[About the formation of property to age in the course of evolution of systems and about the role of this property.]

Natural selection contributes to the survival of those organisms, those communities of social insects, those human societies and those multi-species systems, in which efficiency to use environmental resources is higher than that of others. Therefore, in the course of evolution, the efficiency of use them by the listed systems increased. This increase was due to the specialization of the elements forming these systems. But their far-reaching specialization led to the fact that the listed systems acquired the property of aging. This property increased the adaptability of higher-ranking systems, part of which they were.

[Is it possible to rejuvenate the aging global civilization?]

Society is not only social system but also biological system. Growing complexity of biological systems will inevitably lead to the loss of their potential immortality and to the appeared attribute of aging. The aging of the present-day civilization is evidenced by the problems having accumulated. The answer to the question concerning the possibility to prevent collapse depends on the answer to the more general question - whether supra-organismal system that due to the growth of the structure complexity has acquired the property to age without losing achieved complexity can return to ancestral potential immortality. A positive response is given to this question. Supra-organismal systems having been freed from the necessity to age exist. Those are communities of social insects. Some of them were mortal initially but in the course of evolution have lost attribute of aging. Therefore, complex supra-organismal systems, including present-day civilization, can return to ancestral potential immortality not losing the achieved structural complexity. The main obstacle to rejuvenating civilization is not the nature of things but the human mentality.

Process of endogenous homeostatic characteristics decline in two suproopganismal biosystems from the standpoint of parametabolistic theory of senescence.

Endogenous decline in homeostatic characteristics of supraorganismal level systems is similar to individual senescence. Similarity is in the fact that this decline as individual senescence is called by negative consequences from specialization of elements the system consists. In systems of supraorganismal level these effects are analogues of parametabolic reactions of senescence individuals.

[Hypoosmotic regulation in the marine cladoceran ratchet Penilia avirostris]. / Gipoosmoticheskaia reguliatsiia u morskogo vetvistousogo rachka Penilia avirostris.

At average salinity of the environment 18.08% (-delta degrees C being equal to -0.99 degrees C) the depression of the hemolymph in P. avirostris is equal to -0.72 +/- 0.09 degrees C. Hypoosmotic regulation of marsupium fluid persists up to the formation of epipodites, after which the depression of this fluid becomes equal to that of the external medium. It is suggested that special epipodite cells are involved into osmoregulation. Similarity of hypoosmotic mechanisms in the marine cladoceran and Artemia salina is noted.

[Hypotonic regulation in marine cladocerans Evadne nordmanni and Podon leuckarti]. / Gipotonicheskaia reguliatsiia u morskikh vetvistousykh rakoobraznykh Evadne nordmanni i Podon leuckarti

At a salinity of the environment of 23-25% (delta degrees being equal to -1.28 divided by-1.39), the depression of hemolymph in E. nordmanni is equal to -0.76 +/- -0.11 degree, in P. leuckarti - to -0.75+/- -0.06 degree. This high level of hypotony persists up to the formation of the head-shild, after which the depression of marsupium fluid becomes equal to that of the external medium. It is suggested that the head-shield is involved into osmoregulation. Similarity of the level of the osmotic pressure of the internal medium in marine cladocerans and marine teleosts which also originated from fresh-water ancestors is noted.