Predictors and Prognostic Impact of Hematoma Expansion in Infratentorial Cerebral Hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND: Hematoma expansion (HE) is common and predicts poor outcome in patients with supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). We investigated the predictors and prognostic impact of HE in infratentorial ICH. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients with brainstem and cerebellar ICH admitted at seven sites. Noncontrast computed tomography images were analyzed for the presence of hypodensities according to validated criteria, defined as any hypodense region strictly encapsulated within the hemorrhage with any shape, size, and density. Occurrence of HE (defined as > 33% and/or > 6-mL growth) and mortality at 90 days were the outcomes of interest. Their predictors were investigated using logistic regression with backward elimination at p < 0.1. Logistic regression models for HE were adjusted for baseline ICH volume, antiplatelet and anticoagulant treatment, onset to computed tomography time, and presence of hypodensities. The logistic regression model for mortality accounted for the ICH score and HE. RESULTS: A total of 175 patients were included (median age 75 years, 40.0% male), of whom 38 (21.7%) had HE and 43 (24.6%) died within 90 days. Study participants with HE had a higher frequency of hypodensities (44.7 vs. 24.1%, p = 0.013), presentation within 3 h from onset (39.5 vs. 24.8%, p = 0.029), and 90-day mortality (44.7 vs. 19.0%, p = 0.001). Hypodensities remained independently associated with HE after adjustment for confounders (odds ratio 2.44, 95% confidence interval 1.13-5.25, p = 0.023). The association between HE and mortality remained significant in logistic regression (odds ratio 3.68, 95% confidence interval 1.65-8.23, p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Early presentation and presence of noncontrast computed tomography hypodensities were independent predictors of HE in infratentorial ICH, and the occurrence of HE had an independent prognostic impact in this population.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance-Based Metabolomics to Predict Early and Late Adverse Outcomes in Ischemic Stroke Treated with Intravenous Thrombolysis.

Metabolic perturbations and inflammatory mediators play a fundamental role in both early and late adverse post-acute ischemic stroke outcomes. Using data from the observational MAGIC (MArker bioloGici nell'Ictus Cerebrale) study, we evaluated the effect of 130 serum metabolic features, using a nuclear magnetic spectroscopy approach, on the following outcomes: hemorrhagic transformation at 24 h after stroke, non-response to intravenous thrombolytic treatment with the recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA), and the 3 month functional outcome. Blood circulating metabolites, lipoproteins, and inflammatory markers were assessed at the baseline and 24 h after rt-PA treatment. Adjusting for the major determinants for unfavorable outcomes (i.e., age, sex, time onset-to-treatment, etc.), we found that acetone and 3-hydroxybutyrate were associated with symptomatic hemorrhagic transformation and with non-response to rt-PA; while 24 h after rt-PA, levels of triglycerides high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and triglycerides low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were associated with 3 month mortality. Cholesterol and phospholipids levels, mainly related to smaller and denser very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and LDL subfractions were associated with 3 month poor functional outcomes. We also reported associations between baseline 24 h relative variation (Δ) in VLDL subfractions and ΔC-reactive protein, Δinterleukin-10 levels with hemorrhagic transformation. All observed metabolic changes reflect a general condition of energy failure, oxidative stress, and systemic inflammation that characterize the development of adverse outcomes.

Using Noncontrast Computed Tomography to Improve Prediction of Intracerebral Hemorrhage Expansion.

BACKGROUND: Noncontrast computed tomography hypodensities are a validated predictor of hematoma expansion (HE) in intracerebral hemorrhage and a possible alternative to the computed tomography angiography (CTA) spot sign but their added value to available prediction models remains unclear. We investigated whether the inclusion of hypodensities improves prediction of HE and compared their added value over the spot sign. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of patients admitted for primary spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage at the following 8 university hospitals in Boston, US (1994-2015, prospective), Hamilton, Canada (2010-2016, retrospective), Berlin, Germany (2014-2019, retrospective), Chongqing, China (2011-2015, retrospective), Pavia, Italy (2017-2019, prospective), Ferrara, Italy (2010-2019, retrospective), Brescia, Italy (2020-2021, retrospective), and Bologna, Italy (2015-2019, retrospective). Predictors of HE (hematoma growth >6 mL and/or >33% from baseline to follow-up imaging) were explored with logistic regression. We compared the discrimination of a simple prediction model for HE based on 4 predictors (antitplatelet and anticoagulant treatment, baseline intracerebral hemorrhage volume, and onset-to-imaging time) before and after the inclusion of noncontrast computed tomography hypodensities, using receiver operating characteristic curve and De Long test for area under the curve comparison. RESULTS: A total of 2465 subjects were included, of whom 664 (26.9%) had HE and 1085 (44.0%) had hypodensities. Hypodensities were independently associated with HE after adjustment for confounders in logistic regression (odds ratio, 3.11 [95% CI, 2.55-3.80]; P<0.001). The inclusion of noncontrast computed tomography hypodensities improved the discrimination of the 4 predictors model (area under the curve, 0.67 [95% CI, 0.64-0.69] versus 0.71 [95% CI, 0.69-0.74]; P=0.025). In the subgroup of patients with a CTA available (n=895, 36.3%), the added value of hypodensities remained statistically significant (area under the curve, 0.68 [95% CI, 0.64-0.73] versus 0.74 [95% CI, 0.70-0.78]; P=0.041) whereas the addition of the CTA spot sign did not provide significant discrimination improvement (area under the curve, 0.74 [95% CI, 0.70-0.78]). CONCLUSIONS: Noncontrast computed tomography hypodensities provided a significant added value in the prediction of HE and appear a valuable alternative to the CTA spot sign. Our findings might inform future studies and suggest the possibility to stratify the risk of HE with good discrimination without CTA.

Tmax Volumes Predict Final Infarct Size and Functional Outcome in Ischemic Stroke Patients Receiving Endovascular Treatment.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this paper was to explore the utility of time to maximum concentration (Tmax )-based target mismatch on computed tomography perfusion (CTP) in predicting radiological and clinical outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) with anterior circulation large vessel occlusion (LVO) selected for endovascular treatment (EVT). METHODS: Patients with AIS underwent CTP within 24 hours from onset followed by EVT. Critically hypoperfused tissue and ischemic core volumes were automatically calculated using Tmax thresholds >9.5 seconds and >16 seconds, respectively. The difference between Tmax > 9.5 seconds and Tmax > 16 seconds volumes and the ratio between Tmax > 9.5 seconds and Tmax > 16 seconds volumes were considered ischemic penumbra and Tmax mismatch ratio, respectively. Final infarct volume (FIV) was measured on follow-up non-contrast computed tomography (CT) at 24 hours. Favorable clinical outcome was defined as 90-day modified Rankin Scale 0 to 2. Predictors of FIV and outcome were assessed with multivariable logistic regression. Optimal Tmax volumes for identification of good outcome was defined using receiver operating curves. RESULTS: A total of 393 patients were included, of whom 298 (75.8%) achieved successful recanalization and 258 (65.5%) achieved good outcome. In multivariable analyses, all Tmax parameters were independent predictors of FIV and outcome. Tmax  > 16 seconds volume had the strongest association with FIV (beta coefficient = 0.596 p <0.001) and good outcome (odds ratio [OR] = 0.96 per 1 ml increase, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.95-0.97, p < 0.001). Tmax  > 16 seconds volume had the highest discriminative ability for good outcome (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.842-0.909). A Tmax  > 16 seconds volume of ≤67 ml best identified subjects with favorable outcome (sensitivity = 0.91 and specificity = 0.73). INTERPRETATION: Tmax target mismatch predicts radiological and clinical outcomes in patients with AIS with LVO receiving EVT within 24 hours from onset. ANN NEUROL 2022;91:878-888.

Intracranial carotid artery calcification morphology differs in patients with lacunar and nonlacunar acute ischemic strokes.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Intracranial carotid artery calcifications (ICACs) are a common finding on noncontrast computed tomography (NCCT) and have been associated with an increased risk of ischemic stroke. However, no data are available about the association between ICAC patterns and stroke etiology. We investigated the association between ICAC patterns and etiological subtypes of ischemic stroke. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed a single center cohort of patients admitted for ischemic stroke with known etiology. Each carotid artery was evaluated separately on NCCT scans to define the ICAC pattern (intimal, medial, mixed). The association between ICAC patterns and stroke etiology was investigated using logistic regression models adjusting for relevant confounders. RESULTS: A total of 485 patients were included (median age = 78 [interquartile range (IQR) = 70-85] years, 243 [50%] female, median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale = 6 [IQR = 3-12]). Frequencies of ICAC patterns were: intimal, n = 96 (20%); medial, n = 273 (56%); mixed, n = 51 (11%), indistinct/absent, n = 65 (13%) patients. Intimal pattern was more frequent in lacunar compared with nonlacunar (33% vs. 16%, p < 0.001) stroke etiology, whereas medial pattern was less frequent in lacunar compared with nonlacunar stroke (36% vs. 62%, p < 0.001). After adjustment for confounders, intimal ICAC predominant pattern remained associated with lacunar stroke etiology in two multivariate models (Model 1: adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.20-3.56; Model 2: aOR = 2.01, 95% CI = 1.16-3.46). CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that intimal ICAC pattern is associated with lacunar stroke and may serve as a marker for lacunar stroke etiology, possibly strengthening the relation between endothelial dysfunction and lacunar stroke.

Posterior National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale Improves Prognostic Accuracy in Posterior Circulation Stroke.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) underestimates clinical severity in posterior circulation stroke and patients presenting with low NIHSS may be considered ineligible for reperfusion therapies. This study aimed to develop a modified version of the NIHSS, the Posterior NIHSS (POST-NIHSS), to improve NIHSS prognostic accuracy for posterior circulation stroke patients with mild-moderate symptoms. METHODS: Clinical data of consecutive posterior circulation stroke patients with mild-moderate symptoms (NIHSS <10), who were conservatively managed, were retrospectively analyzed from the Basilar Artery Treatment and Management registry. Clinical features were assessed within 24 hours of symptom onset; dysphagia was assessed by a speech therapist within 48 hours of symptom onset. Random forest classification algorithm and constrained optimization were used to develop the POST-NIHSS in the derivation cohort. The POST-NIHSS was then validated in a prospective cohort. Poor outcome was defined as modified Rankin Scale score ≥3 at 3 months. RESULTS: We included 202 patients (mean [SD] age 63 [14] years, median NIHSS 3 [interquartile range, 1-5]) in the derivation cohort and 65 patients (mean [SD] age 63 [16] years, median NIHSS 2 [interquartile range, 1-4]) in the validation cohort. In the derivation cohort, age, NIHSS, abnormal cough, dysphagia and gait/truncal ataxia were ranked as the most important predictors of functional outcome. POST-NIHSS was calculated by adding 5 points for abnormal cough, 4 points for dysphagia, and 3 points for gait/truncal ataxia to the baseline NIHSS. In receiver operating characteristic analysis adjusted for age, POST-NIHSS area under receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.80 (95% CI, 0.73-0.87) versus NIHSS area under receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.73 (95% CI, 0.64-0.83), P=0.03. In the validation cohort, POST-NIHSS area under receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.82 (95% CI, 0.69-0.94) versus NIHSS area under receiver operating characteristic curve 0.73 (95% CI, 0.58-0.87), P=0.04. CONCLUSIONS: POST-NIHSS showed higher prognostic accuracy than NIHSS and may be useful to identify posterior circulation stroke patients with NIHSS <10 at higher risk of poor outcome.

Carotid revascularization and cognitive impairment: the neglected role of cerebral small vessel disease.

Carotid atherosclerosis is a pathological process that leads to narrowing of the vessel lumen and a consequent risk of stroke. Revascularization procedures such as carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and carotid stenting aim to reduce occurrence of stroke in selected patients. Due to the proven benefit and low intraoperative risk, CEA is currently the preferred choice in candidates for carotid revascularization. However, the risk of cognitive impairment subsequent to CEA has not been fully elucidated and is unclear whether certain conditions, such as frailty, may increase this risk. There is consistent evidence that shows that frail patients have higher risk of cognitive impairment after surgical procedure. Moreover, brain pre-existing conditions may play a role in cognitive impairment after CEA. Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) is a pathology that involves microcirculation and is detectable with computed tomography or magnetic resonance. SVD shares common vascular risk factors with carotid atherosclerosis, is a major contributor to vascular cognitive impairment and vascular dementia, and has been proposed as a marker of brain frailty. In this review, we discuss the current evidence about the link between carotid revascularization and cognitive impairment and advance the hypothesis that SVD may play a relevant role in development of cognitive impairment after carotid revascularization.

Analysis of Metabolite and Lipid Association Networks Reveals Molecular Mechanisms Associated with 3-Month Mortality and Poor Functional Outcomes in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke after Thrombolytic Treatment with Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator.

Here, we present an integrated multivariate, univariate, network reconstruction and differential analysis of metabolite-metabolite and metabolite-lipid association networks built from an array of 18 serum metabolites and 110 lipids identified and quantified through nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in a cohort of 248 patients, of which 22 died and 82 developed a poor functional outcome within 3 months from acute ischemic stroke (AIS) treated with intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. We explored differences in metabolite and lipid connectivity of patients who did not develop a poor outcome and who survived the ischemic stroke from the related opposite conditions. We report statistically significant differences in the connectivity patterns of both low- and high-molecular-weight metabolites, implying underlying variations in the metabolic pathway involving leucine, glycine, glutamine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, citric, lactic, and acetic acids, ketone bodies, and different lipids, thus characterizing patients' outcomes. Our results evidence the promising and powerful role of the metabolite-metabolite and metabolite-lipid association networks in investigating molecular mechanisms underlying AIS patient's outcome.

Bridging versus direct endovascular therapy in basilar artery occlusion.

BACKGROUND: We evaluated safety and efficacy of intravenous recombinant tissue Plasminogen Activator plus endovascular (bridging) therapy compared with direct endovascular therapy in patients with ischaemic stroke due to basilar artery occlusion (BAO). METHODS: From a national prospective registry of endovascular therapy in acute ischaemic stroke, we selected patients with BAO. We compared bridging and direct endovascular therapy evaluating vessel recanalisation, haemorrhagic transformation at 24-36 hours; procedural complications; and functional outcome at 3 months according to the modified Rankin Scale. We ran logistic and ordinal regression models adjusting for age, sex, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), onset-to-groin-puncture time. RESULTS: We included 464 patients, mean(±SD) age 67.7 (±13.3) years, 279 (63%) males, median (IQR) NIHSS=18 (10-30); 166 (35%) received bridging and 298 (65%) direct endovascular therapy. Recanalisation rates and symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage were similar in both groups (83% and 3%, respectively), whereas distal embolisation was more frequent in patients treated with direct endovascular therapy (9% vs 3%; p=0.009). In the whole population, there was no difference between bridging and direct endovascular therapy regarding functional outcome at 3 months (OR=0.79; 95% CI=0.55 to 1.13). However, in patients with onset-to-groin-puncture time ≤6 hours, bridging therapy was associated with lower mortality (OR=0.53; 95% CI=0.30 to 0.97) and a shift towards better functional outcome in ordinal analysis (OR=0.65; 95% CI=0.42 to 0.98). CONCLUSIONS: In ischaemic stroke due to BAO, when endovascular therapy is initiated within 6 hours from symptoms onset, bridging therapy resulted in lower mortality and better functional outcome compared with direct endovascular therapy.

Blood-brain barrier leakage and hemorrhagic transformation: The Reperfusion Injury in Ischemic StroKe (RISK) study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: In patients with acute ischemic stroke treated with reperfusion therapy we aimed to evaluate whether pretreatment blood-brain barrier (BBB) leakage is associated with subsequent hemorrhagic transformation (HT). METHODS: We prospectively screened patients with acute ischemic stroke treated with intravenous thrombolysis and/or endovascular treatment. Before treatment, each patient received computed tomography (CT), CT angiography, and CT perfusion. We assessed pretreatment BBB leakage within the ischemic area using the volume transfer constant (Ktrans ) value. Our primary outcome was relevant HT, defined as hemorrhagic infarction type 2 or parenchymal hemorrhage type 1 or 2. We evaluated independent associations between BBB leakage and HT using logistic regression, adjusting for age, sex, baseline stroke severity, Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS) ≥ 6, treatment type, and onset-to-treatment time. RESULTS: We enrolled 171 patients with available assessment of BBB leakage. The patients' mean (±SD) age was 75.5 (±11.8) years, 86 (50%) were men, and the median (interquartile range) National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score was 18 (12-23). A total of 32 patients (18%) received intravenous thrombolysis, 102 (60%) underwent direct endovascular treatment, and 37 (22%) underwent both. Patients with relevant HT (N = 31;18%) had greater mean BBB leakage (Ktrans 0.77 vs. 0.60; p = 0.027). After adjustment in the logistic regression model, we found that BBB leakage was associated both with a more than twofold risk of relevant HT (odds ratio [OR] 2.50; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03-6.03 per Ktrans point increase; OR 2.34; 95% CI 1.06-5.17 for Ktrans values > 0.63 [mean BBB leakage value]) and with symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (OR 4.30; 95% CI 1.13-13.77 per Ktrans point increase). CONCLUSION: Pretreatment BBB leakage before reperfusion therapy was associated with HT, and may help to identify patients at risk of HT.

Improving Clinical Detection of Acute Lacunar Stroke: Analysis From the IST-3.

Background and Purpose- We aim to identify factors associated with imaging-confirmed lacunar strokes and improve their rapid clinical identification early after symptom onset using data from the IST-3 (Third International Stroke Trial). Methods- We selected patients likely to have lacunar infarcts as those presenting with: Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project lacunar syndrome; a random sample with National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score <7; and recent lacunar infarct identified on imaging by IST-3 central blinded expert panel. An independent reviewer rated brain scans of this sample and classified visible infarcts according to type, size, and location. We investigated factors associated with presence of lacunar infarct on a 24 to 48 hour follow-up scan using multivariable logistic regression and calculated sensitivity and specificity of Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project alone and in combination with NIHSS score <7. Results- We included 568 patients (330 lacunar syndrome; 147 with NIHSS score <7; 91 with lacunar infarct on baseline imaging, numbers exclude overlaps between groups), mean (±SD) age, 73.2 (±13.6) years, 316 (56%) males, and median NIHSS score 5 (IQR, 4-8). On 24 to 48 hour scan, 138 (24%) patients had lacunar infarcts, 176 (31%) other infarct subtypes, 254 (45%) no visible infarct. Higher baseline systolic blood pressure (odds ratio, 1.01 [95% CI, 1.01-1.02]) and preexisting lacunes (odds ratio, 2.29 [95% CI, 1.47-3.57) were associated with recent lacunar infarcts. Sensitivity and specificity of lacunar syndrome was modest (58% and 45%, respectively), but adding NIHSS score <7 increased specificity (99%), positive and negative predictive values (97% and 87%, respectively). Conclusions- In patients presenting within 6 hours of stroke onset, adding NIHSS score <7 to Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project lacunar syndrome classification may increase specificity for identifying lacunar stroke early after stroke onset. Our findings may help selection of patients for clinical trials of lacunar stroke and should be validated externally. Registration- URL: http://www.controlled-trials.com/; Unique identifier: ISRCTN25765518.

Mechanical thrombectomy in patients with proximal occlusions and low NIHSS: Results from a large prospective registry.

BACKGROUND: Mechanical thrombectomy is now standard of care for treatment of acute ischemic stroke secondary to large vessel occlusion in the setting of high NIHSS. We analysed a large nationwide registry focusing on patients with large vessel occlusion and low NIHSS on admission to evaluate the efficacy and safety of thrombectomy in this patient population METHODS: 2826 patients treated with mechanical thrombectomy were included in a multicentre registry from January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2015. We included patients with large vessel occlusion and NIHSS ≤ 6 on admission. Baseline characteristics, imaging, clinical outcome, procedure adverse events and positive and negative outcome predictors were analysed. RESULTS: 134 patients were included. 90/134 had an anterior circulation and 44 a posterior circulation stroke. One patient died before treatment. Successful revascularization (mTICI 2b-3) was achieved in 73.7% (98/133) of the patients. Intraprocedural adverse event was observed in 3% (4/133) of cases. Symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage rate was 5.3% (7/133). At three months, 70.9% (95/134) of the patients had mRS score 0-2, 15.7% (21/134) mRS 3-5 and 13.4% (18/134) mRS 6. Age and successful recanalization were significant predictors of a good clinical outcome on both univariate (p= 0.005 and p=0.007) and multivariable (p=0.0018 and p=0.009 [nat log]) analysis. Absence of vessel recanalization and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage were independent predictors of poor outcome (p=0.021) . CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that patients with large vessel occlusion and low NIHSS score on admission can benefit from mechanical thrombectomy. Randomized trials are warranted.

Combining Neurovascular and Neurodegenerative Magnetic Resonance Imaging Measures in Stroke.

Background and Purpose- Individual markers of cerebral small vessel disease and cerebral atrophy explain a small proportion of variance in vascular risk factors and cognitive function. Combining these markers into a single measure of neurovascular and neurodegenerative disease may be more powerful. We assessed this using data contained in the Virtual International Stroke Trials Archive - Prevention sub-archive. Methods- We extracted white matter hyperintensities (WMH) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volumes from 317 people with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack who had baseline magnetic resonance imaging. We assessed progression of volumes in 208 people who had 2-year follow-up magnetic resonance imaging. WMH and CSF volumes were segmented from fluid attenuated inversion recovery and T1 images. The combined neurovascular and neurodegenerative measure was the sum of WMH and CSF volume normalized by intracranial volume. We assessed (1) the relationship between baseline vascular risk factors and imaging markers; and (2) the relationship between baseline imaging markers and Mini-Mental State Examination score at follow-up using multiple linear regression. We also assessed implications for sample size calculations using n=208 participants with follow-up magnetic resonance imaging. Results- Vascular risk factors accounted for 7%, 11%, and 12% of the variance in WMH, CSF, and combined volume, respectively (all P<0.001). The association between baseline combined volume and 6-month follow-up Mini-Mental State Examination (ß=-0.442; SE, 0.07; P<0.0001) was 32% greater than WMH (ß=-0.302; SE, 0.06; P<0.0001) and 12% greater than CSF (ß=-0.391; SE, 0.07; P<0.0001) alone. The combined volume required between 207 and 3305 (20%) fewer patients per arm than WMH alone to detect reductions of 10% to 40% in volume progression over 2 years. Conclusions- A combined neurovascular and neurodegenerative magnetic resonance imaging measure including WMH and CSF volume was more closely related to vascular risk factors and cognitive function than either WMH or CSF volume alone. The combined volume may be a more sensitive measurement for clinical trials.

Response to Late-Window Endovascular Revascularization Is Associated With Collateral Status in Basilar Artery Occlusion.

Background and Purpose- The benefit of endovascular therapy in extended time windows has been demonstrated in patients with anterior circulation large vessel occlusion ischemic stroke and favorable imaging profile. We evaluated whether collaterals and thrombus burden influence the associations between revascularization, time-to-treatment, and outcome in endovascular therapy-treated patients with basilar artery occlusion. Methods- We retrospectively analyzed clinical and imaging data of consecutive endovascular therapy-treated patients with basilar artery occlusion included in the multicenter Basilar Artery Treatment and Management Collaboration. The BATMAN (Basilar Artery on Computed Tomography Angiography score, which evaluates thrombus burden and collaterals) and the PC-CS (Posterior Circulation Collateral score, which evaluates collaterals) were assessed on computed tomography angiography, blinded to clinical outcome. Good outcome was defined as modified Rankin Scale score of ≤3 within 3 months; revascularization (successful reperfusion) as modified Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction 2b-3 (or TIMI [Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction] 2-3 in the BASICS [Basilar Artery International Cooperation Study] registry). Results- We included 172 patients with basilar artery occlusion treated with endovascular therapy (124 with mechanical thrombectomy): mean (SD) age 65 (13) years, median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale 22 (interquartile range 12-30), 64 (37%) treated >6 hours. Revascularization (achieved in 79% of patients) was associated with good outcome (P=0.003). The use of new generation thrombectomy devices was associated with good outcome (P=0.03). In patients who achieved revascularization, 29/46 (63%) of patients with a favorable BATMAN score and 26/51 (51%) with favorable PC-CS had good outcomes. In logistic regression analysis (adjusted for age, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, and time-to-treatment ≤6/>6 hours), revascularization was associated with good outcome in patients with favorable BATMAN score (odds ratio, 15.8; 95% CI, 1.4-175; P=0.02) or PC-CS (odds ratio, 9.4; 95% CI, 1.4-64; P=0.02). In patients who achieved revascularization, early (time-to-treatment ≤6 hours) but not late treatment was associated with improved outcome in patients with unfavorable BATMAN score (18/52 [35%]; odds ratio, 15; 95% CI, 1.9-124; P=0.01) or PC-CS (16/44 [36%]; odds ratio, 5.5; 95% CI, 1.4-21; P=0.01). Conclusions- Revascularization is associated with good outcome in patients with basilar artery occlusion with good collaterals and less extensive occlusion, even >6 hours after onset.

Small vessel disease and clinical outcomes after endovascular treatment in acute ischemic stroke.

BACKGROUND: Pre-existing small vessel disease (SVD) has been associated with poor functional outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke treated with intravenous thrombolysis; however, there are scarce data in patients treated with endovascular therapy. We aimed to investigate the associations between SVD and clinical outcomes in patients treated with endovascular therapy. METHODS: We retrospectivel y evaluated patients with acute ischemic stroke in the anterior circulation receiving endovascular treatment. We assessed SVD markers with visual scales using non-contrast computed tomography. Early outcomes included intracerebral hemorrhage and 7-day/discharge stroke severity, and late outcomes included modified Rankin scale (mRS) 90 days after stroke. We used logistic and ordinal regression models adjusted for age, sex, stroke severity, and time-to-groin puncture time. RESULTS: A total of 175 patients were included in the study, mean (±SD) age 72.3 (± 12.4) years, 90 (51%) males. Among SVD features, only brain atrophy was associated with 7-day stroke severity (OR = 2.28; 95% CI = 1.11-4.68) and with worse mRS at 90 days (OR = 2.72; 95% CI = 1.25-5.91). Global SVD burden was associated with worse mRS at 90 days (OR = 1.63; 95% CI = 1.01-2.62) but not with 7-day stroke severity (OR = 1.71; 95% CI = 0.97-3.01). CONCLUSIONS: Pre-existing SVD burden, mainly driven by brain atrophy, negatively affects early and late clinical outcomes in anterior circulation ischemic stroke treated with endovascular therapy. Our results may help prognostic stratification of stroke patients treated with endovascular therapy.

Cerebral White Matter Hypoperfusion Increases with Small-Vessel Disease Burden. Data From the Third International Stroke Trial.

BACKGROUND: Leukoaraiosis is associated with impaired cerebral perfusion, but the effect of individual and combined small-vessel disease (SVD) features on white matter perfusion is unclear. METHODS: We studied patients recruited with perfusion imaging in the Third International Stroke Trial. We rated individual SVD features (leukoaraiosis, lacunes) and brain atrophy on baseline plain computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. Separately, we assessed white matter at the level of the lateral ventricles in the cerebral hemisphere contralateral to the stroke for visible areas of hypoperfusion (present or absent) on 4 time-based perfusion imaging parameters. We examined associations between SVD features (individually and summed) and presence of hypoperfusion using logistic regression adjusted for age, sex, baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, hypertension, and diabetes. RESULTS: A total of 115 patients with median (interquartile range) age of 81 (72-86) years, 78 (52%) of which were male, had complete perfusion data. Hypoperfusion was most frequent on mean transit time (MTT; 63 patients, 55%) and least frequent on time to maximum flow (19 patients, 17%). The SVD score showed stronger independent associations with hypoperfusion (e.g., MTT, odds ratio [OR] = 2.80; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.56-5.03) than individual SVD markers (e.g., white matter hypoattenuation score, MTT, OR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.09-2.04). Baseline blood pressure did not differ by presence or absence of hypoperfusion or across strata of SVD score. Presence of white matter hypoperfusion increased with SVD summed score. CONCLUSIONS: The SVD summed score was associated with hypoperfusion more consistently than individual SVD features, providing validity to the SVD score concept. Increasing SVD burden indicates worse perfusion in the white matter.

Lacunar Infarcts, Depression, and Anxiety Symptoms One Year after Stroke.

BACKGROUND: Mood disorders are frequent after stroke and are associated with poorer quality of life. Previous studies have reported conflicting results as to stroke subtype in the incidence of poststroke mood disorders. We explored the relationship between subcortical ischemic stroke subtype (lacunar) and presence of such symptoms at 1 year after stroke. METHODS: Anonymized data were accessed from the Virtual International Stroke Trials Archive. Stroke subtypes were classified according to the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment classification. Depression and anxiety symptoms were assessed using Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. We investigated independent predictors of depression and anxiety symptoms using a logistic regression model. RESULTS: Data were available for 2160 patients. Almost one fifth of the patients developed both anxiety and depression at 1-year follow-up. After adjusting for confounders, the lacunar subtype was least associated with both anxiety (odds ratio [OR] = .61; 95% confidence interval [CI] = .46-.80) and depression symptoms (OR = .71; CI = .55-.93) versus other stroke subtypes. CONCLUSIONS: Lacunar strokes have a weaker association with presence of anxiety and depression symptoms compared with other subtypes.

Validation of a simple clinical tool for screening of acute lacunar stroke-A substudy of the WAKE-UP trial.

INTRODUCTION: Lacunar stroke represents around a quarter of all ischemic strokes; however, their identification with computed tomography in the hyperacute setting is challenging. We aimed to validate a clinical score to identify lacunar stroke in the acute setting, independently, with data from the WAKE-UP trial using magnetic resonance imaging. METHODS: We analyzed data from the WAKE-UP trial and extracted Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project (OCSP) classification. Lacunar score was defined by National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) < 7 and OCSP lacunar syndrome. Assessment of lacunar infarct by two independent investigators was blinded to clinical data. We calculated sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive predictive value (NPV and PPV, respectively) of lacunar score. RESULTS: We included 503 patients in the analysis, mean (±SD) age 65.2 (±11.6) years, 325 (65%) males, median (IQR) NIHSS = 6 (4-9); 108 (22%) lacunar infarcts were identified on magnetic resonance (MR), patients fulfilling lacunar score criteria were 120 (24%), of which 47 (44%) had a lacunar infarct. Lacunar score was negative in 322 (82%) of patients without lacunar infarct. Patients with lacunar score had lower NIHSS (4 vs 7, p < 0.001), higher systolic (157 vs 151 mmHg, p = 0.001) and diastolic (86 vs 83 mmHg, p = 0.013) blood pressure and smaller infarct volume (2.4 vs 9.5 mL, p < 0.001). Performance of lacunar score was as follows: sensitivity 0.44; specificity 0.82; PPV 0.39; NPV 0.84; and accuracy 0.73. Assuming a prevalence of lacunar stroke of 13%, PPV lowered to 0.30 but NPV was 0.90. Lacunar score performed better for supratentorial lacunar infarcts. CONCLUSION: Lacunar score had a very good specificity and NPV for screening of lacunar stroke. Implementation of this simple tool into clinical practice may help hyperacute management and guide patient selection in clinical trials. DATA ACCESS STATEMENT: Data supporting the results of this paper are available upon reasonable request to the corresponding author.

Effect of General Anesthesia Versus Conscious Sedation/Local Anesthesia on the Outcome of Patients with Minor Stroke and Isolated M2 Occlusion Undergoing Immediate Thrombectomy: A Retrospective Multicenter Matched Analysis.

BACKGROUND: This study investigates the impact of general anesthesia (GA) versus conscious sedation/local anesthesia (CS/LA) on the outcome of patients with minor stroke and isolated M2 occlusion undergoing immediate mechanical thrombectomy (iMT). METHODS: The databases of 16 comprehensive stroke centers were retrospectively screened for consecutive patients with isolated M2 occlusion and a baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score ≤5 who received iMT. Propensity score matching was used to estimate the effect of GA versus CS/LA on clinical outcomes and procedure-related adverse events. The primary outcome measure was a 90-day modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score of 0-1. Secondary outcome measures were a 90-day mRS score of 0-2 and all-cause mortality, successful reperfusion, procedural-related symptomatic subarachnoid hemorrhage, intraprocedural dissections, and new territory embolism. RESULTS: Of the 172 patients who were selected, 55 received GA and 117 CS/LA. After propensity score matching, 47 pairs of patients were available for analysis. We found no significant differences in clinical outcome, rates of efficient reperfusion, and procedural-related complications between patients receiving GA or LA/CS (mRS score 0-1, P = 0.815; mRS score 0-2, P = 0.401; all-cause mortality, P = 0.408; modified Treatment in Cerebral Infarction score 2b-3, P = 0.374; symptomatic subarachnoid hemorrhage, P = 0.082; intraprocedural dissection, P = 0.408; new territory embolism, P = 0.462). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with minor stroke and isolated M2 occlusion undergoing iMT, the type of anesthesia does not affect clinical outcome or the rate of procedural-related complications. Our results agree with recent data showing no benefit of one specific anesthesiologic procedure over the other and confirm their generalizability also to patients with minor baseline symptoms.