The New Public Health Workforce: Employment Outcomes of Public Health Graduate Students.

CONTEXT: Much has been written about the public health workforce, but very little research has been published-and none in a peer-reviewed journal or other report since 1992-regarding the employment outcomes and employment sectors of graduate students pursuing public health as an area of study. OBJECTIVES: Our objectives were to review the literature and analyze data regarding the employment outcomes of public health graduate students and to examine how public health schools and programs might respond to changes in the sectors hiring their graduates. DESIGN: We reviewed the literature regarding the employment of public health graduates; analyzed 5 years of graduate outcomes from Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health using logistic regression; and we examined data collected by the Association of Schools & Programs of Public Health. PARTICIPANTS: The study included data from surveys of 2904 graduates of Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health, across 5 graduating cohort years, for whom there were employment sector data available for 1932. RESULTS: Much of the research on the public health workforce has defined it as governmental public health. Across each of 5 graduating classes from Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health, the odds of for-profit sector employment increased by 23% (2012-2016), while hiring by government agencies declined or remained flat. Publicly available employment data from the Web sites of schools of public health and from surveys by the Association of Schools & Programs of Public Health show that hiring of new graduates by for-profit corporations now either closely matches or exceeds governmental hiring at many schools of public health. CONCLUSIONS: Public health graduates are increasingly working outside of government, and additional analyses are required to determine whether core competencies of public health curricula reflect the needs of the employers that are hiring public health graduates today. Schools and programs of public health should invest in their career services offices and gather input from employers that are currently hiring their graduates, especially as the sectors hiring them may be changing.

Psychosocial Factors and the Care Cascade for Hepatitis C Treatment Colocated at a Syringe Service Program.

BACKGROUND: Direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy for hepatitis C virus (HCV) is highly effective. However, people who inject drugs face significant barriers to DAA access. METHODS: We describe a program that colocates HCV management within a syringe service program in New York City. We performed a retrospective chart review of all patients with confirmed HCV viremia. RESULTS: From 2015 to 2018, 102 patients with viremia completed intake. Fifty-eight patients started DAAs. Nine patients discontinued treatment or were lost to follow-up before completion; 1 is continuing DAA treatment. Of 48 patients who completed therapy, sustained virologic response (SVR) was achieved in 43 (89.6%). Age and established mental health treatment at intake were associated with SVR. Regular cocaine use was negatively associated with SVR in univariate analysis, but this association was not significant after adjustment for age. Of 30 patients completing DAA therapy with active illicit opioid use at intake, 14 (46.4%) engaged in opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment during therapy, and 9 remained in OUD treatment after completion of DAA treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Loss to follow-up is a challenge for people who inject drugs, but among those who completed treatment, SVR was achieved at a high rate. Mental health treatment may facilitate HCV cure. Conversely, HCV therapy may facilitate engagement in OUD treatment and other services.

Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes in People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Hospitalized for Coronavirus Disease 2019.

We describe the characteristics of 31 people living with human immunodeficiency virus hospitalized for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. All patients were on antiretroviral therapy and virologically suppressed at the time of admission. Clinical course and outcomes were similar to those reported in other hospitalized cohorts.

Hungarian general practice paediatricians' antibiotic prescribing behaviour for suspected respiratory tract infections: a qualitative study.

OBJECTIVES: Inappropriate antibiotic prescribing is a major cause of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The aim of this study was to explore paediatric general practitioners' (GP Peds) antibiotic prescription practice in suspected respiratory tract infections (RTIs), using the capability-opportunity-motivation-behaviour framework. DESIGN: The design is a qualitative study based on individual, semistructured telephone or virtual interviews. SETTING: Paediatric general practice in Hungary. We applied stratified maximum variation sampling to cover the categories of age, sex and geographical location of participants. PARTICIPANTS: We interviewed 22 GP Peds. Nine were male and 13 were female: 2 of them were less than 40 years old, 14 were between 40 and 60 years, and 6 were above 60 years. 10 worked in low-antibiotic prescription areas, 5 in areas with medium levels of antibiotic prescription, 3 in high-antibiotic prescription areas, and 4 in and around the capital city. RESULTS: Study participants had varying antibiotic prescription preferences. Personal experience and physical examination play a central role in GP Peds' diagnostic and treatment practice. Participants emphasised the need to treat children in their entirety, taking their personal medical record, social background and sometimes parents' preferences into account, besides the acute clinical manifestation of RTI. Most respondents were confident they apply the most effective therapy even if, in some cases, this meant prescribing medicines with a higher chance of contributing to the development of AMR. Some participants felt antibiotic prescription frequency has decreased in recent years. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that a more prudent attitude toward antibiotic prescribing may have become more common but also highlight relevant gaps in both physicians' and public knowledge of antibiotics and AMR. To reinforce awareness and close remaining gaps, Hungary should adopt its national AMR National Action Plan and further increase its efforts towards active professional communication and feedback for primary care physicians.

Knowledge, attitudes and behaviors on antimicrobial resistance among general public across 14 member states in the WHO European region: results from a cross-sectional survey.

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major global public health threat requiring urgent action. Pan-European data on knowledge, attitudes and behaviors among the general public regarding antibiotic use and AMR is limited. Methods: A multicentric, cross-sectional survey of the general public was conducted in the capital cities of 14 Member States of the WHO European Region. A validated questionnaire from the AMR Eurobarometer survey was used to collect data on antibiotic use and knowledge, access to antibiotics, and understanding of policy responses through face-to-face exit interviews. Results: Out of 8,221 respondents from 14 Member States, 50% took antibiotics in the past 12 months and the majority (53%) obtained their most recent course from a medical practitioner. The most reported reasons for taking antibiotics orally in the past 12 months were cold (24%), sore throat (21%), cough (18%), and flu (16%). Overall, 84% of participants showed a lack of knowledge about appropriate antibiotic use. However, only 37% of respondents reported receiving any information in the past year about the importance of avoiding unnecessary antibiotic use. Doctors were the most cited (50%) and most trusted (80%) source of information. Among respondents who experienced COVID-19, 28% took antibiotics with a prescription, while 8% took antibiotics without a prescription. Conclusion: This study highlights the urgent need for targeted awareness campaigns and educational initiatives to address knowledge gaps and promote responsible antibiotic use. The findings emphasize the role of the general population in combating AMR. The data serve as baseline information for future evaluations and interventions in the Region.