RESUMO
The transcriptomes from different organs and tissues of western poplar, eucalyptus, soybean and common bean were studied. The expression level of cellulose synthase genes was notably different in different types of tissues and organs in studied plants. For common bean and eucalyptus transcriptome the domination of certain cellulose synthase genes was typical. These prevailing genes made up more than 50 % of the total expression pull of cellulose synthases. On the contrary, cellulose synthase expression pulls of wes-tern poplar and soybean were distributed between multiple genes. The different expression strategies of CesA-genes may reflect a phylogenetic processes that occurred in genomes studied.
Assuntos
Eucalyptus/genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Genoma de Planta , Glucosiltransferases/genética , Glycine max/genética , Phaseolus/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Populus/genética , Arabidopsis/classificação , Arabidopsis/genética , Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Eucalyptus/classificação , Eucalyptus/metabolismo , Frutas/genética , Frutas/metabolismo , Glucosiltransferases/metabolismo , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Isoenzimas/genética , Isoenzimas/metabolismo , Família Multigênica , Especificidade de Órgãos , Phaseolus/classificação , Phaseolus/metabolismo , Filogenia , Folhas de Planta/genética , Folhas de Planta/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Raízes de Plantas/genética , Raízes de Plantas/metabolismo , Caules de Planta/genética , Caules de Planta/metabolismo , Populus/classificação , Populus/metabolismo , Glycine max/classificação , Glycine max/metabolismo , Especificidade da Espécie , TranscriptomaRESUMO
A bioinformatic search of sequences encoding cellulose synthase genes in the flax genome, and their comparison to dicots orthologs was carried out. The analysis revealed 32 cellulose synthase gene candidates, 16 of which are highly likely to encode cellulose synthases, and the remaining 16--cellulose synthase-like proteins (Csl). Phylogenetic analysis of gene products of cellulose synthase genes allowed distinguishing 6 groups of cellulose synthase genes of different classes: CesA1/10, CesA3, CesA4, CesA5/6/2/9, CesA7 and CesA8. Paralogous sequences within classes CesA1/10 and CesA5/6/2/9 which are associated with the primary cell wall formation are characterized by a greater similarity within these classes than orthologous sequences. Whereas the genes controlling the biosynthesis of secondary cell wall cellulose form distinct clades: CesA4, CesA7, and CesA8. The analysis of 16 identified flax cellulose synthase gene candidates shows the presence of at least 12 different cellulose synthase gene variants in flax genome which are represented in all six clades of cellulose synthase genes. Thus, at this point genes of all ten known cellulose synthase classes are identify in flax genome, but their correct classification requires additional research.
Assuntos
Linho/genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Genes de Plantas , Glucosiltransferases/genética , Filogenia , Parede Celular/química , Biologia Computacional , Linho/classificação , Isoenzimas/genética , Anotação de Sequência Molecular , Família MultigênicaRESUMO
Four cellulose synthase genes were identified by analysis of their class-specific regions (CSRII) in plants of fiber flax during the "rapid growth" stage. These genes were designated as LusCesA1, LusCesA4, LusCesA7 and LusCesA9. LusCesA4, LusCesA7, and LusCesA9 genes were expressed in the stem; LusCesA1 and LusCesA4 genes were expressed in the apex part of plants, and the LusCesA4 gene was expressed in the leaves of fiber flax. The expression of the LusCesA7 and LusCesA9 genes was specific to the stems of fiber flax. These genes may influence the quality of the flax fiber.
Assuntos
Linho/genética , Glucosiltransferases/genética , Sequência de Bases , Clonagem Molecular , Linho/enzimologia , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Glucosiltransferases/biossíntese , Glucosiltransferases/isolamento & purificação , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Dados de Sequência Molecular , TêxteisRESUMO
At the Federal state health facility of the Perm Region--the Center of Hygiene and Epidemiology, the authors have carried out chemical and bacteriological tests (n = 410) of 70 raw milk samples taken at various points of sale to examine for compliance with the standards stimulated in the normative SanPin documents. The conventional methods were used to study a number of chemical, biochemical, and bacteriological parameters that characterized freshness, density, acidity, the content of toxic elements, mycotoxins, antibiotics, pesticides, radionuclides, the total number of microbes, etc. The quality and nutritive value of the test milk were characterized according to the findings. The main conclusion of the study was that in quite a number of cases, analyses of the private farm milk sold by farmers on the municipal markets and unpretested by the specialists of the territorial Russian consumer supervisory boards revealed that it was not up to the standards for the quality of the product itself and the material of its package. Unexposed to heat treatment, raw milk should not be used since it may occasionally adversely affect human health.