Acute effects of low-level laser therapy (660 nm) on oxidative stress levels in diabetic rats with skin wounds.

BACKGROUND: Laser therapy influences oxidative stress parameters such as the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the production of reactive oxygen species. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effects of low-level laser therapy on oxidative stress in diabetics rats with skin wounds. METHODS: Thirty-six animals were divided into 4 groups: NDNI: non-diabetic rats with cutaneous wounds that not received laser therapy; NDI: non-diabetic rats with cutaneous wounds that received laser therapy; DNI: diabetic rats with skin wounds who did not undergo laser therapy; DI: rats with diabetes insipidus and cutaneous wounds and received laser therapy. The animals were treated with LLLT (660 nm, 100 mW, 6 J/cm, spot size 0.028 cm). On the day of killing the animals, tissue-wrapped cutaneous wounds were collected and immediately frozen, centrifuged, and stored to analyze malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. RESULTS: Significant difference was observed within the groups of MDA levels (ANOVA, p = 0.0001). Tukey's post-hoc test showed significantly lower values of MDA in irradiated tissues, both in diabetic and non-diabetic rats. ANOVA of the diabetic group revealed a significant difference (p < 0.01) when all groups, except NDI and DI, were compared. CONCLUSIONS: LLLT was effective in decreasing MDA levels in acute surgical wounds in diabetic rats.

Use of nanoparticles in animal models for prostate cancer treatment: a systematic review.

PURPOSE: To conduct a systematic review of nanoparticles' use in the treatment of prostate cancer in animals. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted in the databases PubMed, Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS), Cochrane Library, and EMBASE, and the descriptors were chosen based on terms indexed in Health Sciences Descriptors (DeCS)/Medical Subject Headings (MESH), which are: nanoparticles, nanomedicine, and prostate cancer. The systematic review protocol was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) with ID CRD42021271008. RESULTS: A total of 3,897 articles was chosen; after reading the inclusion and exclusion criteria, six scientific articles with themes involving nanoparticles carrying medications were reached. Among the nanoparticles found, there were carboxymethylcellulose polymer, micellar casein nanoparticles, liquid crystal nanoparticles, serum albumin nanoparticles, and poly(ethylene glycol)-block-polylactide (mPEG-PLA) conjugated nanoparticles encapsulating cabazitaxel, docetaxel, and flutamide, which were nanoparticles used to treat prostate cancer in animals. CONCLUSIONS: Through using nanoparticles to encapsulate medications for treating prostate cancer in animals, studies show a decrease in weight and tumor reduction, with nanoparticles resulting in greater survival time than free medications. The improved permeability and retention effect of nanoparticles in the bloodstream contribute to their effectiveness.

The effect of aerobic and resistance exercise on the progression of colorectal cancer in an animal model.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess the effects of resistance and aerobic exercise on colorectal cancer (CRC) development in mice induced by azoxymethane (AOM) coupled with colitis. METHODS: Forty animals induced with CRC were used, divided into five groups of eight animals each: sedentary; continuous aerobics; continuous anaerobic; aerobic PI; and anaerobic PI. AOM was administered to the animals in two doses of 10 mg/kg each over the course of two weeks, the first dose administered in the third week and the second administered in the fourth. For the colitis, three cycles of dextran sodium sulfate were administered for five days, separated by two weeks of water. The 14th week of the experiment saw the euthanasia, the removal of their colons, and the creation of microscopy slides for histological analysis. RESULTS: Preneoplastic lesions developed in all five groups; there were no significant differences between them. However, in terms of inflammatory symptoms, mucosal ulceration was much more frequently in the exercise groups than in the sedentary group (p = 0.016). The number of polyps overall (p = 0.002), the distal region's polyp development (p = 0.003), and the proximal region's polyp development (p = 0.04) were all statistically different than sedentary group. CONCLUSIONS: The study discovered no significant difference in disease activity index scores between groups, but there was a significant difference in the number of polyps and the presence of mucosal ulceration in the colon.

Assessment of stress and anxiety in mice with colorectal cancer submitted to physical exercise.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of physical exercise on the behavior of rodents with colorectal cancer induced through the use of elevated plus maze. METHODS: We used 40 male hairless mice induced to colorectal cancer, divided into five groups: G1) submitted to pre- and post-induction swimming; G2) pre- and post-induction ladder; G3) post-induction swimming; G4) post-induction ladder; G5) sedentary. At the end of the 14th week, the animals were submitted to the plus maze test. RESULTS: The mean length of stay in the open arm for G1 was 4.17 ± 6.50; G2 37.52 ± 40.7; G3 85.84 ± 42.5; G4 32.92 ± 23.17; and G5 4.09 ± 4.43. In the closed arm, it was 264 ± 23.43 in G1, 187.60 ± 47.73 in G2, 147.50 ± 40.03 in G3, 182.00 ± 40.40 in G4, and in G5 235.36 ± 14.28. In the center, G1 remained 31.86 ± 20.18, G2 74.85 ± 28.37, G3 66.69 ± 19.53, G4 60.55 ± 10.46, and G5 60.55 ± 23.65. CONCLUSIONS: Aerobic exercise for seven weeks after tumor induction showed less impact on the behavior of the animals. On the other hand, it significantly increased the animals' stress level when applied for 14 weeks before and after tumor induction.

Use of cyanoacrylate-based surgical adhesives associated to the macroporous tape in skin synthesis in rats.

PURPOSE: To compare the use of new cyanoacrylate surgical adhesive associated with macroporous tapes in cutaneous synthesis. METHODS: Male Wistar rats with a longitudinal incision of 4cm were used on the back, divided into four groups: GI used octyl-cyanoacrylate (Dermabond®), GII used N-2-butylcyanoacrylate, GIII used octyl-cyanoacrylate and macroporous tape and GIV used N-2-butyl cyanoacrylate and macroporous tape. On the fourteenth day, the rats were submitted to euthanasia, were divided in two parts, and a layer of skin subcutaneous tissue through an area of operative healing was removed. One part was submitted to the study of rupture strength with the use of tensiometer, and in the other part histological examination was performed. RESULTS: No force test was similar between groups I and II, being different from groups III and IV (P <0.001), which were identical to each other (P> 0.05). The units were compared among the studied groups, and they were different with the use of macroporous tapes (P> 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The purpose of macroporous tapes is associated with CA adhesives in cutaneous tissues that provide more resistant scars. The use of a combination of macroporous tapes leads to complete re-epithelialization, without provoking foreign body reaction, has hemostatic properties and does not cause an absorptive reaction.

Apoptotic effects of inositol hexaphosphate on biomarker Itpr3 in induced colon rat carcinogenesis.

PURPOSE: To study the effect of the modulation of inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) in the biological immunohistochemistry expression of cellular signaling marker apoptosis, in model of carcinogenesis of colon induced by azoxymethane (AOM). METHODS: Wistar rats (N=112) distributed in 4 groups (n=28): Control; B, AOM (5 mg kg-1, 2x, to break week 3); C, IP6 (in water 1%, six weeks); D, IP6+AOM. Weekly euthanasia (n=7), from week three. Immunohistochemistry of ascendant colon with biological marker inositol 1,4,5 triphosphate receptor type III (Itpr3). Quantification of the immune-expression with use of computer-assisted image processing. Analysis statistics of the means between groups, weeks in groups, groups in weeks, and established significance when p

Use of nanoparticles in animal models for prostate cancer treatment: a systematic review

Purpose: To conduct a systematic review of nanoparticles' use in the treatment of prostate cancer in animals. Methods: A systematic review was conducted in the databases PubMed, Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS), Cochrane Library, and EMBASE, and the descriptors were chosen based on terms indexed in Health Sciences Descriptors (DeCS)/Medical Subject Headings (MESH), which are: nanoparticles, nanomedicine, and prostate cancer. The systematic review protocol was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) with ID CRD42021271008. Results: A total of 3,897 articles was chosen; after reading the inclusion and exclusion criteria, six scientific articles with themes involving nanoparticles carrying medications were reached. Among the nanoparticles found, there were carboxymethylcellulose polymer, micellar casein nanoparticles, liquid crystal nanoparticles, serum albumin nanoparticles, and poly(ethylene glycol)-block-polylactide (mPEG-PLA) conjugated nanoparticles encapsulating cabazitaxel, docetaxel, and flutamide, which were nanoparticles used to treat prostate cancer in animals. Conclusions: Through using nanoparticles to encapsulate medications for treating prostate cancer in animals, studies show a decrease in weight and tumor reduction, with nanoparticles resulting in greater survival time than free medications. The improved permeability and retention effect of nanoparticles in the bloodstream contribute to their effectiveness.

Oxidative stress effects in the uterus, placenta and fetus of pregnant rats submitted to acute and chronic stress.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of oxidative stress in pregnant rats submitted to acute and chronic stress, relating to alterations in the uterus, placenta and fetus. METHODS: Twenty-four female Wistar albino (Rattus norvegicus), were divided into four groups, for induction of oxidative stress the animals were submitted to cold and physical immobilization. Plasma fasting glucose and MDA were determined in all groups and the fetuses and placentas were measured. RESULTS: There were no statistical differences in the levels of malonic dialdehyde (MDA), however the averages of chronic stress group were higher compared to control groups, which could explain the observed adverse effects; there was no correlation between puppies' size, the weight of the placenta and MDA values. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic stress causes adverse effects, when compared to control groups; chronic stress group had fetuses, placentas and number of puppies, significantly lower compared to other groups. The rats exposed to chronic stress, also presented a higher frequency of fetal resorption.

The effect of aerobic and resistance exercise on the progression of colorectal cancer in an animal model

Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess the effects of resistance and aerobic exercise on colorectal cancer (CRC) development in mice induced by azoxymethane (AOM) coupled with colitis. Methods: Forty animals induced with CRC were used, divided into five groups of eight animals each: sedentary; continuous aerobics; continuous anaerobic; aerobic PI; and anaerobic PI. AOM was administered to the animals in two doses of 10 mg/kg each over the course of two weeks, the first dose administered in the third week and the second administered in the fourth. For the colitis, three cycles of dextran sodium sulfate were administered for five days, separated by two weeks of water. The 14th week of the experiment saw the euthanasia, the removal of their colons, and the creation of microscopy slides for histological analysis. Results: Preneoplastic lesions developed in all five groups; there were no significant differences between them. However, in terms of inflammatory symptoms, mucosal ulceration was much more frequently in the exercise groups than in the sedentary group (p = 0.016). The number of polyps overall (p = 0.002), the distal region's polyp development (p = 0.003), and the proximal region's polyp development (p = 0.04) were all statistically different than sedentary group. Conclusions: The study discovered no significant difference in disease activity index scores between groups, but there was a significant difference in the number of polyps and the presence of mucosal ulceration in the colon.

Experimental model of pulmonary carcinogenesis in Wistar rats.

PURPOSE: To elaborate an experimental model of pulmonary carcinogenesis in Wistar rats. METHODS: Male Rattus norvegicus albinus, Wistar lineage were carried through an intra-pulmonary instillation of the Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) dilution in alcohol 70%, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon widely known by its power of tumoral induction. Three experimental groups had been formed with 08 animals each: Control Group (Alcohol 70%); B[a]P Group 10 mg/kg; e B[a]P Group 20mg/kg, submitted to euthanasia 08, 10, 12 and 14 weeks after the experimental procedure. The pulmonary sections had been colored by hematoxilin-eosin (HE) and submitted to the morphometrical analysis to describe the tissue alterations. RESULTS: The presence of diffuse inflammatory alterations was observed in all groups; however, at the analysis of the pulmonary tissue of the experimental groups had been observed hyperplasic alterations (BALT hyperplasia), and in one of the animals of the experimental group 20mg/kg (12 weeks) was noticed the presence of cellular epithelial tracheal pleomorphism, suggesting the adenocarcinoma formation in situ. CONCLUSION: The main secondary alterations to the intra-pulmonary instillation of B[a]P in Wistar rats were: cellular proliferation, inflammatory alterations of several degrees and nodular lymphoid hyperplasias. The association of an activator agent of the pulmonary metabolic reply is necessary to establish the ideal reply-dose to the development of the lung cancer.

Doppler velocimetry in fetal rats exposed to enoxaparin and unfractionated heparin (UFH) during pregnancy.

PURPOSE:: To evaluate the effects of enoxaparin and unfractionated heparin (UFH) administered in prophylactic and therapeutic doses on fetal vessels in healthy pregnant Wistar rats, according to Doppler velocimetry measurements. METHODS:: Fifty animals were assigned to one of five groups: controls (saline), prophylactic and therapeutic enoxaparin (1 and 2 mg/kg/day, respectively), and prophylactic and therapeutic UFH (72 and 400 UI/kg/day, respectively). Uterine horns were examined by ultrasound for identification of live fetuses. A sample of these fetuses underwent Doppler velocimetry. Spectral curves, peak systolic velocity (PSV), pulsatility index (PI), and resistance index (RI) of the middle cerebral artery, ductus venosus, and umbilical artery were investigated. Differences were considered statistically significant when p<0.05. RESULTS:: No significant differences in PSV, PI, or RI values were observed among the groups. CONCLUSION:: Doppler velocimetry measurements revealed no significant effects of enoxaparin or unfractionated heparin on fetal vessels in pregnant Wistar rats.

The aplication of cyanoacrilate surgical glue on skin suture in rats.

PURPOSE:: To compare the use of a new cyanoacrylate-based surgical glue and suture with sepa-rate points in skin wounds closure. METHODS:: Thirty-six rats were subjected to a 4cm dorsal longitudinal incision. Twelve were sub-jected to simple suture with polyamide 6-0, 12 rats underwent wall synthesis using Dermabond(r) and 12 was performed cutaneous synthesis with N-2-Butyl-Cyanoacrylate. Twelve of each group was euthanized on the seventh postoperative day, their blood was taken to biochemical tests and a layer of skin and subcutaneous tissue surrounding the surgical scar was randomly divided in two segments, to the submission of tension tests and to histological study. RESULTS:: There were no significant difference between groups (p>0.05). In the soft dermis there was more type I collagen production in group I (p<0.05), group II and III was similar re-sults (p>0.05). In the compact dermis, all 3 groups showed similar results (p>0.05). The biomechanical study was similarity between the glue groups (p>0.05) but the group III proved to be different from the others having a higher resistance (p>0.05) . CONCLUSION:: This glue does not cause any inflammation or kidney and hepatic toxicity. Polyamide sutures are more resistant and the glue should be used alone only in less tension are-as.

[Choroid metastasis of testicular primary site: case report]. / Metástases de coróide de origem testicular: relato de caso.

Description of a male patient case, 22 years old, presenting visual acuity decrease in the left eye associated with the diagnosis of metastatic testicular tumor to lung and kidney. Evaluation of the evolution of a choroid lesion compatible with ocular metastasis of testis tumor through ophthalmologic and echographic examinations. There was resolution of the intraocular lesion together with lung radiologic improvement after chemotherapy during approximately 4 months of follow-up. In spite of the remission of the ocular lesion, the patient died due to complications of cerebral metastasis. Approached in the literature as rare, no report was found of a case of choroidal metastasis of a testicular site, this being, perhaps, its first description.

Bone repair in rats treated with sodic diclofenac and calcitonin.

PURPOSE: To investigate clinical and histologically the bone repair in treated animals with calcitonin and sodic diclofenac. METHODS: Ninety-six femoral defects were created in forty-eight animals distributed in four groups (n=24): either left untreated, treated with the sodic diclofenac or calcitonin or both. Follow-up was 7, 14 and 21 days. Histological sections stained by haematoxylin-eosin was observed under light microscopy (100X) and quantitatively scored for their trabecular formation. The groups and subgroups were compared being used the Kruskall-Wallis test. RESULTS: Smaller trabecular formation was observed in the animals of the group II and larger trabecular formation in the animals of the group III. Was found significant differences in the comparison between all the groups (Kruskall-Wallis, p <0.05). CONCLUSION: The obtained data suggest that the bone repair is a time-dependent process, which can be delayed by the sodic diclofenac and accelerated by the calcitonina, when used separately. The associated use of calcitonina and sodic diclofenac didn't show to be the best therapeutic option in the treatment of bone defects surgically created.

Histological study of tendon healing in malnourished Wistar rats treated with ultrasound therapy.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of therapeutic ultrasound on the healing of tendon injuries in malnourished rats. METHODS: After the intended nutritional states had been attained, the animals (N=36) were distributed into three groups, named: G1(N=12), control group; G2(N=12), malnourished rats treated with 3 MHz ultrasound at an intensity of 0.5 W/cm(2); and G3 (N=12), normal animals treated with 3 MHz at 0.5 W/cm(2). The injuries were induced by means of an operation to expose the heel tendon and crush it using Allis forceps. RESULTS: The data obtained relating to leukocyte counts, fibroblasts, vessel neoformation, fibrosis and collagen were subjected to statistical treatment using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Student's t test. Results of p < 0.05 were obtained for fibrosis and collagen. CONCLUSION: The ultrasound was shown to be effective in repairing the tendon, even in malnourished animals whose healing process was retarded.

Usefulness of argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions in detection of lung cells alterations after benzo[a]pyrene instillation.

PURPOSE: To verify the relationship between AgNOR expression and lung tissues changes of Wistar rats after pulmonary instillation of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P). METHODS: Male Rattus norvegicus albinus,Wistar lineage were given a single intrapulmonary instillation of B[a]P at doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg in a volume of approximately 0.3 ml. After 7 and 21 days the rats were killed and the lung slices submitted to a histological technique of AgNOR. AgNOR dots were quantified and the result analyzed by statistical tests; p < or = 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: The mean values of AgNOR dots for the experimental groups 10/7 (1.51+/-0.86) and 10/21 (1.84+/-0.13) were statistically different (p = 0.009). Among the groups 20/7 (1.63+/-0.11) and 20/21 (2.48+/-0.28) was observed statistically significant difference (p = 0.003). CONCLUSION: The AgNOR technique can be useful in identification of cells changes induced by B[a]P.

The use of resorcine adhesive in repairing osteochondral's defect in knees of rabbits.

PURPOSE: To study the morphology of the articulation of the knee of rabbits after the repairing of the defect osteochondral standardized with resorcina adhesive or metallic synthesis. METHODS: The procedure was to the creation of the defect osteochondral in femoral medial condylus of the knee of 80 rabbits, The animals were distributed in two groups with continuations of 7 and 42 days and submitted to the technique G (resection and retreat of the fragment osteochondral of the femoral medial condylus and relocation with resorcina adhesive), technique S (resection and retreat of the fragment osteochondral of the femoral medial condylus and relocation and metallic synthesis) or technique C (resection and retreat of the fragment osteochondral of the femoral medial condylus, leaving the empty standard defect the control). It was Made clinical study, radiographic, macroscopic and histological in two groups. RESULTS: the resorcina adhesive provokes: necrosis of the fragment osteochondral in 100% and 95%, degeneration 90% and 100%, free body in 80% and 65% respectively in the group I and II; compared with the metallic synthesis that it presented: necrosis in 25% and 35%, degeneration 25% and 35%, free body in 35% and 10% respectively in the group I and II. CONCLUSION: the resorcinol adhesive, related with the necrosis, cartilaginous degeneration and detachment of the fragment osteochondral lives frequently that the metallic synthesis.

Modulation of transforming growth factor beta2 (TGF-beta2) by inositol hexaphosphate in colon carcinogenesis in rats.

PURPOSE: To evaluate modulation in the expression of Transforming growth factor beta2 (TGF-beta2) in short-term colon carcinogenesis. METHODS: 64 male rats was used, comprising 4 groups of 16 animals each: group 1 received Inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) and azoxymethane (AOM); group 2, AOM alone; group 3, IP6 alone; group 4 was used as control. Groups 1 and 3 were given 1% IP6 in drinking water for 6 weeks. AOM was administered subcutaneously at weeks 3 and 4 of the experiment at 20 mg/kg of body weight each week. Immunohistochemical processing was performed with the use of anti-TGF-beta2 primary antibodies in right colon samples and quantitation of TGF-beta2 as percentage of expression, through computer-assisted image processing. RESULTS: mean values of TGF-beta2 expression were 9.0 +/- 3.9% for group 4 (control), 12.7 +/- 4.0% for group 3 (IP6), 19.3 +/- 6.2% for group 2 (AOM), and 13.1 +/- 5.3% for group 1 (IP6+AOM). The value of p was calculated as 0.0001 for a 5% or lower significance level. CONCLUSION: the experiment revealed a significant increase in TGF-beta2 expression in right colon with the administration of AOM, and a significant decrease in TGF-beta2 expression when IP6 was administered with AOM.

Ischemic Postconditioning Assessment in the Liver of Rats Undergoing Mesenteric Ischemia and Reperfusion.

Introduction: Ischemic postconditioning is a method that shows evidence of efficacy in minimizing reperfusion injury; however, its effectiveness in preventing injuries in distant organs is still unknown, especially in those who have undergone mesenteric ischemia and reperfusion. Objective: To evaluate the effect of ischemic postconditioning in preventing reperfusion injury in the liver of rats submitted to mesenteric ischemia and reperfusion, comparing two different methods of ischemic postconditioning. Methods: 30 Wistar male rats were used, distributed into three groups: Group A: Ten rats submitted to intestinal ischemia for 30 minutes followed by reperfusion for 60 minutes; Group B: Ten rats subjected to ischemia and reperfusion; after ischemia, two cycles of reperfusion (two minutes each) interleaved with two cycles of ischemia (two minutes each); and Group C: Ten rats subjected to ischemia and reperfusion; after ischemia, four cycles of reperfusion (30 seconds each) interspersed with four cycles of ischemia (30 seconds each). After the experiment, the left lobe of the liver was resected for subsequent histological analysis, using the following classification: grade 1 - centrilobular congestion; grade 2 - centrilobular congestion with some degeneration of hepatocytes in one or two central veins; and grade 3 - multifocal centrilobular congestion and degeneration of portal hepatocytes. Results: The mean degree of liver damage found was 1.8 in group A, 1.7 in group B and 1.3 in group C. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups. Conclusion: Ischemic postconditioning was unable to minimize reperfusion injury in rats undergoing mesenteric ischemia and reperfusion.

Pentoxifylline and prostaglandin E1 action on ischemia and reperfusion of small intestine tissue in rats. An immunohistochemical study.

PURPOSE: To investigate the action of pentoxifylline (PTX) and prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) on ischemia and reperfusion of small intestine tissue in rats, using immunohistochemical analysis. METHODS: Thirty-five Wistar rats were distributed as follows: group A (n=10): subjected to intestinal ischemia and reperfusion for 60 min, with no drugs; group B (n=10): PTX given during tissue ischemia and reperfusion; group C (n=10): PGE1 given during tissue ischemia and reperfusion; group D (n=5): sham. A segment of the small intestine was excised from each euthanized animal and subjected to immunohistochemical examination. RESULTS: Mean number of cells expressing anti-FAS ligand in the crypts was highest in Group A (78.9 ± 17.3), followed by groups B (16.7 ± 2.8), C (11.3 ± 1.8), and D (2.5 ± 0.9), with very significant differences between groups (p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The use of pentoxifylline or prostaglandin E1 proved beneficial during tissue reperfusion. The immunohistochemical results demonstrated a decrease in apoptotic cells, while protecting other intestinal epithelium cells against death after reperfusion, allowing these cells to renew the epithelial tissue.