Potential Explanatory Factors for the Concurrent Experience of Dyspnea and Pain in Patients with COPD.

Previous research has identified unexpectedly strong associations between dyspnea and pain, but the reasons remain unclear. Ascertaining the underlying biological and psychological mechanisms might enhance the understanding of the experience of both conditions, and suggest novel treatments. We sought to elucidate whether demographic factors, disease severity, psychological symptoms and biomarkers might account for the association between pain and dyspnea in individuals with COPD. We analyzed data from 301 patients with COPD who were followed in a prospective longitudinal observational study over 2 years. Measures included self-reported dyspnea and pain, pulmonary function tests, serum levels of inflammatory cytokines, measures of physical deconditioning, and scales for depression and anxiety. Analyses involved cross-sectional and longitudinal linear regression models. Pain and dyspnea were strongly correlated cross-sectionally (r = 0.77, 95% CI 0.72-0.82) and simultaneously across time (r = 0.42, 95% CI 0.28-0.56). Accounting for any of the other health factors only slightly mitigated the associations. Symptoms of pain and dyspnea thus may be fundamentally linked in COPD, rather than being mediated by common biological, psychological, or functional factors. From the patient's perspective, pain and dyspnea may be part of the same essential experience. It is possible that treatments for one condition would improve the other.

Review of Postoperative Delirium in Geriatric Patients After Hip Fracture Treatment.

Introduction: Postoperative delirium (POD) is a serious complication occurring in 4-53.3% of geriatric patients undergoing surgeries for hip fracture. Incidence of hip fractures is projected to grow 11.9% from 258,000 in 2010 to 289,000 in 2030 based on 1990 to 2010 data. As prevalence of hip fractures is projected to increase, POD is also anticipated to increase. Signficance: Postoperative delirium remains the most common complication of emergency hip fracture surgery leading to high morbidity and mortality rates despite significant research conducted regarding this topic. This study reviews literature from 1990 to 2021 regarding POD in geriatric hip fracture management. Results: Potentially modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for developing POD include, but are not limited to, male gender, older age, multiple comorbidities, specific comorbidities (dementia, cognitive impairment, diabetes, vision impairment, and abnormal blood pressure), low BMI, preoperative malnutrition, low albumin, low hematocrit, blunted preoperative cytokines, emergency surgery, time to admission and surgery, preoperative medical treatment, polypharmacy, delirium-inducing medications, fever, anesthesia time, and sedation depth and type. Although the pathophysiology remains unclear, the leading theories suggest neurotransmitter imbalance, inflammation, and electrolyte or metabolic derangements as the underlying cause of POD. POD is associated with increased length of hospital stay, cost, morbidity, and mortality. Prevention and early recognition are key factors in managing POD. Methods to reduce POD include utilizing interdisciplinary teams, educational programs for healthcare professionals, reducing narcotic use, avoiding delirium-inducing medications, and multimodal pain control. Conclusion: While POD is a known complication after hip fracture surgery, further exploration in prevention is needed. Early identification of risk factors is imperative to prevent POD in geriatric patients. Early prevention will enhance delivery of health care both pre- and post-operatively leading to the best possible surgical outcome and better quality of life after hip fracture treatment.

Associations Between Activities of Daily Living Independence and Mental Health Status Among Medicare Managed Care Patients.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Although there is a strong cross-sectional association between dependence in activities of daily living (ADLs) and decreased mental health, it is largely unknown how the loss of specific ADLs, or the combination of ADLs, influences mental health outcomes. We examined the effect of ADL independence on mental health among participants in a large survey of Medicare managed care recipients. DESIGN/SETTING: Retrospective cohort study. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 104,716 participants in cohort 17 of the Medicare Health Outcomes Survey, who completed the baseline and follow-up surveys in 2014 and 2016. MEASUREMENTS: Linear regression models estimated the effects of loss of ADL independence on change in Mental Component Summary (MCS) score. RESULTS: In an adjusted model, loss of independence in eating, bathing, dressing, and toileting were associated with three- to four-point declines in MCS, suggesting meaningful worsening. In a model that also included all six ADLs, loss of independence in each ADL was associated with declines in MCS, with the largest effects for eating and bathing. MCS decreased by 1.3 per each additional summative loss of ADL independence (P < .001). CONCLUSION: Loss of ADL independence was associated with large declines in mental health, with personal care activities showing the largest effects. Additional research can help to characterize the causes of ADL loss, to explore how older adults cope with it, and to identify ways of maximizing resilience. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:1301-1306, 2020.

Sound levels with aural suctioning: Effects of suction size, canal moisture, and distance from the eardrum.

OBJECTIVE: To determine sound levels resulting from aural suctioning of the external auditory canal. METHODS: Unweighted decibels (dB) and A-weighted decibels (dBA) sound pressure level measurements were recorded using a retrotympanic microphone in cadaveric human temporal bones. Sound measurements were made with common otologic suctions, size 3, 5, and 7 French, within the external ear canal at the tympanic membrane, 5, and 10 mm from the tympanic membrane in the dry condition. In the wet condition, the ear canal was filled with fluid and completely suctioned clear to determine sound effects of suctioning liquid from the ear canal. RESULTS: Sound levels generated from ear canal suctioning ranged from 68.3 to 97 dB and 62.6 to 95.1 dBA. Otologic suctions positioned closer to the tympanic membrane resulted in louder sound levels, but was not statistically significant (P > .05). Using larger diameter suctions generated louder dB and dBA sound levels (P < .001) and the addition of liquid in the ear canal during the suction process generated louder dB and dBA sound levels (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Smaller caliber suction sizes and nonsuctioning techniques should be utilized for in-office aural toilet to reduce noise trauma and patient discomfort. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 5.