest grand rounds lectures that were assessed in this study.

An Algorithm for Opioid and Barbiturate Reduction in the Acute Management of Headache in the Emergency Department.

OBJECTIVE: To develop and implement an algorithm for the management of headaches presenting to the emergency department (ED) in order to decrease the frequency of opioid and barbiturate treatment both acutely as well as on discharge. BACKGROUND: Headache is the fifth leading cause of ED visits in the United States. In the case of primary headache, particularly migraine, treatment in the ED can be highly variable. Patients with migraine continue to be treated with opioids more commonly than nonopioid, migraine specific medications. In addition, discharge plans seldom include measures to prevent recurrence or instructions to re-treat if pain persists. At this time, there is no standardized management protocol directed at acute headaches presenting to the ED. METHODS: An ED headache treatment algorithm with step-wise instructions for diagnosis, treatment, and discharge planning was piloted at Lakewood Hospital, a regional Cleveland Clinic affiliated hospital. This non-randomized interventional study compared outcomes after implementation of the algorithm to historical controls. Patient demographic data including age, gender, and payer mix was collected. Outcomes measured included the frequency of treatment with opioids or barbiturates, imaging, neurology consults, admissions, and a patient reported pain score. Data relevant to patient disposition and follow-up, including prescriptions for opioids or barbiturates given at discharge, and ensuring PCP or neurology follow-up appointments at discharge was also reviewed. RESULTS: Demographic data did not differ significantly between the pre- and post-algorithm groups. There was a significant decline in the number of patients treated with opioids and barbiturates from 66.0% pre-algorithm to 6.8% immediately after algorithm implementation (P <. 001), and to 28% (P < .001) one year after algorithm implementation, indicating both an immediate effect of the algorithm and a sustained effect. Similarly, pre-algorithm implementation, 37% of patients were discharged with a prescription for opioids or barbiturates as compared to 12% and 6% in the early post-algorithm cohort and at 1 year, respectively. There was also an increase in scheduled follow-up appointments after discharge from the ED from 59% to 98% immediately post algorithm (P < .001). Other measures including the frequency of imaging, and patient reported pain did not significantly change. There was a significant increase in neurology consults and admissions a year after the algorithm was implemented. CONCLUSIONS: A quality improvement pilot study aimed at treating headache in an Emergency Department setting was successfully implemented in a regional Cleveland Clinic Hospital. Our results demonstrated significant decrease in acute treatment with opioids or barbiturates and a decrease in prescriptions written for opioids or barbiturates on discharge. This study is limited by small sample size. More data are needed to determine the reason for 1) increased consultation and subsequent admission after algorithm implementation and 2) decreased scheduled follow-up appointments at one-year post algorithm.

Headache Education in Adult Neurology Residency: A Survey of Program Directors and Chief Residents.

OBJECTIVE: This cross-sectional study reassesses the status of headache didactics and clinical training in adult neurology residency programs in the United States to determine if program directors and chief residents feel that current training in headache is adequate. BACKGROUND: Headache is among the most common new complaints to both the neurology and primary care clinic and represents a significant economic burden. However, headache remains both under-diagnosed and under-treated. Of those who seek treatment only 28% report they are very satisfied with their management. One possible cause for dissatisfaction is inadequate education of treating physicians. Two studies in 2002 and 2005 that collectively surveyed all 125 adult neurology residency programs concluded that more evidence was needed to evaluate the adequacy of headache education in these programs. A survey of neurology residency department chairs and program directors in 2005 also evaluated the status of headache education in adult neurology training programs and concluded the same. METHODS: We surveyed 133 neurology residency program directors and 213 chief residents. Program directors and chief residents were asked about the amount of headache didactics, amount of clinical exposure to headache, perceived adequacy of current training and if plans existed to increase headache education through didactics or clinical exposure. RESULTS: Seventy-two program directors (54%) and 117 chief residents (55%) responded. Twenty-six percent of programs reported a mandatory headache clinic. Of these, 35% of programs reported <2 weeks of clinic, 54% of programs reported 2-4 weeks, and 12% of programs reported > 4 weeks of clinic. Fifty-one percent of program directors felt more than 4 weeks of clinical exposure to headache was needed to adequately prepare neurology residents. Ninety-six percent of program directors surveyed believed their residents were adequately prepared to diagnose and treat headache disorders. Twenty-one percent had plans to increase didactic time and 26% planned to incorporate more clinical exposure. CONCLUSIONS: Despite a modest increase in headache didactics in neurology residency programs over the last decade, many program directors and chief residents report that their programs do not include what they believe to be adequate educational experiences in headache. Although the overwhelming majority of neurology residency programs reported that residents were adequately prepared to diagnose and treat headache disorders, about a fourth of programs still felt the need to increase the amount of didactic and clinical exposure dedicated toward the management of headache disorders.

Recent Advances in the Management of Migraine in Older Patients.

Although the prevalence of migraine tends to decrease in the fifth to sixth decades of life, there are still a significant number of patients > 65 years of age who experience migraine or have new-onset migraine. Because these older patients are often excluded from clinical trials, there are fewer evidence-based treatment guidelines for them. Migraine treatment in the older population requires careful consideration of changes in medication metabolism and increased medical comorbidities. Furthermore, older patients can present with an atypical migraine phenotype and have a higher rate of secondary headache, which may lead to a delay in diagnosis and subsequent treatment. Classic preventive treatments for migraine, including tricyclic antidepressants, antiepileptic drugs, and beta blockers, often have intolerable side effects. In addition, the presence of coronary artery disease, stroke, and peripheral arterial disease precludes the use of typical rescue medications such as triptans. As such, there has been a dire need for novel acute and preventive treatments for older adults. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on novel acute and preventive treatments for migraine in the older population. The advantages of these therapies include their efficacy, favorable side-effect profile, particularly in patients with atherosclerotic disease, as well as their tolerability.