Transient peripheral blood transcriptomic response to ketamine treatment in children with ADNP syndrome.

Activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP) syndrome is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder resulting in intellectual disability, developmental delay and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and is due to mutations in the ADNP gene. Ketamine treatment has emerged as a promising therapeutic option for ADNP syndrome, showing safety and apparent behavioral improvements in a first open label study. However, the molecular perturbations induced by ketamine remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated the longitudinal effect of ketamine on the blood transcriptome of 10 individuals with ADNP syndrome. Transcriptomic profiling was performed before and at multiple time points after a single low-dose intravenous ketamine infusion (0.5 mg/kg). We show that ketamine triggers immediate and profound gene expression alterations, with specific enrichment of monocyte-related expression patterns. These acute alterations encompass diverse signaling pathways and co-expression networks, implicating upregulation of immune and inflammatory-related processes and down-regulation of RNA processing mechanisms and metabolism. Notably, these changes exhibit a transient nature, returning to baseline levels 24 hours to 1 week after treatment. These findings enhance our understanding of ketamine's molecular effects and lay the groundwork for further research elucidating its specific cellular and molecular targets. Moreover, they contribute to the development of therapeutic strategies for ADNP syndrome and potentially, ASD more broadly.

Divergent landscapes of A-to-I editing in postmortem and living human brain.

Adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) editing is a prevalent post-transcriptional RNA modification within the brain. Yet, most research has relied on postmortem samples, assuming it is an accurate representation of RNA biology in the living brain. We challenge this assumption by comparing A-to-I editing between postmortem and living prefrontal cortical tissues. Major differences were found, with over 70,000 A-to-I sites showing higher editing levels in postmortem tissues. Increased A-to-I editing in postmortem tissues is linked to higher ADAR1 and ADARB1 expression, is more pronounced in non-neuronal cells, and indicative of postmortem activation of inflammation and hypoxia. Higher A-to-I editing in living tissues marks sites that are evolutionarily preserved, synaptic, developmentally timed, and disrupted in neurological conditions. Common genetic variants were also found to differentially affect A-to-I editing levels in living versus postmortem tissues. Collectively, these discoveries illuminate the nuanced functions and intricate regulatory mechanisms of RNA editing within the human brain.

Divergent landscapes of A-to-I editing in postmortem and living human brain.

Adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) editing is a prevalent post-transcriptional RNA modification within the brain. Yet, most research has relied on postmortem samples, assuming it is an accurate representation of RNA biology in the living brain. We challenge this assumption by comparing A-to-I editing between postmortem and living prefrontal cortical tissues. Major differences were found, with over 70,000 A-to-I sites showing higher editing levels in postmortem tissues. Increased A-to-I editing in postmortem tissues is linked to higher ADAR and ADARB1 expression, is more pronounced in non-neuronal cells, and indicative of postmortem activation of inflammation and hypoxia. Higher A-to-I editing in living tissues marks sites that are evolutionarily preserved, synaptic, developmentally timed, and disrupted in neurological conditions. Common genetic variants were also found to differentially affect A-to-I editing levels in living versus postmortem tissues. Collectively, these discoveries offer more nuanced and accurate insights into the regulatory mechanisms of RNA editing in the human brain.