TP53 variant allele frequency and therapy-related setting independently predict survival in myelodysplastic syndromes with del(5q).

Among 210 patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) with del(5q), molecular information was available at diagnosis or at least 3 months before leukaemic transformation in 146 cases. Multivariate analysis identified therapy-related setting (p = 0.02; HR 2.3) and TP53 variant allele frequency (VAF) ≥22% (p < 0.01; HR 2.8), but not SF3B1 mutation (p = 0.65), as independent risk factors for survival. Median survival was 11.7 versus 4 years (5/10-year survival 73%/52% vs. 42%/14%) in the absence (N = 112) versus presence (N = 34) of ≥1 risk factors; leukaemia-free survival was affected by TP53 VAF ≥22% (p < 0.01). Such information might inform treatment decision-making in MDS-del(5q) regarding allogeneic stem cell transplant.

International Consensus Classification of Myeloid Neoplasms and Acute Leukemias: integrating morphologic, clinical, and genomic data.

The classification of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemias was last updated in 2016 within a collaboration between the World Health Organization (WHO), the Society for Hematopathology, and the European Association for Haematopathology. This collaboration was primarily based on input from a clinical advisory committees (CACs) composed of pathologists, hematologists, oncologists, geneticists, and bioinformaticians from around the world. The recent advances in our understanding of the biology of hematologic malignancies, the experience with the use of the 2016 WHO classification in clinical practice, and the results of clinical trials have indicated the need for further revising and updating the classification. As a continuation of this CAC-based process, the authors, a group with expertise in the clinical, pathologic, and genetic aspects of these disorders, developed the International Consensus Classification (ICC) of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemias. Using a multiparameter approach, the main objective of the consensus process was the definition of real disease entities, including the introduction of new entities and refined criteria for existing diagnostic categories, based on accumulated data. The ICC is aimed at facilitating diagnosis and prognostication of these neoplasms, improving treatment of affected patients, and allowing the design of innovative clinical trials.

Genomic profiling for clinical decision making in myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemia.

Myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemias derive from the clonal expansion of hematopoietic cells driven by somatic gene mutations. Although assessment of morphology plays a crucial role in the diagnostic evaluation of patients with these malignancies, genomic characterization has become increasingly important for accurate diagnosis, risk assessment, and therapeutic decision making. Conventional cytogenetics, a comprehensive and unbiased method for assessing chromosomal abnormalities, has been the mainstay of genomic testing over the past several decades and remains relevant today. However, more recent advances in sequencing technology have increased our ability to detect somatic mutations through the use of targeted gene panels, whole-exome sequencing, whole-genome sequencing, and whole-transcriptome sequencing or RNA sequencing. In patients with myeloid neoplasms, whole-genome sequencing represents a potential replacement for both conventional cytogenetic and sequencing approaches, providing rapid and accurate comprehensive genomic profiling. DNA sequencing methods are used not only for detecting somatically acquired gene mutations but also for identifying germline gene mutations associated with inherited predisposition to hematologic neoplasms. The 2022 International Consensus Classification of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemias makes extensive use of genomic data. The aim of this report is to help physicians and laboratorians implement genomic testing for diagnosis, risk stratification, and clinical decision making and illustrates the potential of genomic profiling for enabling personalized medicine in patients with hematologic neoplasms.

Prognostic impact of SF3B1 mutation and multilineage dysplasia in myelodysplastic syndromes with ring sideroblasts: a Mayo Clinic study of 170 informative cases.

The revised 4th edition of the World Health Organization (WHO4R) classification lists myelodysplastic syndromes with ring sideroblasts (MDS-RS) as a separate entity with single lineage (MDS-RS-SLD) or multilineage (MDS-RS-MLD) dysplasia. The more recent International Consensus Classification (ICC) distinguishes between MDS with SF3B1 mutation (MDS-SF3B1) and MDS-RS without SF3B1 mutation; the latter is instead included under the category of MDS not otherwise specified. The current study includes 170 Mayo Clinic patients with WHO4R-defined MDS-RS, including MDS-RS-SLD (N=83) and MDS-RS-MLD (N=87); a subset of 145 patients were also evaluable for the presence of SF3B1 and other mutations, including 126 with (87%) and 19 (13%) without SF3B1 mutation. Median overall survival for all 170 patients was 6.6 years with 5- and 10-year survival rates of 59% and 25%, respectively. A significant difference in overall survival was apparent between MDS-RS-MLD and MDS-RS-SLD (p<0.01) but not between MDS-RS with and without SF3B1 mutation (p=0.36). Multivariable analysis confirmed the independent prognostic contribution of MLD (HR 1.8, 95% CI 1.1-2.8; p=0.01) and also identified age (p<0.01), transfusion need at diagnosis (p<0.01), and abnormal karyotype (p<0.01), as additional risk factors; the impact from SF3B1 or other mutations was not significant. Leukemia-free survival was independently affected by abnormal karyotype (p<0.01), RUNX1 (0.02) and IDH1 (p=0.01) mutations, but not by MLD or SF3B1 mutation. Exclusion of patients not meeting ICC-criteria for MDSSF3B1 did not change the observations on overall survival. MLD-based, as opposed to SF3B1 mutationbased, disease classification for MDS-RS might be prognostically more relevant.

Triple-Negative Primary Myelofibrosis: A Bone Marrow Pathology Group Study.

Primary myelofibrosis (PMF) is a clonal myeloproliferative neoplasm driven by canonical gene mutations in JAK2, CALR, or MPL in >80% of the cases. PMF that lacks these canonical alterations is termed triple-negative PMF (TN-PMF). The pathologic and genetic characteristics of TN-PMF compared with those of conventional PMF with canonical driver mutations (DM-PMF) have not been well studied. We aimed to identify clinicopathologic and molecular genetic differences between patients with TN-PMF (n = 56) and DM-PMF (n = 89), all of whom fulfilled the 2016 World Health Organization diagnostic criteria for PMF. Compared with the control group, patients in the TN-PMF group were more likely to have thrombocytopenia and less likely to have organomegaly. The bone marrow in patients with TN-PMF showed fewer granulocytic elements and more frequent dyserythropoiesis. Cytogenetic analysis showed a higher incidence of trisomy 8. Targeted next-generation sequencing revealed a lower frequency of ASXL1 mutations but enrichment of ASXL1/SRSF2 comutations. Our findings demonstrated several clinicopathologic and molecular differences between TN-PMF and DM-PMF. These findings, particularly the observed mutation profile characterized by a higher frequency of ASXL1 and SRSF2 comutation, suggest that at least a subset of TN-PMF may be pathogenetically different from DM-PMF, with potential prognostic implications.

STAT5B mutations in myeloid neoplasms differ by disease subtypes but characterize a subset of chronic myeloid neoplasms with eosinophilia and/or basophilia.

STAT5B has been reported as a recurrent mutation in myeloid neoplasms (MNs) with eosinophilia, but the overall frequency and importance across a spectrum of MNs are largely unknown. We conducted a multicenter study on a series of 82 MNs with STAT5B mutations detected by next-generation sequencing. The estimated frequency of STAT5B mutation in MNs was low.

The international consensus classification of myeloid neoplasms and acute Leukemias: myeloproliferative neoplasms.

A group of international experts, including hematopathologists, oncologists, and geneticists were recently summoned (September 2021, Chicago, IL, USA) to update the 2016/17 World Health Organization classification system for hematopoietic tumors. After careful deliberation, the group introduced the new International Consensus Classification (ICC) for Myeloid Neoplasms and Acute Leukemias. This current in-depth review focuses on the ICC-2022 category of JAK2 mutation-prevalent myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs): essential thrombocythemia, polycythemia vera, primary myelofibrosis, and MPN, unclassifiable. The ICC MPN subcommittee chose to preserve the primary role of bone marrow morphology in disease classification and diagnostics, while also acknowledging the complementary role of genetic markers for establishing clonality, facilitating MPN subtype designation, and disease prognostication.

The international consensus classification of eosinophilic disorders and systemic mastocytosis.

Based on new data and increased understanding of disease molecular genetics, the international consensus classification (ICC) has made several changes in the diagnosis and classification of eosinophilic disorders and systemic mastocytosis. Myeloid/lymphoid neoplasms with eosinophilia (M/LN-eo) and gene rearrangements have been renamed as M/LN-eo with tyrosine kinase gene fusions (M/LN-eo-TK). The category has been expanded to include ETV6::ABL1 and FLT3 fusions, and to accept PCM1::JAK2 and its genetic variants as formal members. The overlaps and differences between M/LN-eo-TK and BCR::ABL1-like B-lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)/de novo T-ALL sharing the same genetic lesions are addressed. Besides genetics, ICC for the first time has introduced bone marrow morphologic criteria in distinguishing idiopathic hypereosinophilia/hypereosinophilic syndrome from chronic eosinophilic leukemia, not otherwise specified. The major diagnostic criteria for systemic mastocytosis (SM) in the ICC remain largely based on morphology, but several minor modifications/refinements have been made in criteria related to diagnosis, subclassification, and assessment of disease burden (B- and C-findings). This review is to focus on the ICC updates related to these disease entities, illustrated through changes related to morphology, molecular genetics, clinical features, prognosis, and treatment. Two practical algorithms are provided in navigating through the diagnosis and classification systems of hypereosinophilia and SM.

Myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms-unclassifiable with isolated isochromosome 17q represents a distinct clinico-biologic subset: a multi-institutional collaborative study from the Bone Marrow Pathology Group.

Classification of myeloid neoplasms with isolated isochromosome i(17q) [17p deletion with inherent monoallelic TP53 loss plus 17q duplication] is controversial. Most cases fall within the WHO unclassifiable myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms (MDS/MPN-U) category. The uniformly dismal outcomes warrant better understanding of this entity. We undertook a multi-institutional retrospective study of 92 adult MDS/MPN-U cases from eight institutions. Twenty-nine (32%) patients had isolated i(17q) [MDS/MPN-i(17q)]. Compared to MDS/MPN without i(17q), MDS/MPN-i(17q) patients were significantly younger, had lower platelet and absolute neutrophil counts, and higher frequency of splenomegaly and circulating blasts. MDS/MPN-i(17q) cases showed frequent bilobed neutrophils (75% vs. 23%; P = 0.03), hypolobated megakaryocytes (62% vs. 20%; P = 0.06), and a higher frequency of SETBP1 (69% vs. 5%; P = 0.002) and SRSF2 (63% vs. 5%; P = 0.006) mutations that were frequently co-existent (44% vs. 0%; P = 0.01). TP53 mutations were rare. The mutation profile of MDS/MPN-U-i(17q) was similar to other myeloid neoplasms with i(17q) including atypical chronic myeloid leukemia, chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasm with ring sideroblasts and thrombocytosis, myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia, with frequent concomitant SETBP1/SRSF2 mutations observed across all the diagnostic entities. Over a median follow-up of 52 months, patients with MDS/MPN-i(17q) showed a shorter median overall survival (11 vs. 28 months; P < 0.001). The presence of i(17q) retained independent poor prognostic value in multivariable Cox-regression analysis [HR 3.686 (1.17-11.6); P = 0.026] along with splenomegaly. We suggest that MDS/MPN-i(17q) warrants recognition as a distinct subtype within the MDS/MPN-U category based on its unique clinico-biologic features and uniformly poor prognosis.

Gastrointestinal, hepatic, and pancreatobiliary involvement by plasma cell neoplasms: clinicopathologic correlations in a retrospective cohort of 116 cases.

AIMS: Plasma cell neoplasms (PCNs) may involve the gastrointestinal (GI) tract in two forms: plasmacytoma (PC), an isolated lesion that lacks marrow involvement, and extramedullary myeloma (EMM). However, previous literature on PCNs involving the GI tract, liver, and pancreas is limited. We evaluated the clinicopathologic features of the largest series of GI PCNs to date. METHODS AND RESULTS: Six institutional archives were searched for GI, liver, and pancreas cases involved with PCNs. Medical records were reviewed for clinical and imaging features. Histopathologic features evaluated included involved organ, tumor grade, and marrow involvement. Overall, 116 cases from 102 patients were identified. The tumors most presented as incidental findings (29%). The liver was most involved (47%), and masses/polyps (29%) or ulcers (21%) were the most common findings. Most cases had high-grade morphology (55%). The majority (74%) of GI PCNs were classified as EMM due to the presence of marrow involvement at some point during the disease course, occurring within a year of marrow diagnosis in 46% of patients. PC was classified in 26% of patients due to the lack of marrow involvement. Most (70%) patients died from disease within 10 years (median 14.1) of diagnosis and more than half (58%) died within 6 months. CONCLUSION: PC and EMM involving the GI tract, liver, and pancreas have a wide range of clinicopathologic presentations. Tumors may occur virtually anywhere in the GI tract or abdomen and may precede the diagnosis of marrow involvement. Both GI PC and EMM are associated with a poor prognosis.

Clinical, immunophenotypic and genomic findings of NK lymphoblastic leukemia: a study from the Bone Marrow Pathology Group.

Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes of the native immune system that play a pivotal role in host defense and immune surveillance. While the conceptual view of NK-neoplasms is evolving, little is known about the rare NK lymphoblastic leukemia (NK-LL), which remains as a provisional entity in the 2016 WHO Classification. The goal of this study is to characterize NK-LL cases and compare with other CD56 co-expressing acute leukemias. We identified 105 cases, diagnosed as NK-LL (6), CD56+ acute undifferentiated leukemia (AUL) (6), CD56+ T-lymphoblastic leukemia (T-LL) (51), and CD56+ acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (42). Compared to AUL patients, NK-LL patients were significantly younger (p = 0.021) and presented with higher white blood cell (WBC) (p = 0.037) and platelet counts (p = 0.041). Flow cytometry showed more frequent expression of cytoplasmic CD3 (cCD3, p = 0.064) and CD33, (p = 0.065), while HLA-DR was significantly absent from NK-LL (p = 0.035) compared to AUL. Compared to T-ALL, NK-LL cases showed less frequent cCD3 (p = 0.002), CD4 (p = 0.051), and CD10 expression (p = 0.06). The frequency of abnormal karyotypes was similar between NK-LL, AUL, and T-ALL. The mutational profile differed in four leukemia groups, with a significance enrichment of NOTCH1 (p = 0.002), ETV6 (p = 0.002) and JAK3 (p = 0.02) mutations in NK-LL as compared to AML. As compared to T-ALL, NK-LL cases showed a higher number of total mutations (p = 0.04) and significantly more frequent ETV6 mutations (p = 0.004). Clinical outcome data showed differences in overall survival between all four groups (p = 0.0175), but no difference in event free survival (p = 0.246). In this largest study to date, we find that that NK-LL shows clinical presentation, immunophenotypic and molecular characteristics distinct from AUL, T-ALL, and AML. Our findings suggest NK-LL is a distinct acute leukemia entity and should be considered in the clinical diagnosis of acute leukemias of ambiguous lineage.

Chronic myeloid neoplasms harboring concomitant mutations in myeloproliferative neoplasm driver genes (JAK2/MPL/CALR) and SF3B1.

JAK2, CALR, and MPL are myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN)-driver mutations, whereas SF3B1 is strongly associated with ring sideroblasts (RS) in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Concomitant mutations of SF3B1 and MPN-driver mutations out of the context of MDS/MPN with RS and thrombocytosis (MDS/MPN-RS-T) are not well-studied. From the cases (<5% blasts) tested by NGS panels interrogating at least 42 myeloid neoplasm-related genes, we identified 18 MDS/MPN-RS-T, 42 MPN, 10 MDS, and 6 MDS/MPN-U cases with an SF3B1 and an MPN-driver mutation. Using a 10% VAF difference to define "SF3B1-dominant," "MPN-mutation dominant," and "no dominance," the majority of MDS/MPN-RS-T clustered in "SF3B1-dominant" and "no dominance" regions. Aside from parameters as thrombocytosis and ≥15% RS required for RS-T, MDS also differed in frequent neutropenia, multilineage dysplasia, and notably more cases with <10% VAF of MPN-driver mutations (60%, p = 0.0346); MPN differed in more frequent splenomegaly, myelofibrosis, and higher VAF of "MPN-driver mutations." "Gray zone" cases with features overlapping MDS/MPN-RS-T were observed in over one-thirds of non-RS-T cases. This study shows that concomitant SF3B1 and MPN-driver mutations can be observed in MDS, MPN, and MDS/MPN-U, each showing overlapping but also distinctively different clinicopathological features. Clonal hierarchy, cytogenetic abnormalities, and additional somatic mutations may in part contribute to different disease phenotypes, which may help in the classification of "gray zone" cases.

Myeloid/lymphoid neoplasms with FLT3 rearrangement.

Myeloid/lymphoid neoplasms (M/LN) with 13q12/FLT3 rearrangement have been suggested as candidates for possible inclusion in the World Health Organization classification group of M/LN with eosinophilia (M/LN-eo). We report 12 patients with confirmed FLT3 rearrangement, six with t(12;13)/ETV6-FLT3; one with ins(13;22)/BCR-FLT3; and five with an unconfirmed partner gene located on chromosome bands 2p16, 3q27, 5q15, 5q35, and 7q36. Disease presentations were heterogeneous, including lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma, myeloid sarcoma, chronic eosinophilic leukemia, chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, and myelodysplastic syndrome. However, some common features were observed, such as extramedullary involvement (n = 7, 58%), associated eosinophilia in blood, bone marrow, or tissue (n = 8, 67%), multilineage involvement, either as biphasic myeloid/lymphoid neoplasms (n = 2) or mixed phenotype acute leukemia (n = 2). Mutations were detected in 4/8 (50%) patients by next-generation sequencing. None (0/10) had FLT3 or KIT mutations. Eleven patients received disease-based chemotherapy or hypomethylating agents, three received FLT3 inhibitors, and five patients proceeded to hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Together with a review of 16 cases published in the literature, it is apparent that M/LNs with FLT3 rearrangement show disease features reminiscent of members in the category of M/LN-eo with PDGFRA, PDGFRB, FGFR1, and PCM1/JAK2 rearrangement, characterized by a specific gene rearrangement, frequent eosinophilia, multi-lineage involvement and therapeutic benefit from kinase inhibitors.

Erythroleukemia: an Update.

PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW: Acute erythroleukemia (AEL) is a rare form of acute myeloid leukemia recognized by erythroblastic proliferation. Many controversies remain around diagnosis influencing prognostic and therapeutic implications relating to this unique leukemia subset. RECENT FINDINGS: The 2016 WHO classification includes more clear and restrictive diagnostic criteria for AEL. Primary acute erythroid leukemia is associated with complex and high-risk karyotypes including chromosomes 5q and 7q abnormalities. Mutational data shows that AEL is characterized by far lower NPM1 and FLT3-ITD mutation rates and higher mutational rates in TP53 compared with other AML subtypes. Hypomethylating agents have shown therapeutic value in AEL. In this article, we discuss the evolving diagnostic concepts of erythroleukemia, genomics, clinical outcome, and promising therapeutic targets through an appraisal of the current literature.

Vascular neoplasms and non-neoplastic vascular lesions of the spleen.

Vascular neoplasms are among the most common conditions affecting the spleen. The majority of these are idiopathic, benign in nature and asymptomatic and therefore treated with a conservative management. Only rare cases cause splenomegaly and/or chronic consumption coagulopathies, thus requiring splenectomy. Among these, the most common is splenic hemangioma, followed by littoral cell angioma and lymphangioma. Peliosis is a peculiar tumor-like non-neoplastic vascular lesion that diffusely affects the spleen and frequently presents with concomitant hepatic involvement. As a distinctive feature, peliosis can occur as a secondary manifestation of infections, malignancies and in individuals using certain drugs. On the opposite spectrum of clinical behavior lies splenic angiosarcoma, a vascular endothelial malignancy with aggressive presentation and poor prognosis. In some cases the endothelial nature of this neoplasm may not be evident on routine histologic examination and immunohistochemistry is used to disclose such phenotype. The term hemangioendothelioma is rarely used to describe borderline vascular neoplasms which appear more aggressive than conventional hemangiomas, but that do not entirely fulfill the diagnostic criteria for angiosarcoma. Some of these neoplasms coexpress endothelial and histiocytic markers and therefore have been proposed as the borderline counterpart of littoral cell angioma. The existence of hemangioendothelioma as a diagnostic entity per se is debated and this diagnosis should be rendered with caution. The current review aims at highlighting the main histologic features of vascular neoplasms and non-neoplastic vascular lesions of the spleen.

Non-hematopoietic neoplastic and pseudoneoplastic lesions of the spleen.

The spleen can be affected by several different non-hematopoietic neoplasms as well as pseudoneoplastic lesions. Generally such conditions affect asymptomatic adults and are detected only as incidental findings; in a minority of the cases vague, unspecific symptoms including abdominal discomfort can occur. Most of these conditions present as a "solitary splenic mass" and have been traditionally diagnosed on partial or total splenectomy, which also represents the most common therapeutic strategy; however, the increasing use of splenic needle biopsies for such lesions creates new diagnostic challenges for pathologists. Splenic cysts (including true cysts, pseudocysts and parasitic cysts) and hamartomas are common benign proliferations which generally pose little problems in their identification. More challenging is the diagnostic workup of "spindle cell and inflammatory rich" lesions of the spleen, whose correct identification is crucial. Indeed, some of these are considered reactive (such as sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation of the spleen), whilst others are clonal in nature, the main example being represented by the so called "inflammatory pseudotumour- like follicular/fibroblastic dendritic cell sarcoma". A further degree of complexity is represented by the detection of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which is invariably present in inflammatory pseudotumour- like follicular/fibroblastic dendritic cell sarcoma, but also in other proliferations including the rare "EBV- related smooth muscle tumor of the spleen". Finally, the spleen can host rare dendritic/reticulum cell sarcomas and metastases from extrasplenic malignancies. The current review aims at highlighting the main histologic features of non-hematopoietic and non-vascular neoplasms as well as pseudoneoplastic lesions of the spleen.

Aggressive B-cell lymphomas with a primary bone marrow presentation.

Aggressive B-cell lymphomas present as a heterogeneous spectrum of disease. A primary diagnosis in the bone marrow (BM) may be challenging in terms of diagnostic classification and clinical handling, owing to limited architectural information. Aggressive B-cell lymphomas can be subdivided into entities that typically present primarily in the BM, and cases with BM involvement in which the bulk of disease is present in other organs. One main topic at the 2018 BM workshop of the European Association of Haematopathology/Society of Hematopathology was therefore aggressive B-cell lymphomas with a primary BM presentation. The spectrum of cases submitted to this topic gave a good overview of commonly encountered problems, as well as unusual manifestations, and highlighted areas of imprecise disease definitions and diagnostic grey zones. The categories submitted to the workshop included cases of Burkitt lymphoma (BL) with unusual features, high-grade B-cell lymphomas (HG-BCLs) with and without so-called double/triple-hit, and diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs) with a primary BM presentation. Areas of difficulties included the morphological boundaries of HG-BCL not otherwise specified, cases with MYC and bcl-2 or bcl-6 translocations and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) expression, which were categorised as B-cell lymphoblastic leukaemia/lymphoma if most cells showed TdT positivity, and the clinicopathological overlap between intravascular large B-cell lymphoma, CD5-positive DLBCL, and DLBCL with primary presentations in the BM, spleen, and liver. This review summarises our understanding of the main aggressive B-cell lymphoma categories with a common primary BM presentation and potential problem areas, and makes suggestions for the immunophenotypic and genetic work-up, illustrated by the interesting and challenging cases submitted to the workshop.

Comparison of therapy-related and de novo core binding factor acute myeloid leukemia: A bone marrow pathology group study.

This multi-institutional study retrospectively evaluated clinicopathologic and genetic characteristics in 351 patients with core-binding-factor acute myeloid leukemia (CBF-AML), comprising 69 therapy-related (t-CBF-AML) and 282 de novo cases. The T-CBF-AML patients were older, had lower WBC counts, and slightly higher hemoglobin than patients with de novo disease. Secondary cytogenetic abnormalities were more frequent in patients with de novo disease than t-CBF-AML (57.1% vs 41.1%, P = .026). Patients with secondary cytogenetic abnormalities had longer overall survival (OS) than those without abnormalities (median 190 vs 87 months, P = .021); trisomy 8, trisomy 22, and loss of the X or Y chromosome were associated with longer OS. In the 165 cases performed of targeted gene sequencing, pathogenic mutations were detected in 75.7% of cases, and were more frequent in de novo than in therapy-related disease (P = .013). Mutations were found in N/KRAS (37.0%), FLT3 (27.8%), KIT (17.2%), TET2 (4.9%), and ASXL1 (3.9%). The TET2 mutations were associated with shorter OS (P = .012) while N/KRAS mutation was associated with longer OS in t(8;21) AML patients (P = .001). The KIT mutation did not show prognostic significance in this cohort. Although they received similar therapy, t-CBF-AML patients had shorter OS than de novo patients (median 69 vs 190 months, P = .038). In multivariate analysis of all patients, older age and absence of any secondary cytogenetic abnormalities were significant predictors of shorter OS. Among the t-CBF-AML subset, age and hemoglobin were significant on multivariate analysis. This study demonstrated that although de novo and t-CBF-AML patients share many features, t-CBF-AML patients have worse clinical outcome than de novo patients.

Update on the pathologic diagnosis of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia.

The diagnostic criteria for chronic myelomonocytic leukemia were recently revised in the 2016 World Health Organization classification update and include new and revised subtypes. In addition, molecular genetic studies have provided new insights into the prognosis and diagnosis of this myeloid neoplasm. This review summarizes the 2016 changes to the diagnostic criteria, discusses potential future changes that may impact diagnosis and provides an overview of recent advances in the diagnosis and prognosis determination of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia.