Quality of patient information in emergency department.

PURPOSE: Data comprise one of the key resources currently used in organizations. High-quality data are those that are appropriate for use by the customer. The quality of data is a key factor in determining the level of healthcare in hospitals, and its improvement leads to an improved quality of health and treatment and ultimately increases patient satisfaction. The purpose of this paper is to assess the quality of emergency patients' information in a hospital information system. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 385 randomly selected records of patients admitted to the emergency department of Shahid Beheshti Hospital in Kashan, Iran, in 2016. Data on five dimensions of quality, including accuracy, accessibility, timeliness, completeness and definition, were collected using a researcher-made checklist and were then analyzed in SPSS. The results are presented using descriptive statistics, such as frequency distribution and percentage. FINDINGS: The overall quality of emergency patients' information in the hospital information system was 86 percent, and the dimensions of quality scored 87.7 percent for accuracy, 86.8 percent for completeness, 83.9 percent for timeliness, 79 percent for definition and 62.1 percent for accessibility. ORIGINALITY/VALUE: Increasing the quality of patient information at emergency departments can lead to improvements in the timely diagnosis and management of diseases and patient and personnel satisfaction, and reduce hospital costs.

Health risk assessment of heavy metal intake due to fish consumption in the Sistan region, Iran.

The heavy metal (Pb, Cd, Cr, and Ni) content of a fish species consumed by the Sistan population and its associated health risk factors were investigated. The mean concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Cr were slightly higher than the standard levels. The Ni content of fish was below the maximum guideline proposed by the US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA). The average estimated weekly intake was significantly below the provisional tolerable intake based on the FAO and WHO standards for all studied metals. The target hazard quotients (THQ) of all metals were below 1, showing an absence of health hazard for the population of Sistan. The combined target hazard quotient for the considered metals was 26.94 × 10-3. The cancer risk factor for Pb (1.57 × 10-7) was below the acceptable lifetime carcinogenic risk (10-5). The results of this study reveal an almost safe level of Pb, Cd, Cr, and Ni contents in the fish consumed by the Sistan population. Graphical abstract ᅟ.

Molecular detection of Neospora caninum in house sparrows (Passer domesticus) in Iran.

Neospora caninum is an intracellular protozoan parasite with a wide range of intermediate bird hosts. There is little information describing the prevalence and genetic characterization of N. caninum in bird hosts worldwide and in Iran. In this study, a total of 217 brain samples of house sparrow (Passer domesticus) were examined for N. caninum presence by nested polymerase chain reaction targeting the Nc-5 gene. N. caninum DNA was detected in 3.68% (8/217) of sparrows. Sequencing of the Nc5 genomic DNA revealed 97-99% of similarity with N. caninum sequences deposited in Genbank. To our knowledge, this study is the first molecular evidence of N. caninum DNA in bird hosts in Iran. The results of this study highlight the role of the house sparrow (Passer domesticus) in maintaining and spreading N. caninum infection to canines in the feral and domestic environment.

Antileishmanial effect of podophyllotoxin and podophyllin on Leishmania major in vitro and in vivo.

Therapeutic research is very important in the prevention and treatment of leishmaniasis due to problems such as drug resistance, scarring and disease recurrence. The aim of this study was to determine how Leishmania major responds to the anti-leishmaniasis properties of podophyllotoxin and podophyllin. Cultured Leishmania promastigotes were exposed to different concentrations of podophyllotoxin and podophyllin for 24 and 48 h. Then, during the animal phase, Balb/c mice were experimentally injected with Leishmania promastigotes. After wounding, the effects of 0.5% podophyllotoxin and 25% podophyllin on reducing wound diameter and the number of amastigotes in the wound were evaluated. Podophyllotoxin and podophyllin were 83% and 59% lethal to Leishmania major promastigotes at the highest concentrations (200 µg/ml) and time (48 h). In the in vivo study, the mean lesion diameter at the end of treatment in the negative control group was 15.10 mm compared to 14.21 mm and 11.55 mm in the 25% podophyllin and 0.5% podophyllotoxin groups, respectively. Although both agents reduced the size of mice wounds and the number of amastigotes in the wounds, podophyllotoxin was more effective in this regard. Based on the results, podophyllotoxin and podophyllin can be used as leishmaniasis drugs after further research.

Correction: Antileishmanial effect of podophyllotoxin and podophyllin on Leishmania major in vitro and in vivo.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1007/s12639-024-01654-6.].

Immunogenicity and adverse events of the COVID-19 vaccines in healthy and individuals with autoimmune diseases in an Iranian population.

Introduction: Recent studies have proposed various COVID-19 vaccines to control the disease and protect susceptible individuals. However, immunogenicity and safety of COVID-19 vaccines in various populations are not well identified yet. Therefore, this study aimed to elucidate the efficacy and safety of the BBIBP-CorV (Sinopharm) and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (Oxford-AstraZeneca) vaccines in healthy subjects and patients with autoimmune diseases.Methods: Study population included 121 healthy subjects and 100 patients with autoimmune diseases. Immunization was performed based on the national vaccination protocols. Of the 221 volunteers, 201 subjects received Sinopharm and 20 cases were vaccinated with Oxford-AstraZeneca. During a 1-year follow-up, the immunogenicity was measured by ELISA before primary vaccination and 1 to 3 months after secondary immunization. Side effects were studied before entering the study and 1 week after the second dose.Results: Vaccination had a positive impact on the induction of immunogenic response (p < .0001). The rates of seropositive vaccine responses were 80% and 75% in subjects vaccinated with the Sinopharm and Oxford-AstraZeneca, respectively. The neutralizing antibody values were significantly higher in subjects with autoimmune diseases than those without autoimmunity (p < .05). The rate of adverse events were 38% and 42% in subjects vaccinated with the Sinopharm and Oxford-AstraZeneca, respectively. The rates of immunogenic responses induced with the Sinopharm and Oxford-AstraZeneca were, respectively, 76% and 81.5% in seropositive subjects, while they were 63.8% and 79.1% in seronegative subjects vaccinated with the Sinopharm and Oxford-AstraZeneca, respectively. Individuals previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 showed a significant reduction in the value of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies compared with seronegative subjects (p < .01-.05). Seropositive individuals vaccinated with the Sinopharm had significantly higher the percentages of vaccine-related adverse events than seronegative persons (p < .05). There was no significant difference between seronegative and seropositive individuals vaccinated with the Oxford-AstraZeneca.Conclusion: Our findings revealed that the Sinopharm and Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccines are effective in the production of neutralizing antibodies in healthy subjects and patients with autoimmune disorders undergoing immunosuppressive therapies without considerable reactogenicity.

Evaluation of Chemical Oxygen Demand and Color Removal from Leachate Using Coagulation/Flocculation Combined with Advanced Oxidation Process.

Background: One of the basic practices in the field of waste management is the collection and treatment of leachate. Leachate from municipal waste due to high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and dark color is a potential pollutant of the environment, which causes a lot of problems in the absence of treatment and direct discharge to the environment. This study aimed to determine the efficiency of ultrasonic process in combination with coagulation and flocculation process using sodium ferrate in COD and color reduction. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, all experiments were performed in batch conditions and with changing process variables such as pH and sonication time, and the effect of three parameters, including ultrasonic reaction time (15, 30, and 45 min), pH (2, 4, 5/5, and 7), and coagulant dosage (from 1 to 150 g/l) on the COD reduction and color removal, was evaluated. Coagulant concentration and then the removal efficiency of COD and color were analyzed by ANOVA using SPSS 18. Results: The COD reduction and color removal were 87.05% and 88.6% in optimal condition (using 120 g/L of sodium ferrate at pH 5.5), with coagulation/flocculation, after ultrasound (15 min). Ultrasound (15 min) + sodium ferrate (without coagulation/flocculation) achieved 46.25% of COD reduction and 90.35% of color elimination, whereas the ultrasonic process alone allowed removing the COD and color in the leachate by less than 50%. Conclusion: The results indicate that C-F followed by ultrasonic can be used to efficiently reduce the organic matter and color from municipal waste leachate, and it would be an ideal option for leachate treatment.

Changes in immune profile affect disease progression in hepatocellular carcinoma.

Objective: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) as a chronic liver condition is largely associated with immune responses. Previous studies have revealed that different subsets of lymphocytes play fundamental roles in controlling or improving the development and outcome of solid tumors like HCC. Hence, this study aimed to investigate whether immune system changes were related to disease development in HCC patients. Methods: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from 30 HCC patients and 30 healthy volunteers using Ficoll density centrifugation. The isolated cells were stained with different primary antibodies and percentages of different immune cells were determined by flow cytometry. Results: HCC patients indicated significant reductions in the numbers of CD4+ cells, Tbet+IFNγ+cells, and GATA+IL-4+cells in peripheral blood in comparison with healthy individuals (p < 0.05). There was no significant change in IL-17+RORγt+cells between patient and healthy groups. In contrast, Foxp3+CD127lowcell frequency was significantly higher in patients than healthy subjects (p < 0.0001). The numbers of Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells were significantly lower in HCC patients than healthy control (p < 0.0001), although the reduction in Th2 cell numbers was not statistically significant. On the contrary, Treg percentage showed a significant increase in patients compared to healthy subjects (p < 0.0001). Other data revealed that Th1, Th2, and Th17 cell frequencies were significantly higher in healthy individuals than patients with different TNM stages of HCC, with the exception of Th2 in patients with stage II HCC (p < 0.01-0.05). Treg percentage was significantly increased in patients with different TNM stages (p < 0.0001). Among all CD4+ T cells, the frequency of Th2 cell was significantly associated with TNM stages of HCC (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Our data provide further evidence to show that immune changes may participate in determining HCC progression and disease outcome. However, it should be mentioned that more investigations are needed to clarify our results and explain possible impacts of other immune cells on the pathogenesis of HCC.

Molecular detection of Trichostrongylus species through PCR followed by high resolution melt analysis of ITS-2 rDNA sequences.

Polymerase chain reaction followed by high resolution melting (PCR-HRM) analysis is a simple, rapid and accurate method for molecular detection of various nematode species. The objective of the present study was, for the first time, to develop a PCR-HRM assay for the detection of various animal Trichostrongylus spp. A pair of primers targeting the ITS-2 rDNA region of the Trichostrongylus spp. was designed for the development of the HRM assay. DNA samples were extracted from 30 adult worms of Trichostrongylus spp., the ITS-2-rDNA region was amplified using PCR, and the resultant products were sequenced and characterized. Afterwards, the PCR-HRM analysis was conducted to detect and discriminate Trichostrongylus spp. Molecular sequence analysis revealed that 24, 4, and 1 of the samples were T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus and T. capricola, respectively. Results from PCR-HRM indicated that complete agreement was relatively found between speciation by HRM analysis and DNA sequencing for the detection of Trichostrongylus species. The PCR-HRM analysis method developed in the present study is fast and low-cost; the method can be comparable with other molecular detection techniques, representing a reliable tool for the identification of various species within the Trichostrongylus genus.

Urban Heat Island Monitoring and Impacts on Citizen's General Health Status in Isfahan Metropolis: A Remote Sensing and Field Survey Approach.

Urban heat islands (UHIs) are one of the urban management challenges, especially in metropolises, which can affect citizens' health and well-being. This study used a combination of remote sensing techniques with field survey to investigate systematically the effects of UHI on citizens' health in Isfahan metropolis, Iran. For this purpose, the land surface temperature (LST) over a three-year period was monitored by Landsat-8 satellite imagery based on the split window algorithm. Then, the areas where UHI and urban cold island (UCI) phenomena occurred were identified and a general health questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28) was applied to evaluate the health status of 800 citizens in terms of physical health, anxiety and sleep, social function, and depression in UHI and UCI treatments. The average LST during the study period was 45.5 ± 2.3 °C and results showed that the Zayandeh-Rood river and the surrounding greenery had an important role in regulating the ambient temperature and promoting the citizens' health. Citizens living in the suburban areas were more exposed to the UHIs phenomena, and statistical analysis of the GHQ-28 results indicated that they showed severe significant (P < 0.05) responses in terms of non-physical health sub-scales (i.e., anxiety and sleep, social functioning, and depression). Therefore, it can be concluded that not all citizens in the Isfahan metropolis are in the same environmental conditions and city managers and planners should pay more attention to the citizens living in the UHIs. The most important proceedings in this area would be the creation and development of parks and green belts, as well as the allocation of health-medical facilities and citizen education.

Ambient air particulate matter (PM10) satellite monitoring and respiratory health effects assessment.

PURPOSE: Air particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 µm or less (PM10) is one of the main causes of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD). This study explored the relationship between PM10 by remote sensing and AECOPD in Chaharmahal-o-Bakhtiari province from 2014 to2018. METHOD: PM10 concentrations were predicted and validated based on aerosol optical depth (AOD) from 161 images processed by MODIS sensor and ground air quality monitoring station data. Demographic information and spirometric indices of 2038 patients with AECOPD were collected and analyzed from the hospital during the studied periods. SPSS software was used to analyze the relationships between these two categories of information. RESULTS: There was a significant negative relationship between PM10 and FVC, FVC%, FEV1, FEV1%, FEF25-75, FEV1/FVC, PEF, and FEF25FVC indices (p < 0.05). The results showed that over 2014-2018, the annual mean of PM10 concentrations varied from 35 to 52 µg/m3. The result of the regression model showed that the patient's age, body mass index (BMI), and PM10 concentrations were the most affecting variables on the two important spirometric indices i.e., FVC% and FEV1%. The PM10 concentrations and number of AECOPD patients had a similar pattern during the studied period. The women group, age group above 74 years, normal BMI, and non-smoking patients showed the most sensitivity to the PM10 concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide supplementary scientific information on PM10 concentration related to the incidence of AECOPD and as a variable affecting the most important spirometry indicators by providing local decision-makers information needed to set a priority of air pollution control measures as well as health services.

Giardia lamblia infection: review of current diagnostic strategies.

Giardiasis has a global distribution and it is a common cause of diarrhea in both children and adults and is transmitted via the fecal-oral route through direct or indirect ingestion of cysts. The laboratory diagnosis of Giardia spp. is mainly based on demonstration of microscopic cyst or trophozoite in stool samples but several immunological-based assays and molecular methods are also available for giardiasis diagnosis. The aim of this study was to conduct a review of the applied methods in medical laboratory and to highlight pitfalls and challenges of them for diagnosis of giardiasis. In this article we have evaluated the Giardia diagnostic methods with a broad review of literature, electronic databases and books. The search has covered the articles and some textbooks that have published up to 2018. It has been concluded that traditional microscopy combination with stool concentration method should still be held in the routine medical laboratory due to economical and high sensitivity and immunological-based assay and molecular methods which are recommended to use as a complementary test to the traditional technique.

Scolicidal Effects of Chitosan-Curcumin Nanoparticles on the Hydatid Cyst Protoscolices.

PURPOSE: In the current era, cystic echinococcosis (CE), as larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus, is considered as a threat to human health. Scolicidal agents used in the surgery of cysts have different side effects. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the effects of chitosan nanoparticles containing curcumin (Ch-Cu NPs) on the protoscolices of the hydatid cyst in vitro. METHODS: Ch-Cu NPs were synthesized using a simple co-precipitation method and their structural and morphological properties were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), zeta analyzer, and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Then, the effects of different concentrations of Ch-Cu NPs (0.25, 0.05, 1, 2, and 4 mg/mL) on the fatality rate, and the length and width of protoscolices in different times (5, 10, 20, 30, and 60 min) were investigated. In addition, the SEM technique was used to evaluate the structure of the protoscolices after treatment. RESULTS: Based on the results, the presence of curcumin on the chitosan nanoparticles was confirmed by FT-IR analysis. Further, XRD analysis approved the crystal structure of chitosan NPs. Furthermore, the highest fatality rate was 68% in 4 mg/mL concentration of Ch-Cu NPs. The length and width of protoscolices decreased based on the high concentrations of Ch-Cu NPs, compared to the control group. CONCLUSION: Finally, Ch-Cu NPs expressed good scolicidal activities, which made them suitable to be considered as an anti-protoscolex agent.

Epidemiology and economic loss of fasciolosis and dicrocoeliosis in Arak, Iran.

AIM: Fasciolosis and dicrocoeliosis are important parasitic diseases worldwide, causing significant financial losses due to decrease in production and viscera condemnation in animals. We performed the current research to assess the epidemiology of these infections and determine their significance from an economic perspective in Arak, Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In total, we evaluated 118,463 sheep, 207,652 goats, and 43,675 cattle through necropsic analysis at the slaughterhouses. The average weight of sheep, goat, and cattle liver was 1000, 900, and 5000 g, respectively. The average price of liver in the market was 8 USD/kg. Moreover, the elimination of fundamental nutrients and vitamins was evaluated in infected livers. The prevalence of fasciolosis and dicrocoeliosis was determined. Analysis of variance test was applied for the statistical analysis, and the significance level was <0.05. RESULTS: In total, Fasciola hepatica and Dicrocoelium dendriticum were detected in 0.56% (confidence interval CI, 0.54-0.59) and 0.77% (CI, 0.75-0.81) of the animals, respectively (p=0.1). The annual economic loss attributed to fasciolosis and dicrocoeliosis was 26698.4 and 30479.2 USD, respectively. The total economic loss was 10,880, 9079.2, and 10,520 dollars in sheep, cattle, and goats, respectively. On the other hand, financial loss resulting from fasciolosis was 7160, 6098.4, and 13,440 dollars in sheep, goats, and cattle, respectively. In addition, economic loss due to dicroceliasis was 10,880, 9079.2, and 10,520 dollars, respectively. CONCLUSION: Overall, fasciolosis and dicrocoeliosis in Iran always remain common in sheep, goats, and cattle that afford major economic loss of all the country also exist in Arak province. The present study could provide basic information for further examination of liver fluke infections in Iran.

Review of Trichomonas vaginalis in Iran, Based on Epidemiological Situation.

Trichomoniasis, which is caused by Trichomonas vaginalis, is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the world including Iran. There were roughly 250 million new cases all over the world in a year. T. vaginalis as an important disease has been associated with HIV (in terms of exposure to sexually transmitted infection, STI) which increases the number of high-risk members, and thus it is an important public health problem. Additionally, this pathogen has been associated with serious health consequences. For instance, it may cause a woman to deliver a low-birth-weight or premature infant, and increase chances of cervical cancer. Because little information is available about the prevalence of T. vaginalis infection in Iranian population, this review was carried out to determine the prevalence of T. vaginalis among Iranian population. For this systematic review, data about epidemiology of T. vaginalis in different parts of Iran with different populations were systematically collected from 1992 to 2017 through the international databases such as PubMed, Scirus, ISI Web of Science, Scopus, EMBASE, Science Direct and Google Scholar and Islamic World Science Citation Center (ISC). National database searching included Iran Medex, Iran Doc, Magiran and Scientific Information Database (SID). A total of 39 clinical and laboratory investigations about the prevalence of Trichomoniasis from different regions of Iran were analyzed. The overall prevalence rate of T. vaginalis infection in Iranian population was estimated to be minimally 0.4% and maximally 42%. The present review showed that T. vaginalis infection rate is relatively high among the Iranian population. The control strategies, including personal hygienic education, simultaneous couple treatment, the sensitivity of diagnostic methods, appropriate preventive tool (condom) in sexual contacts could lead to the disruption of transmission.

Induction of Apoptosis by Alcoholic Extract of Combination Verbascum thapsus and Ginger officinale on Iranian Isolate of Trichomonas vaginalis.

BACKGROUND: The protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis is a sexually transmitted disease (STD). Metronidazole is a chosen drug for the treatment. This study evaluated the anti trichomonal activity of alcoholic extracts of combination Verbascum thapsus and Ginger officinale. METHODS: This experimental study was conducted in the Parasitology Laboratory, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran in 2015, on 23 women with suspected trichomoniasis referring to Kashan clinical centers. Medium TYI-S-33 was used for culture of three T. vaginalis isolates. Different concentrations (25, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800 µg/ml) of V. thapsus and G. officinale ethanol extract added to Trichomonas trophozoites in 48-well plates and metronidazole considered as positive control and the negative control was TYI-S33 containing Trichomonas trophozoites without any drug. In all of mentioned groups, trophozoites number counted 12, 24, 48 h after culture. Results were analyzed using ANOVA statistical test, to evaluate the toxicity of extract, measured by MTT assay. Induced apoptosis of T. vaginalis after treatment with different concentrations of extract was determined by Flow Cytometry. RESULTS: IC50 of alcoholic extract of combination V. thapsus and G. officinale and metronidazole after 24h was 73.80 µg/ml and 0.0326 µg/ml, respectively. The toxicity percentage of 25-800 µg/ml concentrations of this combination were between 0.2-1.98. In different concentrations of extract (25,50,100,200 and 400 µg/ml) apoptosis percent after 48h was 18.97 to 77.19 and necrosis percent was calculated 1.35, 3.18, 3.10, 1.16 and 4.09, respectively. CONCLUSION: Alcoholic extract of combination V. thapsus and G. officinale induces programmed death in T. vaginalis. Due to no toxicity on macrophages, it can be examined in vivo studies.

Molecular assessment of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in hooded crows (Corvus cornix) in Tehran, Iran.

Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii are two closely related protozoan parasites that have been detected from various species of bird hosts. However, little is known about the prevalence of N. caninum and T. gondii in crows. Hence, we examined the molecular frequency of N. caninum and T. gondii in the brain samples of hooded crows (Corvus cornix) that collected from different public parks of Tehran, Iran by nested-PCR method. We used the primers targeting the Nc5 and GRA6 genes for detection of N. caninum and T. gondii, respectively. From a total of 55 brain samples, 5 (9.9%) and 9 (16.36%) samples were positive for N. caninum and T. gondii, respectively. Sequencing of a N. caninum isolate revealed 95%-100% identity with the deposited N. caninum in GenBank. Genotyping of T. gondii isolates by PCR-RFLP analysis of the GRA6 gene revealed type III genotype in 8 isolates. The results of this study indicate that hooded crows may have a putative role in transmission of N. caninum and T. gondii to canines and felines definitive hosts, respectively.

Prevalence of intestinal parasites among food handlers in Kashan, central Iran, 2017-2018.

The most important transmission path of intestinal parasites is the consumption of contaminated water and food. This survey was conducted to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites among food handlers in Kashan, central Iran. This cross-sectional study was carried on 1018 food handlers who referred to the health centers in order to receive health certificate in 2017-2018. Stool samples of food handlers were collected and examined using direct and formalin-ethyl acetate methods. Results were recorded in information form along with some demographic data such as sex, age. The data were analyzed based on the tests of descriptive statistics by SPSS 16. Of the 1018 individuals examined 851 (83.6%) were men and 167 (16.4%) were female. Infection rate was 10.2% among the population and 9 types of parasites were diagnosed totally. Rate of infection to protozoan intestinal parasites were: Blastocystis sp. 7.17%, Giardia duodenalis 1.2%, Entamoeba coli 1.27%, Endolimax nana 1.08%, Dientamoeba fragilis 0.3%, Iodamoeba butschlii 0.3%, Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar 0.2%, Chilomastix mesnili 0.1%. Hymenolepis nana (0.1%) was the only intestinal worm that observed. In this investigation, 8.9% of the individual were infected by one parasite, 1.08% by two and 0.2% by 3 or more parasites. This study showed that infection to intestinal helminthic is rare among food handlers in Kashan but the prevalence of protozoan intestinal parasites is high that similar to other regions of Iran. To reduce the rate of parasitic infections and inhibition of their transmission, continuing the process of promoting the health level is recommended.

Molecular Identification and Phylogenetic Classification of Leishmania spp. Isolated from Human Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Iran: A Cross-sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: In Iran, both forms of cutaneous (CL) and visceral leishmaniasis (VL) have been reported; so the accurate species identification of the parasite(s) and the analysis of genetic diversity are necessary. METHODS: The smears were collected from lesions samples of 654 patients with CL, who attended local health centers in 12 provinces of Iran during 2013-2015. The smears were checked for the presence of amastigotes by light microscopy. DNA of 648 Leishmania isolates, amplified by targeting a partial sequence of ITS (18S rRNA-ITS1-5.8S rRNA-ITS2) gene. Twenty-five of all the amplicons were sequenced and analyzed with restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) using the Taq1 enzyme. RESULTS: All the smears were positive microscopically. The PCR-RFLP analysis revealed that 176 (27%) CL patients were infected with L. tropica and, 478 (73%) with L. major. The dominant species in all over Iran is L. major. The sequencing results of all CL patients and RFLP analysis confirmed each other. Based on our phylogenetic tree, 25 ITS DNA sequences were grouped into two clusters representing L. major and L. tropica species. Phylogenetic tree derived from the ITS sequences supports a clear divergence between L. major from the other species. CONCLUSION: Discrimination of Iranian Leishmania isolates using ITS gene gives us this opportunity to detect, identify, and construct the phylogenetic relationship of Iranian isolates.

Therapeutic effects of Iranian herbal extracts against Trichomonas vaginalis

Trichomonas vaginalis is a flagellated parasite affecting about 276 million people annually worldwide. Tricomoniasis is associated with different complications in pregnant women and infants. 5'-nitroimidazole derivatives (metronidazole, ornidazole, and tinidazole) are FDA approved drugs recommended for trichomoniasis treatment. Treatment with metronidazole 5'-nitroimidazole derivatives is associated with many side effects, and drug resistance to metronidazole has been reported in some cases. Recently, many attempts have been made to evaluate the effects of plants on causative agents of vaginal infections. In our research, the national and international databases were searched and the effects of various herbal extracts on T. vaginalis in Iran were reviewed from 2006 to 2016. In articles investigated, some plants had favorable antitrichomonal effects and needed to be further investigated. All the plant extracts have only been evaluated in vitro. Surveys of different articles in this review show that the active ingredients present in different parts of plants, including aerial parts, leaves, flowers, stems, and root can be suitable sources for introducing and developing new antitrichomonal compounds.