"Systematizing" ethics consultation services.

While valuable work has been done addressing clinical ethics within established healthcare systems, we anticipate that the projected growth in acquisitions of community hospitals and facilities by large tertiary hospitals will impact the field of clinical ethics and the day-to-day responsibilities of clinical ethicists in ways that have yet to be explored. Toward the goal of providing clinical ethicists guidance on a range of issues that they may encounter in the systematization process, we discuss key considerations and potential challenges in implementing system-wide ethics consultation services. Specifically, we identify four models for organizing, developing, and enhancing ethics consultation activities within a system created through acquisitions: (1) train-the-trainer, (2) local capacity-building, (3) circuit-riding, and (4) consolidated accountability. We note each model's benefits and challenges. To our knowledge, this is the first paper to consider the broader landscape of issues affected by consolidation. We anticipate that clinical ethicists, volunteer consultants, and hospital administrators will benefit from our recommendations.

Law enforcement information gathering in the emergency department: Legal and ethical background and practical approaches.

In the course of legal investigations, law enforcement officers may enlist emergency department (ED) personnel to gather information or forensic evidence, often with the intent of building cases against a patient. These situations create ethical conflicts between the emergency physician's obligations to the patient and society. This paper provides an overview of the ethical and legal considerations in ED forensic evidence collection and the general principles that emergency physicians should apply in these situations.

Ethical issues and obligations with undocumented immigrants relying on emergency departments for dialysis.

Undocumented immigrants with end-stage renal disease in the United States are uniquely disadvantaged in their ability to access dialysis. This article examines the unique circumstances of the medical condition and healthcare system, including the relevant legal and regulatory influences that largely relegate undocumented immigrants to relying on emergency-only dialysis through a hospital's Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act obligations. We explore the ethical implications of this current state, emphasizing the adverse effects on patients and staff alike. We also review necessary actions that range from the actions an individual emergency physician to changes needed in federal policy.

Navigating Ethical Conflicts Between Advance Directives and Surrogate Decision-Makers' Interpretations of Patient Wishes.

There is little guidance on what clinicians should do when advance directives (or living wills, specifically) are challenged, particularly when surrogate decision-makers' interpretations of patients' wishes conflict with the living will. In our commentary, we make a controversial argument suggesting that overriding living wills can be ethically preferable to the alternative of strictly adhering to them. We propose four ethical considerations for determining whether it is ethically supportable to override living wills.

Challenges in deactivating a total artificial heart for a patient with capacity.

The use of mechanical circulatory support (MCS) devices has increased sixfold since 2006. Although there is an established legal and ethical consensus that patients have the right to withdraw and withhold life-sustaining interventions when burdens exceed benefits, this consensus arose prior to the widespread use of MCS technology and is not uniformly accepted in these cases. There are unique ethical and clinical considerations regarding MCS deactivation. Our center recently encountered the challenge of an awake and functionally improving patient with a total artificial heart (TAH) who requested its deactivation. We present a narrative description of this case with discussion of the following questions: (1) Is it ethically permissible to deactivate this particular device, the TAH? (2) Are there any particular factors in this case that are ethical contraindications to proceeding with deactivation? (3) What are the specific processes necessary to ensure a compassionate and respectful deactivation? (4) What proactive practices could have been implemented to lessen the intensity of this case's challenges? We close with a list of recommendations for managing similar cases.