The Sleeve Gastrectomy with Jejunal Bypass (Original Technique).

Introduction: Sleeve gastrectomy with jejunal bypass (SGJB) has been used as a bariatric/metabolic procedure since 2003, in the search for a simpler than other standard techniques and as effective as them. The jejunal-ileal anastomosis can deliver food directly to the hindgut where incretins are secreted. This procedure has gained popularity around the globe and has been studied in rat models as in humans, especially in South America and Asia. In this review, we present the details of the original surgical technique SGJB, summarized all the publications of the procedure, discuss possible advantages and disadvantages, and provide scientific information to look for the real place between bariatric/metabolic procedures. Methods: With 20 years of experience performing the original SGJB, the authors present the details of the procedure. Results: The SGJB consists of a traditional sleeve with the addition of a jejunal bypass. The jejunum is transected 20-30 cm distally to the ligament of Treitz. Then, the biliopancreatic limb is anastomosed to restore transit 250-300 cm distal to the jejunum transection. This way, the ileum gets in contact with partially digested food with the subsequent production of incretins. Conclusion: In this article, we describe the original Alamo technique of SGJB. It is important to clarify the technical details since many publications have presented different lengths of the defunctionalized jejunal limb. Also, the SGJB has been categorized in the "sleeve plus" procedures and its promising outcomes should rapidly position it as an alternative metabolic surgery.

Histologic and microbiological findings of the defunctionalized loop in sleeve gastrectomy with jejunal bypass.

BACKGROUND: Bariatric surgery produces anatomic changes in the digestive tract that can affect the intestinal microbiome and, in some cases, can cause small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. Since the inception of the sleeve gastrectomy with jejunal bypass (SGJB) in 2004, there has been discussion regarding the possible development of those complications associated with the now abandoned jejunoileal bypass (JIB) procedure. OBJECTIVES: The primary endpoint was to characterize the bacteriologic and histopathologic findings in the defunctionalized jejunal loop after the SGJB procedure and to analyze the liver profile. The secondary endpoint was to report SGJB conversions or reversions and to review the differences between SGJB and JIB. SETTING: Academic medical center. METHODS: We conducted a prospective study of patients who underwent laparoscopy for any reason, having previously had an SGJB. A 5-cm segment at the proximal end of the excluded limb was resected. Luminal liquid and tissue samples were taken from this segment for aerobic and anaerobic cultures, and pathologic examination of the bowel wall was performed to evaluate trophism and signs of chronic inflammation. Other variables were liver function and pre- and postoperative status. Finally, we retrospectively reviewed the causes of revisional surgery in the prospective database. RESULTS: Eleven patients underwent laparoscopy. The median time after SGJB was 14 months (range, 10-144 months). There were no complications from the procedure. Eight (72.7%) of the procedures were cholecystectomies. None of the patients showed histologic alterations or signs of chronic infection. The liquid and tissue cultures were negative. The liver tests and the laparoscopic morphology of the liver were normal in all patients, except in 1 with previously documented liver cirrhosis. The number of SGJB revisions was 19 of 1074 (1.8 %), and all of them were converted to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for severe gastroesophageal reflux. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we were unable to demonstrate the presence of symptoms or histologic alterations that would suggest that patients undergoing SGJB develop small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in the short- and medium-term follow-up, unlike those who have undergone JIB. The study constitutes an initial step toward establishing what happens to the defunctionalized jejunal limb as a result of this surgical technique.

First human experience with endoscopically delivered and retrieved duodenal-jejunal bypass sleeve.

BACKGROUND: We report the first human experience with an endoscopic duodenal-jejunal bypass sleeve (DJBS) in a community hospital. METHODS: The DJBS is a 60-cm sleeve anchored in the duodenum to create a duodenal-jejunal bypass. In a 12-patient prospective, open-label, single-center, 12-week study, the device was endoscopically implanted, left in situ, and retrieved. The study included 5 men and 7 women, with a mean body mass index of 43 kg/m(2). Of the 12 patients, 4 had type 2 diabetes. The primary endpoints were the incidence and severity of adverse events. The secondary outcomes included the percentage of excess weight loss and changes in co-morbid status. RESULTS: The DJBS was endoscopically delivered and retrieved in all patients (mean implant/explant time of 26.6 and 43.3 min, respectively). Of the 12 patients, 10 were able to maintain the device for 12 weeks and 2 underwent explantation after 9 days secondary to poor device placement. Several self-limited adverse events were possibly or definitely related to the device, including 6 episodes of abdominal pain, 18 of nausea, and 16 of vomiting, mainly within 2 weeks of implantation. Two partial pharyngeal tears occurred during explantation. Implant site inflammation was encountered in all patients. No device-related event was considered severe. The average percentage of excess weight loss for the 10 patients with the device in place for 12 weeks was 23.6%, with all patients achieving at least 10% excess weight loss. All 4 diabetic patients had normal fasting plasma glucose levels without hypoglycemic medication for the entire 12 weeks. Of these 4 patients, 3 had decreased hemoglobin A(1c) of > or =.5% by week 12. CONCLUSION: The DJBS can be safely delivered and removed endoscopically and left in situ for 12 weeks. The device had a favorable safety and encouraging efficacy profile. Randomized prospective trials are warranted.

Metabolic Surgery Comparing Sleeve Gastrectomy with Jejunal Bypass and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass in Type 2 Diabetic Patients After 3 Years.

INTRODUCTION: Sleeve gastrectomy with jejunal bypass (SGJB) and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) has shown good results with respect to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) remission in our institution. In this study, we compared the efficacy and safety of SGJB versus RYGB in terms of T2D remission up to 3 years postoperatively. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of two groups of patients with T2D who underwent SGJB or RYGB. All patients were matched by age, presurgical body mass index (BMI), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and diabetes duration. Complete remission was defined as HbA1c of < 6%, fasting plasma glucose (FPG) of < 100 mg/dL, and no antidiabetic drugs. RESULTS: In total, 57 and 55 patients in the SGJB and RYGB groups, respectively, met the inclusion criteria. The diabetes remission rate was similar between the SGJB and RYGB groups at 1 year postoperatively (69.2 vs. 64.7%) and 3 years postoperatively (56.1 vs. 58.8%). There were no significant differences in HbA1c or FPG at 1 or 3 years between the two groups. Additionally, weight loss and other metabolic parameters were similar between the groups. Clinical chemistry values were similar at 12 months except for hematocrit and calcium, which were significantly lower in the RYGB group. There were no differences in surgical complications. CONCLUSIONS: Both procedures showed similar results in terms of T2D remission and other metabolic markers at 3 years. Hematocrit and calcium were significantly higher in the SGJB than RYGB group. SGJB is as effective and safe as RYGB in obese patients with T2D.

Staple Line Reinforcement in Laparoscopic SleeveGastrectomy: Experience in 1023 Consecutive Cases.

INTRODUCTION: Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) is one of the most frequently performed bariatric procedures performed worldwide. However, staple line-related complications have become a major challenge for bariatric surgeons. The aim of this study was to evaluate the morbidity in a cohort of patients who underwent LSG with imbricated oversewing of the staple line at a single high-volume center. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed prospectively collected data for all patients who underwent LSG to treat obesity at our institution from January 2010 to September 2016. All practitioners had undergone training with a single senior bariatric surgeon using oversewing as staple line reinforcement (SLR). RESULTS: In total, 1023 LSGs were performed (female, 67.3%; mean age, 40.6 ± 10.8 years; median preoperative body mass index, 37 ± 4.5 kg/m2). The mean operative time was 67.6 ± 23.4 min (range, 30-150 min). The rate of conversion to open surgery was 0.3%. Early complications were noted in 18 patients (1.8%), including 5 cases of bleeding (0.5%). No leaks, stenosis, or mortality occurred. CONCLUSIONS: LSG is a safe technique, but staple line-associated complications can be life-threatening. In this series, no leaks occurred from the very beginning of the surgeons' experience in LSG. Imbricated oversewing of the staple line, proper mentoring, and performance of surgery in appropriate settings are good approaches to decreasing complications.

Long-term weight loss in laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy.

INTRODUCTION: Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) has become an option as a bariatric surgical technique. There is a lack of long-term results of this procedure in the literature. The aim of this study is to present weight loss results of LSG for up to 7 years of follow-up. METHODS: A retrospective series of patients who underwent LSG between 2008 and 2011 was examined. The primary endpoint was weight loss: percentage of excess weight loss (%EWL), percentage of total weight loss (%TWL), and body mass index (BMI) were reported. Failure was defined as %EWL<50%. Multivariate analysis for weight loss was performed. The complications rate was reported. RESULTS: A total of 148 patients met the inclusion criteria; 76.3% were female. Mean preoperative BMI was 36 ± 4 kg/m2. Mean operative time was 89.3 ± 3.2 minutes. Follow-up at 5, 6, and 7 years was 77.7%, 83.3%, and 82.2%, respectively. Mean %EWL and %TWL at 1, 3, 5, and 7 years was 93.2%, 80.7%, 70.6%, and 51.7%, and 27.2%, 23.3%, 20.4%, and 16.3%, respectively. The failure rate was 30.4% at the fifth year and 51.4% at the seventh year. High preoperative BMI was related to worse %EWL (P<0.001) but not to %TWL. Preoperative BMI<35 kg/m2 was associated with better %EWL but not with %TWL (P = 0.003). Four leaks (2.7%) and no mortalities were reported. CONCLUSIONS: LSG is an acceptable surgical technique for weight loss, but in this series, up to one third of the patients fail at the fifth year and half fail in the seventh year. %EWL is better in patients with BMI<35 kg/m2, but this difference disappears when we express outcomes with %TWL.

Vertical isolated gastroplasty with gastro-enteral bypass: preliminary results.

BACKGROUND: The authors present a new restrictive and malabsorptive operation for treatment of morbid obesity, called vertical isolated gastroplasty (VIG). METHODS: From Feb 2004 to May 2005, 30 patients with BMI > or = 40 kg/m2 or >35 kg/m2 with co-morbidities underwent VIG via laparoscopy or laparotomy. The technique consisted in creation of a gastric tube preserving pylorus, and a Roux-limb of 300 cm to the bypassed stomach with the division 30 cm distal to the ligament of Treitz. Excess weight loss (EWL), BMI, complications and co-morbidities were assessed. RESULTS: BMI and average preoperative weight were 41.2 kg/m2 and 110.7 kg, respectively. At 12 months postoperatively, BMI and average weight were 23.4 kg/m2 and 65.1 kg, respectively, with EWL 90.2%. None of the patients presented dumping. Improvement in co-morbidities was >90%. Complications consisted of: 1 dehiscence of gastric sutureline, 1 hemoperitoneum, 1 gastroenterostomy ulcer, 1 anemia of undetermined cause, and 3 cholelithiasis. There was no mortality. CONCLUSION: VIG has thus far been safe and effective, with the same results as other bariatric operations. VIG has certain advantages, such as lack of dumping and lack of clinically significant stenosis of the gastroenterostomy, which can occur with other techniques. Because a duodenal bypass is not performed, it allows physiologic absorption of iron and diagnostic and/or therapeutic access to the ampulla of Vater.

Sleeve gastrectomy with jejunal bypass for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in patients with body mass index <35 kg/m2. A cohort study.

The objective of this study was to evaluate sleeve gastrectomy with jejunal bypass (SGJB) as a surgical treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in patients with a body mass index (BMI) <35 kg/m(2). This is a prospective cohort study. Patients with T2DM and BMI <35 kg/m(2) who underwent SGJB between January 2009 and June 2011 at DIPRECA Hospital, in Santiago, and Hospital Base, Osorno, Chile were included. SGJB consists of creating a gastric tube, which preserves the pylorus, and performing a jejunoileal anastomosis 300 cm distal to the angle of Treitz. Excess weight loss (EWL) and complete or partial remission of T2DM were reported. Forty-nine patients met the inclusion criteria. The mean age was 49 years (36-62), and 53 % of patients were female. Mean preoperative BMI was 31.6 kg/m(2) (25-34.9 kg/m(2)). Operation time was 123 ± 14 min, with 94.7 % of operations performed laparoscopically. Mean postoperative hospital stay was 2 days. Mean postoperative follow-up was 12 months. Median EWL at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 18 months postoperatively was 31.9 %, 56.9 %, 76.1 %, 81.5 %, and 76.1 %, respectively. Complete T2DM remission was achieved in 81.6 % of patients (40/49) and partial remission in 18.4 % (9/49). Forty of 41 patients (97.6 %) on oral hypoglycemic agents achieved complete T2DM remission, and 100 % of insulin-dependent patients stopped using insulin but were still being treated for T2DM. One patient experienced postoperative gastrointestinal bleeding. There were no deaths. SGJB is an effective treatment for T2DM in patients with BMI <35 kg/m(2).

Resultados iniciales de la cirugía de la obesidad con gastrectomía vertical y by-pass de yeyuno / Initial results of weight loss surgery with vertical gastrectomy and jejunal by-pass

La obesidad mórbida (OM), es una enfermedad crónica que se asocia a riesgo de morbilidad y mortalidad. La cirugía ha demostrado ser la mejor opción terapéutica. El objetivo de este estudio, fue reportar los resultados de una serie de pacientes intervenidos quirúrgicamente por OM con gastrectomía vertical y by-pass de yeyuno (GVBY), en términos de reducción del IMC. Serie de casos prospectiva. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes intervenidos quirúrgicamente por OM, en el Servicio de Cirugía del Hospital Clínico de la Universidad Mayor, Temuco, Chile; en el período 2009 y 2014. Todos los pacientes fueron operados con una GVBY. La variable resultado fue reducción del IMC. Otras variables de interés fueron tiempo quirúrgico, estancia hospitalaria, morbilidad postoperatoria (MPO), pérdida del exceso de peso (PEP), porcentaje de la pérdida del exceso de peso (%PEP), reducción de comorbilidad asociada y mortalidad. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva con cálculo de porcentajes, medidas de tendencia central y dispersión. Se intervinieron 30 pacientes, con una mediana de edad de 38 años; con un 73,3% de sexo femenino. Se verificó una reducción progresiva y sostenida del peso, del IMC (normalizado en promedio a los 12 meses), de la PEP y del %PEP a lo largo del tiempo. La reducción general de co-morbilidad fue de 100% y la resolución total de la comorbilidad general fue de 91,1%. La mediana del tiempo quirúrgico y de la estancia hospitalaria fue de 125 min y 3 días respectivamente. La MPO fue de 13,3% (dos casos de fuga anastomótica y dos de hemorragia digestiva alta). La serie no reporta mortalidad. Los resultados observados con GVBY son comparables con los de otras series de cirugía de OM.

Morbid obesity (MO) is a chronic disease that is associated with risk of morbidity and mortality. Surgery has proven to be the best treatment option. The objective of this study is to report the results of a series of patients undergoing surgery for MO with vertical gastrectomy and jejunal bypass (VGJB) in terms of BMI reduction. Prospective case series. All patients undergoing surgery or MO during the 2009 to 2014 period, in the Surgery Department of the Hospital Clinico de la Universidad Mayor, Chile, were included. All patients were operated with a VGJB. The main outcome variable was BMI reduction. Other variables of interest were operative time, hospital stay, postoperative morbidity (POM), excess weight loss (EWL), percentage of excess weight loss (%EWL), reduction in associated morbidity and mortality. Descriptive statistics were used calculating percentages, measures of central tendency and dispersion. Thirty patients, with a median age of 38 years, 73,3% female, were operated. A progressive and significative reduction of BMI (normalized at 12 month follow-up) EWL and %EWL. Reduction in associated morbidity was 100%. Median of operative time and hospital stay were 125 min and 3 days, respectively. POM was 13.3% (two cases of anastomotic leak and two of upper gastrointestinal bleeding). No mortality was reported in this series of patients. Observed results with VGJB are comparable with other series of surgery for MO.

Colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica / Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

Se presentan 319 colangiopancreatografías retrógradas endoscópicas (CPRE) realizadas a 309 pacientes en el Servicio de Gastroenterología del Hospital DIPRECA entre 1996 y 1999. El grupo estuvo constituído por 203 mujeres y 106 hombres, con una edad promedio de 65 años (rango 20 a 98 años), hospitalizadas 220 y ambulatorias 89. Las indicaciones más frecuentes fueron ictericia obstructiva (145) y coledocolitiasis (91). Se realizaron 149 papilotomías, 106 en coledocolitiasis, logrando extraer cálculos en 72 pacientes en el mismo procedimiento y 5 en una segunda oportunidad. Ocho pacientes evolucionaron con complicaciones. La serie no registró mortalidad. Esta revisión concluye que la CPRE es un procedimiento seguro y efectivo en el tratamiento y diagnóstico de algunas patologías del árbol hepatobiliar, con resultados de morbilidad reproducibles y comparables a los entregados por las series internacionales

Gastrostomía endoscópica percutánea: experiencia de 5 años / Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy: 5 years experience

309 gastrostomías percutáneas sucesivas fueron realizadas en 206 pacientes por un solo operador en el Servicio de Endoscopía del Hospital DIPRECA durante los años 1993 al 1998. La edad promedio de los pacientes fue de 71 años (18-91 años). El 15 por ciento requirió al menos de un recambio. El seguimiento fluctuó entre 4 y 20 meses. Hubo un 3.87 por ciento de morbilidad y 0 por ciento de mortalidad. La indicación más frecuente son las enfermedades neurológicas

Proctosigmoidectomía perineal, sacrofijación y plastia de elevadores en prolapso senil / Perineal proctosigmoidectomy, sacrofixation and plasty of elevators in senile prolapse

Se presenta la técnia quirúrgica y los resultados obtenidos en un grupo seleccionado de pacientes con prolapso rectal. Se describe la técnica utilizada en 7 pacientes con edad promedio de 76 años y patología asociada que presentaron prolapso rectal completo con incontinencia anal grave, intervenidos entre 1991 y 2000 con seguimiento clínico de 28 meses. Hubo baja morbilidad sin mortalidad asociada al procedimiento. La continencia se recupera dentro de los 30 días postoperatorio. Existió una recidiva (Sigmoidocele). La técnica empleada soluciona el prolapso y aparece como un procedimiento seguro para estos pacientes, además resuelve la incontinencia anal y presenta una recidiva aceptable

Hernioplastia y colecistectomía en el mismo procedimiento laparoscópico / Hernia repair and cholecystectomy at the same laparoscopic procedure

Esta comunicación describe un procedimiento quirúrgico simultáneo de hernioplastia y colecistectomia laparoscópica. Se presentan los pacientes ingresados con ambos diagnósticos entre abril de 1992 y julio de 1997. Se realiza la reparación de la hernia con el procedimiento laparoscópico transabdominal preperitoneal. Se cierra el peritoneo de la región inguinofemoral y se traslada la óptica al cuadrante superior derecho para iniciar la colecistectomía con la técnica francesa. Se operan 45 pacientes, en 37 se realizaron reparaciones herniarias unilaterales, en 8 bilaterales previo a la colescistectomía. Hubo 5 conversiones motivadas por la cirugía vesicular. El tiempo promedio de la cirugía de la hernia fue de 47 min, y para la vesicular de 45 min. La estada fue de 2,6 días. Hubo una obstrucción intestinal secundaria al atascamiento de una asa de delgado en el postoperatorio en el sitio del orificio de un trocar. El abordaje simúltaneo aplicado a pacientes que presentan hernias inguinofemorales asociada a patología vesicular beneficia a éstos. De otro modo se necesitarían duplicar los siguientes parámetros: intervención quirúrgica, incisiones quirúrgicas, admisión hospitalaria, costo beneficio y potencial morbilidad

Tratamiento quirúrgico del quiste pilonidal / Surgical treatment of the pilonidal cyst

Presentamos nuestra experiencia quirúrgica en el manejo del quiste pilonidal, con especial hincapié en la plastia de Dufourmentel. El grupo está constituido por 81 pacientes operados entre 1985 y 1996, 46 hombres (56 por ciento) y 35 mujeres (44 por ciento) con un promedio de edad de 22 años. Se practicaron 86 intervenciones, 68 de las cuales fueron realizadas con técnica Dufourmentel y 18 con otro tipo (abierta, semicerrada o cerrada sin plastia). En todos los casos el diagnóstico fue confirmado por anatomía patológica. El tiempo postoperatorio fue significativamente menor (5,8 vs 9,5 días) para la técnica con plastia y con menores complicaciones (11 por ciento vs 33 por ciento). La cicatrización completa se obtuvo antes de los 12 días en el 94 por ciento de los pacientes tratados con técnica de Dufourmentel. Se observaron 3 recidivas en el grupo con plastia de Dufourmentel (4,7 por ciento), que fueron reintervenidas mediante la misma técnica, demostrando el estudio histológico persistencia de trayecto fistuloso. Concluimos que la técnica cerrada con plastia de Dufourmentel es la más adecuada para la gran mayoría de los casos, incluyendo los quistes recidivados, activos o infectados

Valor del antígeno carcino embrionario en la evaluación de pacientes con cáncer de recto / Value of the carcinoembryonic antigen in the evaluation of patients with rectal cancer

La medición del antígeno carcino embrionario (CEA) es utilizada en la evaluación pre y postoperatoria de los pacientes portadores de cáncer rectal con la finalidad de establecer un parámetro para diagnosticar precozmente la recidiva de la enfermedad. Se analizaron pacientes portadores de cáncer rectal intervenidos quirurgicamente y controlados tanto en el pre y postoperatorio con examen de CEA (tumores en etapa A a C de Astler y Coller), relacionando la evaluación de uno o más exámenes con el estadio anatomopatológico y otros parámetros. Se controlaron 56 pacientes con una media de tiempo de control de 27 meses (1-120 meses), 50 (89,3 porciento) sometidos a cirugía resectiva curativa y 6 (10,7 porciento) a cirugía paliativa. Se objetivó enfermedad recurrente en 15 pacientes (26,8 porciento) 14 de los cuales presentaban 1 o más elevaciones del CEA (sensibilidad del 93,3 porciento). La sensibilidad del CEA para predecir metástasis hepáticas fue de un 100 porciento comparado con un 91 porciento para otras localizaciones de recidiva. La alteración preoperatoria de los niveles de CEA se relacionó directamente con el grado de avance parietal del cáncer y con la sobrevida