RESUMO
We define the pharmacological and pharmacokinetic profiles of a novel α(2C)-adrenoceptor agonist, compound A [N-[3,4-dihydro-4-(1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-6-yl]-N-ethyl-N'-methylurea]. This compound has high affinity (K(i)) for the human α(2C)-adrenoceptor (K(i) = 12 nM), and 190- to 260-fold selectivity over the α(2A)- and α(2B)-adrenoceptor subtypes. In cell-based functional assays, compound A produced good agonist (EC(50) = 166 nM) and efficacy (E(max) = 64%) responses at the α(2C)-adrenoceptor, much lower potency and efficacy at the α(2A)-adrenoceptor (EC(50) = 1525 nM; E(max) = 8%) and α(2B)-adrenoceptor (EC(50) = 5814 nM; E(max) = 21%) subtypes, and low or no affinity and functional activity at the α(1A)-, α(1B)-, and α(1D)-adrenoceptor subtypes. In the human saphenous vein postjunctional α(2C)-adrenoceptor bioassay, compound A functions as a potent agonist (pD(2) = 6.3). In a real-time contraction bioassay of pig nasal mucosa, compound A preferentially constricted the veins (EC(50) = 108 nM), and the magnitude of arteriolar contraction reached only 50% of the maximum venular responses. Compound A exhibited no effect on locomotor activity, sedation, and body temperature in mice (up to 100 mg/kg) and did not cause hypertension and mydriasis (30 mg/kg) in conscious rats. Compound A is orally bioavailable (24%) with good plasma exposure. This compound is a substrate for the efflux P-glycoprotein transporter, resulting in very low central nervous system (CNS) penetration. In summary, compound A is a highly selective, orally active, and non-CNS-penetrating α(2C)-adrenoceptor agonist with desirable in vitro and in vivo pharmacological properties suitable for the treatment of nasal congestion.
Assuntos
Agonistas Adrenérgicos/química , Agonistas Adrenérgicos/farmacologia , Compostos de Metilureia/química , Compostos de Metilureia/farmacologia , Morfolinas/química , Morfolinas/farmacologia , Atividade Motora/efeitos dos fármacos , Mucosa Nasal/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptores Adrenérgicos alfa 2/metabolismo , Veia Safena/efeitos dos fármacos , Agonistas Adrenérgicos/metabolismo , Animais , Células CHO , Cricetinae , Cricetulus , Humanos , Masculino , Compostos de Metilureia/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Morfolinas/metabolismo , Atividade Motora/fisiologia , Mucosa Nasal/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Proteínas Recombinantes/agonistas , Proteínas Recombinantes/metabolismo , Veia Safena/metabolismo , SuínosRESUMO
Mometasone furoate (MF)/formoterol fumarate (F) combination is a new inhaIed corticosteroid/long-acting ß2-adrenergic agonist (ICS/LABA). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of different dose combinations of MF/F on a variety of late-phase responses to aerosolized antigen challenge in ovalbumin sensitized Brown Norway rats. Late-phase responses were assessed by reductions in lung function, measured by forced vital capacity (FVC) and increased numbers of inflammatory cells and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of ovalbumin challenged rats. Intratracheal administration of MF/F 5 h before aerosolized ovalbumin challenge inhibited the increase in inflammatory cells, including eosinophils and levels of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-13 and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) appearing in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid 24 h after the antigen challenge. The combination index for inhibition of both inflammatory cells and cytokines was consistently <1 suggesting a synergistic interaction between MF and F. Intratracheal MF/F given 24 h after the aerosolized ovalbumin challenge reversed the reduction in FVC with statistically significant effects seen over a 24 h period after drug whereas MF and F alone reversed the antigen-induced reduction in FVC at selected times only. At 5 h after drug administration, when both MF and F were partially active, the combination index for MF/F was <1 suggesting a synergistic interaction between MF and F for reversal of the lung function. These results demonstrate that MF/F combination inhibits a variety of late-phase responses induced by allergen challenge and it is likely that MF/F will have a significant benefit in clinical asthma to suppress lung inflammation and improve lung function.
Assuntos
Agonistas de Receptores Adrenérgicos beta 2/administração & dosagem , Alérgenos/imunologia , Anti-Inflamatórios/administração & dosagem , Asma/tratamento farmacológico , Etanolaminas/administração & dosagem , Pregnadienodiois/administração & dosagem , Animais , Citocinas/biossíntese , Quimioterapia Combinada , Eosinófilos/efeitos dos fármacos , Fumarato de Formoterol , Masculino , Furoato de Mometasona , Neutrófilos/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos , Ratos Endogâmicos BN , Capacidade Vital/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
A structure-activity relationship study of the lead piperazinylcarbonylpiperidine compound 3 resulted in the identification of 4-benzimidazolyl-piperidinylcarbonyl-piperidine 6h as a histamine-3 (H(3)) receptor antagonist. Additional optimization of 6h led to the identification of compounds 11i-k with K(i) Assuntos
Antagonistas dos Receptores Histamínicos H3/síntese química
, Antagonistas dos Receptores Histamínicos H3/farmacologia
, Piperidinas/síntese química
, Piperidinas/farmacologia
, Relação Estrutura-Atividade
RESUMO
A series of spiro-piperidine azetidinone were synthesized and evaluated as potential TRPV1 antagonists. An important issue of plasma stability was investigated and resolved. Further focused SAR study lead to the discovery of a potent antagonist with good oral pharmacokinetic profile in rat.
Assuntos
Azetidinas/síntese química , Azetidinas/farmacocinética , Química Farmacêutica/métodos , Compostos de Espiro/síntese química , Compostos de Espiro/farmacologia , Canais de Cátion TRPV/antagonistas & inibidores , Administração Oral , Animais , Desenho de Fármacos , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Modelos Químicos , Ratos , Estereoisomerismo , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
The molecular and pharmacological properties of adenosine receptors in the T24 human bladder epithelial carcinoma cell line were assessed by Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR), Ca2+ Flux, cAMP production and interleukin-8 measurements. RT-PCR experiments detected the presence of transcripts for the adenosine A1, A2A and A2B receptors but not for the adenosine A3 subtype. Application of specific adenosine receptor ligands resulted in concentration-dependent increases in intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) with the following order of potency and EC50 values: 5'-N-Ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA) (1153+/-214)>5'-(N-Cyclopropyl)carboxamidoadenosine (CPCA) (1436+/-186)>adenosine (4823+/-932). This rank order of potency is typical of adenosine A2B receptors. In addition, select adenosine receptor antagonists N-(4-acetylphenyl)-2-[4-(2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-2,6 dioxo-1,3-dipropyl-1H-purin-8-yl)phenoxy]acetamide (MRS 1706), 8-[4-[((4-Cyano[2,6-]-phenyl)carbamoylmethyl)oxy]phenyl]-1,3-di(n-propyl)-xanthine (MRS 1754), 1,3-Diethyl-8-phenylxanthine (DPCPX), 1,3-Diethyl-8-phenylxanthine (DPX), Alloxazine, 8-(3-Chlorostyryl)caffeine (CSC), and Theophylline blocked the NECA-induced calcium responses. Additionally, NECA, CPCA, and adenosine stimulated cAMP formation with a rank order of potency characteristic of adenosine A2B receptors. The select adenosine A2A antagonist, 5-amino-7-(phenylethyl)-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c] pyrimidine (SCH 58261) failed to antagonize the NECA response, whereas the potent and highly selective adenosine A2B antagonists MRS 1754 and MRS 1706 inhibited NECA-stimulated cAMP production. Lastly, NECA-induced interleukin-8 secretion was inhibited by MRS 1754. Taken together, these data indicate that [Ca2+]i accumulation and cAMP production as well as interleukin-8 secretion is mediated through the adenosine A2B receptor in the T24 cell line.
Assuntos
Receptores Purinérgicos P1/fisiologia , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/metabolismo , Adenosina/análogos & derivados , Adenosina/farmacologia , Adenosina-5'-(N-etilcarboxamida)/farmacologia , Cálcio/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , AMP Cíclico/biossíntese , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Interleucina-8/biossíntese , Líquido Intracelular/efeitos dos fármacos , Líquido Intracelular/metabolismo , Isoformas de Proteínas/agonistas , Isoformas de Proteínas/antagonistas & inibidores , Purinas/farmacologia , RNA Neoplásico/genética , RNA Neoplásico/metabolismo , Receptores Purinérgicos P1/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/genética , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/patologia , Xantinas/farmacologiaRESUMO
Current asthma therapy is directed at the relief of chronic inflammation or improving lung function through bronchodilation. These approaches treat the overt symptoms of asthma but do not approach underlying causes of the disease. Such therapies have limited efficacy and for a number of patients the disease remains poorly controlled. The short-term future of asthma therapy will probably focus on the treatment of multiple symptoms to provide improved lung function. Long-term approaches to asthma will have to focus on modulation of the mechanisms that are the underlying causes of the various asthmatic pathophysiologies. These targets include a number of TH2-type T-cell-generated cytokines and chemokines, G-protein-coupled receptors, TH2-related transcription factors, neurotrophins and adhesion molecules. Additional new targets and understanding of asthma may also arise from genetic analysis.
Assuntos
Antiasmáticos/uso terapêutico , Asma/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Antiasmáticos/imunologia , Antiasmáticos/farmacologia , Asma/genética , Asma/imunologia , Citocinas/farmacologia , Sistemas de Liberação de Medicamentos , Avaliação de Medicamentos , Humanos , Imunidade Celular , Células Th2RESUMO
Transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor-1 (TRPV1) is a sensory neuron-specific cation channel capable of integrating various noxious chemical and physical stimuli. The dog orthologue of TRPV1 was cloned using cDNA from nodose ganglia and heterologously expressed in HEK293(OFF) cells. At the amino acid level, dTRPV1 displays 85-89% sequence identity to other TRPV1 orthologues. Molecular pharmacological characterization of HEK293(OFF) cells expressing TRPV1 was assessed using a fluorescence imaging plate reader (FLIPR)-based calcium imaging assay. Dog TRPV1 was activated by various known TRPV1 agonists in a concentration-dependent manner: Ag23 = resiniferatoxin > olvanil approximately arvanil > capsaicin > phorbol 12-phenylacetate 13-acetate 20-homovanillate (PPAHV) > N-oleoyldopamine (OLDA). In addition, select TRPV1 antagonists (capsazepine, I-resiniferatoxin and N-(-4-tertiarybutylphenyl)-4-(3-cholorpyridin-2-yl)tetrahydropyrazine-1(2H)-carbox-amide (BCTC)) were able to block the response of dTRPV1 to capsaicin. Furthermore, the dog TRPV1 lacked a conserved protein kinase A (PKA) phosphorylation site (117) found in other cloned orthologues, which may have physiological consequences on dog TRPV1 function. Taken together, these data constitute the first study of the cloning, expression and pharmacological characterization of dog TRPV1.
Assuntos
Capsaicina/análogos & derivados , Cães/genética , Dopamina/análogos & derivados , Receptores de Droga/genética , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Transporte Biológico/efeitos dos fármacos , Cálcio/metabolismo , Cálcio/farmacocinética , Capsaicina/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular , Clonagem Molecular , DNA Complementar/química , DNA Complementar/genética , Diterpenos/farmacologia , Dopamina/farmacologia , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Fluorometria/métodos , Vetores Genéticos/genética , Genótipo , Humanos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Mutação de Sentido Incorreto , Ésteres de Forbol/farmacologia , Filogenia , Pirazinas/farmacologia , Piridinas/farmacologia , Receptores de Droga/fisiologia , Alinhamento de Sequência , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Homologia de Sequência de Aminoácidos , TransfecçãoRESUMO
The mammalian tachykinin (TK) peptides and their three neurokinin (NK) receptors represent an effector system with wide-ranging actions on neuronal, airway smooth muscle, mucosal, endothelial, immune, inflammatory and remodeling cell function. Recent clinical and preclinical data suggests pathophysiological relevance for TKs in various diseases including asthma, emesis and depression. The promiscuous TK-NK receptor interactions and incompletely overlapping functions mediated by each NK receptor may indicate added therapeutic benefit of using multiple NK receptor blockade. Consequently, there has been substantial pharmaceutical effort in projects to develop nonpeptide dual and triple NK receptor antagonists. This review identifies the chemical and biological approach used to develop a TK antagonist active at the three NK receptors. Clinical activity has been observed using single and/or dual NK receptor antagonists in asthma, depression/anxiety and, most notably, emesis trials but no compound with mono or multiple NK receptor antagonist activities has cleared all the development and regulatory hurdles to commercialization. Current experience indicates that potent dual and triple NK receptor-selective antagonists possessing appropriate affinity and pharmacokinetic properties can be developed. As an example, the biological and pharmacokinetic profiles of a new representative of this class of agent, SCH 206272, is detailed in the present review. Whether such agents will fulfill researchers' expectations must await further clinical trials.
Assuntos
Analgésicos/uso terapêutico , Receptores de Taquicininas/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Ansiolíticos/uso terapêutico , Desenho de Fármacos , Humanos , Estrutura Molecular , Receptores de Taquicininas/classificação , Receptores de Taquicininas/fisiologia , Esquizofrenia/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
We have characterized desloratadine (5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine, 8-chloro-6,11-dihydro-11-(4-piperidinylidene), CAS 100643-71-8) as a potent antagonist of the human histamine H(1) receptor. [3H]Desloratadine bound to membranes expressing the recombinant human histamine H(1) receptor in Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO-H(1)) in a specific and saturable manner with a K(d) of 1.1+/-0.2 nM, a B(max) of 7.9+/-2.0 pmol/mg protein, and an association rate constant of 0.011 nM(-1) x min(-1). The K(d) calculated from the kinetic measurements was 1.5 nM. Dissociation of [3H]desloratadine from the human histamine H(1) receptor was slow, with only 37% of the binding reversed at 6 h in the presence of 5 microM unlabeled desloratadine. Seventeen histamine H(1)-receptor antagonists were evaluated in competition-binding studies. Desloratadine had a K(i) of 0.9+/-0.1 nM in these competition studies. In CHO-H(1) cells, histamine stimulation resulted in a concentration-dependent increase in [Ca(2+)](i) with an EC(50) of 170+/-30 nM. After a 90-min preincubation with desloratadine, the histamine-stimulated increase in [Ca(2+)](i) was shifted to the right, with a depression of the maximal response at higher concentrations of antagonist. The apparent K(b) value was 0.2+/-0.14 nM with a slope of 1.6+/-0.1. The slow dissociation from the receptor and noncompetitive antagonism suggests that desloratadine may be a pseudoirreversible antagonist of the human histamine H(1) receptor. The mechanism of desloratadine antagonism of the human histamine H(1) receptor may help to explain the high potency and 24-h duration of action observed in clinical studies.
Assuntos
Antagonistas dos Receptores Histamínicos H1/farmacologia , Loratadina/análogos & derivados , Loratadina/farmacologia , Receptores Histamínicos H1/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Ligação Competitiva/efeitos dos fármacos , Células CHO , Cálcio/metabolismo , Clonagem Molecular , Cricetinae , Primers do DNA/farmacologia , Feminino , Antagonistas dos Receptores Histamínicos H1/metabolismo , Humanos , Cinética , Loratadina/metabolismo , Oligonucleotídeos Antissenso/farmacologia , Pirilamina/metabolismo , Receptores Histamínicos H1/metabolismoRESUMO
Experiments were performed to characterize the pharmacology of SCH 206272 [(R,R)-1'[5-[(3,5-dichlorobenzoyl)methylamino]-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-4(Z)-(methoxyimino)pentyl]-N-methyl-2-oxo-[1,4'bipiperidine]-3-acetamide] as a potent and selective antagonist of tachykinin (NK) NK(1), NK(2), and NK(3) receptors. SCH 206272 inhibited binding at human tachykinin NK(1), NK(2), and NK(3) receptors (K(i) = 1.3, 0.4, and 0.3 nM, respectively) and antagonized [Ca(2+)](i) mobilization in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing the cloned human tachykinin NK(1), NK(2), or NK(3) receptors. SCH 206272 inhibited relaxation of the human pulmonary artery (pK(b) = 7.7 +/- 0.3) induced by the tachykinin NK(1) receptor agonist, [Met-O-Me] substance P and contraction of the human bronchus (pK(b = 8.2 +/- 0.3) induced by the tachykinin NK(2) receptor agonist, neurokinin A. In isolated guinea pig tissues, SCH 206272 inhibited substance P-induced enhancement of electrical field stimulated contractions of the vas deferens, (pK(b = 7.6 +/- 0.2), NKA-induced contraction of the bronchus (pK(b) = 7.7 +/- 0.2), and senktide-induced contraction of the ileum. In vivo, oral SCH 206272 (0.1-10 mg/kg, p.o.) inhibited substance P-induced airway microvascular leakage and neurokinin A-induced bronchospasm in the guinea pig. In a canine in vivo model, SCH 206272 (0.1-3 mg/kg, p.o.) inhibited NK(1) and NK(2) activities induced by exogenous substance P and neurokinin A. Furthermore, in guinea pig models involving endogenously released tachykinins, SCH 206272 inhibited hyperventilation-induced bronchospasm, capsaicin-induced cough, and airway microvascular leakage induced by nebulized hypertonic saline. These data demonstrate that SCH 206272 is a potent, orally active tachykinin NK(1), NK(2), and NK(3) receptor antagonist. This compound may have beneficial effects in diseases thought to be mediated by tachykinins, such as cough, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Assuntos
Acetamidas/farmacologia , Antagonistas dos Receptores de Neurocinina-1 , Piperidinas/farmacologia , Receptores da Neurocinina-2/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores da Neurocinina-3/antagonistas & inibidores , Administração Oral , Animais , Broncoconstrição/efeitos dos fármacos , Broncoconstrição/fisiologia , Células CHO , Permeabilidade Capilar , Capsaicina/farmacologia , Tosse/induzido quimicamente , Tosse/tratamento farmacológico , Cricetinae , Cães , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Cobaias , Humanos , Íleo/efeitos dos fármacos , Íleo/fisiologia , Técnicas In Vitro , Masculino , Contração Muscular/efeitos dos fármacos , Músculo Liso/efeitos dos fármacos , Músculo Liso/fisiologia , Artéria Pulmonar/efeitos dos fármacos , Artéria Pulmonar/fisiologia , Ensaio Radioligante , Receptores da Neurocinina-1/metabolismo , Receptores da Neurocinina-2/metabolismo , Receptores da Neurocinina-3/metabolismo , Ducto Deferente/efeitos dos fármacos , Ducto Deferente/fisiologiaRESUMO
The Transient Receptor Potential cation channel V1 (TRPV1) is expressed in peripheral nociceptive neurons and is subject to polymodal activation via various agents including capsaicin, noxious heat, low extracellular pH, and direct phosphorylation by protein kinase C (PKC). We have cloned and heterologously expressed mouse TRPV1 (mTRPV1) and characterized its function utilizing FLIPR-based calcium imaging to measure functional responses to various small molecule agonists, low pH and direct phosphorylation via PKC. The various TRPV1 agonists activated mTRPV1 with a rank order of agonist potency of (resiniferatoxin (RTX) = arvanil > capsaicin = olvanil > OLDA > PPAHV) (EC50 values of 0.15+/-0.04 nM, 0.27+/-0.07 nM, 9.1+/-1.2 nM, 3.7+/-0.3 nM, 258+/-105 nM, and 667+/-151 nM, respectively). Additionally, mTRPV1 was activated by either low pH or with addition of the PKC activator phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). The TRPV1 antagonists iodinated-resiniferatoxin (I-RTX) or BCTC were both able to block capsaicin, pH and PKC-induced responses of mTRPV1 (IC50 (I-RTX) = 0.35+/-0.12 nM, 1.9+/-0.7 nM, and 0.80+/-0.68 nM, IC50 (BCTC) = 1.3+/-0.36 nM, 0.59+/-0.16 nM, and 0.37+/-0.15 nM, respectively). However, the antagonist capsazepine was only able to inhibit a capsaicin-evoked response of mTRPV1 with an IC50 of 1426+/-316 nM. Comparable results were achieved with rat TRPV1, while capsazepine blocked all modes of human TRPV1 activation. Thus, the mTRPV1 cation channel has a molecular pharmacological profile more akin to rat TRPV1 than either human or guinea pig TRPV1 and the molecular pharmacology suggests that capsazepine may be an ineffective TRPV1 antagonist for in vivo models of inflammatory pain in the mouse.
Assuntos
Canais Iônicos/genética , Receptores de Droga/fisiologia , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Cálcio/metabolismo , Capsaicina/agonistas , Capsaicina/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular , Clonagem Molecular , Proteínas Quinases Dependentes de AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Diterpenos/farmacologia , Ativação Enzimática/efeitos dos fármacos , Cobaias , Humanos , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Espaço Intracelular/efeitos dos fármacos , Espaço Intracelular/metabolismo , Canais Iônicos/fisiologia , Camundongos , Ésteres de Forbol/farmacologia , Fosforilação/efeitos dos fármacos , RNA Mensageiro/biossíntese , Coelhos , Ratos , Receptores de Droga/agonistas , Receptores de Droga/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores de Droga/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa/métodos , Canais de Cátion TRPV , Transfecção/métodosRESUMO
Mast cells are the central mediating cells of allergic reactions. Binding of allergen specific IgE to high affinity IgE receptor (Fcepsilon RI) and subsequent binding of allergen by the IgE causes receptor cross-linking and activation. In a study examining the differential gene expression in human cord blood-derived mast cells (CBMCs) mediated by activation of Fcepsilon RI both with IgE and IgE followed by cross-linking with alpha-IgE, the chemokine I-309 was found to be upregulated. I-309 is the ligand for the CCR8 receptor and is responsible for chemoattraction of TH2 type T-cells. Interestingly, I-309 RNA and protein levels were elevated not only in response to IgE/alpha-IgE activation but also by IgE alone. In addition, the I-309 levels were augmented by growth of the CBMCs in the presence of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-4. GM-CSF and MIP-1alpha secretion was also induced by IgE. These results suggest that IgE, through the production and release of cytokines such as I-309, GM-CSF and MIP-1alpha could promote an inflammatory reaction in the absence of antigen stimulation of mast cells.
Assuntos
Quimiocinas CC/metabolismo , Sangue Fetal/citologia , Imunoglobulina E/farmacologia , Mastócitos/fisiologia , Quimiocina CCL1 , Quimiocinas/metabolismo , Reagentes de Ligações Cruzadas , Citocinas/metabolismo , Primers do DNA , Expressão Gênica , Histamina/metabolismo , Liberação de Histamina/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Interleucina-4/biossíntese , Interleucina-4/genética , Análise de Sequência com Séries de Oligonucleotídeos , Receptores CCR8 , Receptores de Quimiocinas/metabolismo , Receptores de IgE/metabolismo , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase ReversaRESUMO
Accumulating evidence indicates protective actions of mineralocorticoid antagonists (MR antagonists) on cardiovascular pathology, which includes blunting vascular inflammation and myocardial fibrosis. We examined the anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic potential of MR antagonists in rodent respiratory models. In an ovalbumin allergic and challenged Brown Norway rat model, the total cell count in nasal lavage was 29,348 ± 5451, which was blocked by spironolactone (0.3-60 mg/kg, p.o.) and eplerenone (0.3-30 mg/kg, p.o.). We also found that MR antagonists attenuated pulmonary inflammation in the Brown Norway rat. A series of experiments were conducted to determine the actions of MR blockade in acute/chronic lung injury models. (1) Ex vivo lung slice rat experiments found that eplerenone (0.01 and 10 µM) and spironolactone (10 µM) diminished lung hydroxyproline concentrations by 55 ± 5, 122 ± 9, and 83 ± 8%. (2) In in vivo studies, MR antagonists attenuated the increases in bronchioalveolar lavage (BAL) neutrophils and macrophages caused by lung bleomycin exposure. In separate studies, bleomycin (4.0 U/kg, i.t.) increased lung levels of hydroxyproline by approximately 155%, which was blocked by spironolactone (10-60 mg/kg, p.o.). In a rat Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) model, spironolactone inhibited acute increases in BAL cytokines with moderate effects on neutrophils. Finally, we found that chronic LPS exposure significantly increased end expiratory lung and decreased lung elastance in the mouse. These functional effects of chronic LPS were improved by MR antagonists. Our results demonstrate that MR antagonists have significant pharmacological actions in the respiratory system.
Assuntos
Bleomicina/efeitos adversos , Antagonistas de Receptores de Mineralocorticoides/farmacologia , Pneumonia/tratamento farmacológico , Receptores de Mineralocorticoides/metabolismo , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Elasticidade/efeitos dos fármacos , Fibrose , Hidroxiprolina/metabolismo , Hipersensibilidade/tratamento farmacológico , Hipersensibilidade/metabolismo , Hipersensibilidade/patologia , Hipersensibilidade/fisiopatologia , Lipopolissacarídeos/efeitos adversos , Pulmão/efeitos dos fármacos , Pulmão/patologia , Pulmão/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Antagonistas de Receptores de Mineralocorticoides/uso terapêutico , Pneumonia/metabolismo , Pneumonia/patologia , Pneumonia/fisiopatologia , Ventilação Pulmonar/efeitos dos fármacos , RatosRESUMO
Cough is an important defensive pulmonary reflex that removes irritants, fluids, or foreign materials from the airways. However, when cough is exceptionally intense or when it is chronic and/or nonproductive it may require pharmacologic suppression. For many patients, antitussive therapies consist of OTC products with inconsequential efficacies. On the other hand, the prescription antitussive market is dominated by older opioid drugs such as codeine. Unfortunately, "codeine-like" drugs suppress cough at equivalent doses that also often produce significant ancillary liabilities such as GI constipation, sedation, and respiratory depression. Thus, the discovery of a novel and effective antitussive drug with an improved side effect profile relative to codeine would fulfill an unmet clinical need in the treatment of cough. Afferent pulmonary nerves are endowed with a multitude of potential receptor targets, including TRPV1, that could act to attenuate cough. The evidence linking TRPV1 to cough is convincing. TRPV1 receptors are found on sensory respiratory nerves that are important in the generation of the cough reflex. Isolated pulmonary vagal afferent nerves are responsive to TRPV1 stimulation. In vivo, TRPV1 agonists such as capsaicin elicit cough when aerosolized and delivered to the lungs. Pertinent to the debate on the potential use of TRPV1 antagonist as antitussive agents are the observations that airway afferent nerves become hypersensitive in diseased and inflamed lungs. For example, the sensitivity of capsaicin-induced cough responses following upper respiratory tract infection and in airway inflammatory diseases such as asthma and COPD is increased relative to that of control responses. Indeed, we have demonstrated that TRPV1 antagonism can attenuate antigen-induced cough in the allergic guinea pig. However, it remains to be determined if the emerging pharmacologic profile of TRPV1 antagonists will translate into a novel human antitussive drug. Current efforts in clinical validation of TRPV1 antagonists revolve around various pain indications; therefore, clinical evaluation of TRPV1 antagonists as antitussive agents will have to await those outcomes.
Assuntos
Antitussígenos/uso terapêutico , Tosse/tratamento farmacológico , Fármacos do Sistema Sensorial/uso terapêutico , Canais de Cátion TRPV/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Capsaicina/uso terapêutico , Tosse/metabolismo , Tosse/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Pulmão/metabolismo , Pulmão/fisiopatologia , Reflexo/efeitos dos fármacos , Reflexo/fisiologia , Canais de Cátion TRPV/metabolismo , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
We report the discovery of novel histamine H(3) receptor antagonists based on 4-[(1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]piperidine. The most potent compounds in the series (e.g., 7) result from the attachment of a substituted aniline amide to the main pharmacophore piperidine via a two-methylene linker.
Assuntos
Antagonistas dos Receptores Histamínicos/farmacologia , Imidazóis/farmacologia , Piperidinas/farmacologia , Receptores Histamínicos H3/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores do Citocromo P-450 CYP2D6 , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Antagonistas dos Receptores Histamínicos/síntese química , Antagonistas dos Receptores Histamínicos/química , Humanos , Imidazóis/síntese química , Imidazóis/química , Técnicas In Vitro , Estrutura Molecular , Piperidinas/síntese química , Piperidinas/química , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
A novel series of histamine H3 receptor antagonists based on the 4-[(1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]piperidine template displaying low CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 inhibitory profiles has been identified. Structural features responsible for the reduction of P450 activity, a typical liability of 4-substituted imidazoles, have been established.
Assuntos
Inibidores das Enzimas do Citocromo P-450 , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Antagonistas dos Receptores Histamínicos/farmacologia , Imidazóis/farmacologia , Piperidinas/farmacologia , Receptores Histamínicos H3/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Inibidores Enzimáticos/síntese química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Cobaias , Haplorrinos , Antagonistas dos Receptores Histamínicos/síntese química , Antagonistas dos Receptores Histamínicos/química , Humanos , Imidazóis/síntese química , Imidazóis/química , Estrutura Molecular , Piperidinas/síntese química , Piperidinas/química , Ratos , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Distribuição TecidualRESUMO
The P2X7 channel is a member of the P2X family of ligand-gated ion channels which respond to ATP as the endogenous agonist. Studies suggest that P2X7 has a potentially pivotal role in inflammatory responses largely stemming from its role in mediating the release of IL-1beta in response to ATP. We report the identification of seven variants of human P2X7 which result from alternative splicing. Two of these variants (one lacking the first transmembrane domain, the second lacking the entire cytoplasmic tail) were compared to the full-length channel. Real-time PCR analysis demonstrated that both variants were expressed in various tissues and that the cytoplasmic tail deleted variant is highly expressed. Deletion of the first transmembrane domain resulted in a non-functional channel. Deletion of the cytoplasmic tail did not affect ion movement but severely affected the ability to form a large pore and to induce activation of caspases.
Assuntos
Trifosfato de Adenosina/metabolismo , Receptores Purinérgicos P2/química , Receptores Purinérgicos P2/metabolismo , Processamento Alternativo/genética , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Substituição de Aminoácidos , DNA Recombinante/genética , Variação Genética/genética , Humanos , Canais Iônicos/análise , Canais Iônicos/química , Canais Iônicos/genética , Canais Iônicos/metabolismo , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Especificidade de Órgãos , Isoformas de Proteínas/química , Isoformas de Proteínas/genética , Isoformas de Proteínas/metabolismo , Receptores Purinérgicos P2/análise , Receptores Purinérgicos P2/genética , Receptores Purinérgicos P2X7 , Homologia de Sequência de Aminoácidos , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Distribuição TecidualRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Functional alpha1- and alpha2-adrenoreceptor subtype pharmacology was characterized in an in vitro human nasal mucosa contractile bioassay. METHODS: Nasal mucosa was obtained from 49 donor patients and mucosal strips were placed in chambers filled with Krebs-Ringer solution and attached to isometric force transducers. RESULTS: Nonselective a-adrenoreceptor agonists epinephrine, norepinephrine, and oxymetazoline produced concentration-dependent contractions of isolated human nasal mucosa (pD2 = 5.2, 4.9, and 6.5, respectively). The alpha2-adrenoreceptor agonist BHT-920 (10 microM)-induced contractions were blocked by yohimbine (0.01-1 microM) and prazosin (0.01-1 microM) inhibited the contractile response to the alpha1-adrenoreceptor agonist phenylephrine (10 microM). Histological analysis showed that phenylephrine and BHT-920 differentially contracted the arteries and veins of human nasal mucosa, respectively. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that functional alpha1- and alpha2-adrenoceptors are present and functional in human nasal mucosa. The alpha2-adrenoceptors display a predominant role in contracting the veins and the alpha1-adrenoceptors appear to preferentially constrict the human nasal arteries.
Assuntos
Mucosa Nasal/irrigação sanguínea , Receptores Adrenérgicos alfa/fisiologia , Agonistas alfa-Adrenérgicos/farmacologia , Antagonistas Adrenérgicos alfa/farmacologia , Adulto , Idoso , Artérias/fisiologia , Epinefrina/farmacologia , Feminino , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Masculino , Norepinefrina/farmacologia , Oximetazolina/farmacologia , Prazosina/farmacologia , Conchas Nasais , Vasoconstrição/efeitos dos fármacos , Veias/fisiologia , Ioimbina/farmacologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The human histamine H1 receptor is constitutively active and exhibits basal activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), an important modulator of allergic inflammation. Certain H1 antihistamines have recently been shown to inhibit basal NF-kappaB activity by stabilizing the H1 receptor in an inactive state, a phenomenon called 'inverse agonism'. METHODS: We evaluated the effect of the new H1 antihistamine, desloratadine, on basal and histamine-stimulated NF-kappaB activity and compared it with the activities of other H1 antihistamines. RESULTS: Transiently transfected COS-7 cells co-expressing NF-kappaB-luciferase and the H1 receptor exhibited constitutive NF-kappaB activity. H1 antihistamines reduced basal NF-kappaB activity (rank order of potency: desloratadine > pyrilamine > cetirizine > loratadine > fexofenadine). Histamine stimulated basal NF-kappaB activity 8-fold, which was blocked by H1 antihistamines (rank order of potency: desloratadine > cetirizine > pyrilamine > loratadine > fexofenadine). Neither histamine nor antihistamines had any effect on NF-kappaB activity in the absence of the H1 receptor. CONCLUSIONS: Desloratadine, acting through the histamine H1 receptor, inhibited basal NF-kappaB activity and can thus be classified as an inverse agonist. Inhibition of basal and histamine-stimulated NF-kappaB activity may help to explain previously reported inhibitory effects of desloratadine on allergic inflammatory mediators.
Assuntos
Antagonistas dos Receptores Histamínicos H1/farmacologia , Histamina/farmacologia , Loratadina/análogos & derivados , Loratadina/farmacologia , NF-kappa B/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores Histamínicos H1/imunologia , Animais , Células COS , Chlorocebus aethiops , Histamina/imunologia , Agonistas dos Receptores Histamínicos/imunologia , Agonistas dos Receptores Histamínicos/farmacologia , Antagonistas dos Receptores Histamínicos H1/imunologia , Humanos , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Loratadina/imunologia , NF-kappa B/imunologiaRESUMO
The synthesis and binding affinity for hNK(1) and hNK(2) receptors of a series of diacyl substituted 2-aryl piperazines are described. SAR evaluation led to the racemic derivative 11g as an apparent dual inhibitor. Chiral chromatographic separation of 11g led to the observation that NK(1) activity was shown by one enantiomer (13a) and NK(2) activity was shown by the other enantiomer (13b). X-ray crystallographic analysis of the crystalline di-BOC derivative of the NK(2) active piperazine (15) showed that the 2R configuration was associated with NK(2) activity. Further derivatization indicated that dual NK(1)/NK(2) activity could be built into the 2R series.