Unraveling the Diagnosis of Kiwifruit Allergy: Usefulness of Current Diagnostic Tests.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the usefulness of the in vitro and in vivo methods used in the diagnosis of kiwifruit allergy and to specifically assess the impact of seed proteins on sensitivity. METHODS: We performed skin prick tests (SPTs) using various commercial extracts, homemade pulp, and seed extracts and prick-prick tests with kiwifruit on 36 allergic patients. The presence of specific IgE (sIgE) was assessed using the ImmunoCAP (kiwifruit extract), ELISA (Act d 1, Act d 2), ISAC, and FABER assays. Immunoblotting of seed extract was carried out, and a single-blind oral food challenge was performed with whole seeds in seed-sensitized individuals. RESULTS: The prick prick test with kiwifruit demonstrated the highest diagnostic capacity (81.8% sensitivity and 94.1% specificity) among the in vivo tests. The sIgE levels measured using ImmunoCAP (kiwifruit extract) showed a similar sensitivity to that of global ISAC and FABER (63.9%, 59.5%, and 58.3%, respectively). Act d 1 was the major allergen. Sensitization to Act d 1 was associated with positive sIgE results to whole kiwifruit extract detected by ImmunoCAP (P<.000). A positive SPT result to kiwifruit seeds was associated with severe symptoms induced by kiwifruit (P=.019) as a marker of advanced disease, but not with clinically relevant sensitization. Challenge testing with kiwifruit seeds performed on 8 seed-sensitized patients yielded negative results. CONCLUSION: Sensitization to Act d 1 is associated with a positive result in conventional diagnostic techniques, whereas kiwifruit seed sensitization does not increase the sensitivity of the diagnostic techniques evaluated.

IgE-Mediated Sensitization to Galactose-α-1,3- Galactose (α-Gal) in Urticaria and Anaphylaxis in Spain: Geographical Variations and Risk Factors.

BACKGROUND: The objectives of this study were to investigate the prevalence of sIgE to galactose-α-1,3-galactose (α-gal) in individuals with acute urticaria or anaphylaxis from different geographical areas of Spain and to evaluate the relevance of demographics and lifestyle as risk factors for this immune response. METHODS: Participants were recruited from allergy departments at 14 Spanish hospitals. Patients aged 18 years or older presenting with urticaria or anaphylaxis were enrolled into one of 2 arms: cases and controls. An interviewer-administered questionnaire collecting demographic data, lifestyle habits, and the presence of cofactors was obtained from each participant. sIgE to α-gal and total IgE were determined using ImmunoCAP. sIgE levels ≥0.35 kU/L were considered a positive result. RESULTS: The study population comprised 160 cases and 126 controls. The median age was 44 years. The overall prevalence of a positive result of sIgE to α-gal was 15.7%; this was higher in cases (26.3%) than in controls (2.4%). The sIgE anti-α-gal positivity rate ranged from 37.68% (rural) to 15.38% (semiurban), and 7.85% (urban). The rates of positivity were 46.32%, (Northern), 0.72% (Center), and 0% (Mediterranean). A positive result for sIgE to α-gal was associated with a history of tick bites, participation in outdoor activities, pet ownership, and ingestion of mammalian meats or innards before the onset of symptoms. Only alcohol consumption could be implicated as a cofactor. CONCLUSION: Sensitization to α-gal in patients with urticaria or anaphylaxis differs considerably between the 3 geographical areas studied and is related to tick bites.

Intra-articular injection of an autologous preparation rich in growth factors for the treatment of knee OA: a retrospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To obtain preliminary information about the effectiveness of intra-articular injections of an autologous preparation rich in growth factors (PRGF) for knee OA treatment to be explored further in future studies. METHODS: We have characterized PRGF treatment by platelet count and concentration of relevant growth factors (TGF-Beta1, PDGF-AB, VEGF-A; HGF and IGF-I) involved in healing mechanisms. We have performed an observational retrospective cohort study using hyaluronan injections as a control. Each group included 30 patients with OA of the knee, matched according to age, sex, body mass index and radiographic severity. Both treatments were based on three weekly injections. Clinical outcome was examined using the WOMAC questionnaires prior to treatment and at 5 weeks after treatment. RESULTS: The observed success rates by week 5 for the pain subscale reached 33.4% for the PRGF group and 10% for the hyaluronan group. The difference was attributed exclusively to the treatment modality, p = 0.004. The percent reductions in the physical function subscale and overall WOMAC at 5 weeks were also associated solely with treatment modality in favour of PRGF, p = 0.043 and p = 0.010 respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Although these preliminary results need to be evaluated in a randomized clinical trial, they provide useful infomration about the safety of PRGF and open new perspectives on autologous treatments for joint diseases.

Platelet-released growth factors enhance the secretion of hyaluronic acid and induce hepatocyte growth factor production by synovial fibroblasts from arthritic patients.

OBJECTIVES: Autologous platelet-secreted growth factors (GFs) may have therapeutic effects in osteoarthritis (OA) capsular joints via multiple mechanisms. Our aim was to examine the effect of a platelet-derived preparation rich in growth factors (PRGFs) in OA synovial cell biology. METHODS: Synovial cells were isolated from 10 osteoarthritic patients and cultured in serum-free media (basal conditions) and exposed to either a platelet-poor preparation or PRGF for 72 h. Cells activated with interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) for 48 h were also exposed to PRGF. Changes in several events relevant to joint homeostasis including (i) hyaluronic acid (HA) secretion, (ii) the balance between metalloproteinase-1, -3 and -13 (MMP-1, MMP-3 and MMP-13) and tissue inhibitor-1 (TIMP-1) and (iii) the secretion of transforming growth factor-beta1(TGF-beta1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), were all assessed. RESULTS: PRGF significantly enhanced HA secretion compared with platelet-poor preparations, P < 0.05; at the same time release of TIMP-1, MMP-1, MMP-3 and MMP-13 were not affected. An increased HGF production was observed (P < 0.05) but VEGF and TGF-beta1 levels remained unchanged. PRGF significantly enhanced the secretion of HA induced by IL-1beta activation, P < 0.05, but it did not modify the IL-1beta-induced rise in MMP-1, MMP-3 and VEGF. In contrast, PRGF-induced HGF production was abolished by the presence of IL-1beta during PRGF treatment, P < 0.05. CONCLUSIONS: Intra-articular administration of PRGF might be beneficial in restoring HA concentration and switching angiogenesis to a more balanced status but does not halt the effects of IL-1beta on synovial cells.

Ultrasound-guided plasma rich in growth factors injections and scaffolds hasten motor nerve functional recovery in an ovine model of nerve crush injury.

In the present study we evaluated the motor recovery process of peripheral nerve injury (PNI), based on electrophysiological and histomorphometric criteria, after treatment with plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF) injections and scaffolds in an ovine model. Three groups of sheep underwent a nerve crush lesion: the first group (n = 3) was left to recover spontaneously (SR); the second group was administered saline injections (SI; n = 5) and a third group (n = 6) received PRGF injections and scaffolds immediately after the crush injury. At post-intervention week 8, 70% of sheep in the PRGF group were CMAP-positive, with no electrophysiological response in the rest of the groups. Histomorphometric analysis 12 weeks after the surgical intervention revealed that the average axonal density of the SR (1184 ± 864 axons/µm2 ) and SI (3109 ± 2450 axons/µm2 ) groups was significantly inferior to the control (8427 ± 2433 axons/µm2 ) and also inferior to the PRGF group (5276 ± 4148 axons/µm2 ), showing no significant differences between the control and PRGF groups. The axonal size of the SR and SI groups was significantly smaller compared with the control group (18 ± 4 µm2 ), whereas the axonal size of the PRGF group (6 ± 5 µm2 ) did not show statistical differences from the control. Morphometry of the target muscles indicated that the PRGF group had the lowest percentage volume reduction 12 weeks after the crush injury. The PRGF group had larger muscle fibre areas than the SI and SR groups, although the differences did not reach statistical significance. Overall, these data suggest that the PRGF injections and scaffolds hastened functional axon recovery and dampened atrophy of the target muscles in an ovine model. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

[Septic thrombophlebitis of the great vessels of the neck. A severe complication of central venous catheters]. / Tromboflebitis séptica de las grandes venas del cuello. Una complicación grave de los catéteres venosos centrales.

Septic thrombophlebitis of the large veins of the neck is an uncommon, but extremely severe, complication in carriers of central venous catheters. Treatment of these cases is difficult and, generally, the clinical condition does not permit surgical approach. Four patients with septic central vein thrombophlebitis are reported. They were treated with conservative measures including catheter removal and high-dose parenteral antibiotics for at least four weeks, with excellent results in all. The relevant literature and the therapeutic alternatives are reviewed.

[European study of asthma. Prevalence of atopy in young adults of 5 areas in Spain. Spanish Group of European Asthma Study]. / Estudio Europeo del Asma. Prevalencia de atopia en adultos jóvenes de 5 áreas españolas. Grupo Español del Estudio Europeo del Asma.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the current study is to show the prevalence of atopy in five Spanish areas, and its variability according to area, age and gender. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From a populational based sample of 16,884 individuals aged 20 to 44 years-old, we obtained a randomized 20% subsample (n = 3,310). Participants performed specific IgE measurements, skin prick tests, forced spirometries and metacholine challenges to measure bronchial hyperresponsiveness. The response rate was 40%, and 1,313 individuals were finally included in the study. Specific atopy to the following aeroallargens was determined: cat dander, Cladosporium, Dermatophagoides, Phleum, Parietaria, birch, Alternaria, ambrosia, olive, rye grass and dog dander. RESULTS: The global prevalence of atopy (detectable specific antibodies IgE in serum and/or skin reactivity) widely varied by area, skin reactivity ranking in males from a minimum in Albacete (24.6%; 95% CI: 18-33) to a maximum in Huelva (39.6%; 95% CI: 30-53), and in females ranking from a minimun in Galdakao (10.3%; 95% CI: 6-17) to a maximum in Barcelona (28.8%; 95% CI: 19-43). Considering separately seropositivity and skin reactivity we observed a similar trend. Males showed a higher prevalence of global atopy (40.1%) than females (29.4%). Our data indicate that there is a decrease in the prevalence of atopy according to age in the general population, but only significant in men. Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus is the most common allergen in all ares but Albacete, where the most common allergen is the olive pollen. CONCLUSIONS: By means of a standard methodology, we report population data of the prevalence of atopy in five Spanish areas. The distribution of the prevalence of atopy varies widely in the five areas surveyed, according to the composition of the most common environmental allergens.

[Comparison of 2 systems for continuous intraoperative monitoring of oxygen saturation in the jugular bulb]. / Comparación de dos sistemas de medida para la monitorización continua intraoperatoria de la saturación de oxígeno en el bulbo de la yugular.

OBJECTIVE: To compare accuracy, precision and stability of two jugular venous blood catheters for continuous monitoring of oxygen saturation during surgery, in a nonrandom, prospective sample. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We studied 47 patients requiring continuous monitoring of SjvO2 during a variety of neurosurgical procedures. Swan-Ganz pediatric 5.5F catheters (Opticath P575-EH) were used in 27 patients; neonatal umbilical artery 4F catheters (Opticath U425C) were used in 20. Both catheters were equipped with a fiberoptic system for continuous monitoring of hemoglobin oxygen saturation. After checking correct placement, readings transmitted were compared with co-oximetry readings for a sample taken from the distal end of the catheter. We also compared time spent placing the catheters and stability of SjvO2 reading during surgery. RESULTS: Insertion time (+/- SD) was 10.3 +/- 2.5 minutes for the 4F catheter and 15.9 +/- 5.5 minutes for the 5.5F model (p < 0.01). Although both systems tended to overestimate, the 5.5F catheters were more accurate: the mean differences were -6.8% for the 4F catheter and -1.2% for the 5.5F. These results made it necessary to calibrate the 4F catheters after placement and before use, a procedure not needed if the 5.5F catheters are used. Stability of SjvO2 readings during surgery was significantly greater (p < 0.01) for the 5.5F catheters, such that only 25.9% were considered clinically useful based on this parameter. However, 70% of the 5.5F catheters provided acceptable SjvO2 readings. Intracranial pressure during insertion and removal of the SjvO2 catheters was measured in only 5 patients; there were no changes greater than 1 mmHg. CONCLUSIONS: Although the 5.5F pediatric catheters take longer to put into position, their greater accuracy, precision and stability makes them preferable to the 4F catheters for continuous monitoring of SjvO2. Long-term vascular effects must be studied further.

Detection of allergens in a cat pelt extract.

Allergenic components of cat pelt extract fractionated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes were identified using sera from 15 allergic patients who showed positive skin test and RAST to cat extract. Two components showed the highest IgE-binding frequency; 14 kD (being recognized by 86% of the sera examined) and 29 kD (73% of the sera tested). Both components were purified by electroelution and subjected to RAST inhibition assays. The 29 kD fraction was able to bind specific IgE to D. pteronyssinus and inhibited a RAST assay of 29 kD component (Der p I) purified from a D. pteronyssinus extract. These results could explain the finding of positive skin test with some commercial cat allergen solutions in patients with D. pteronyssinus allergy.

Limpet anaphylaxis: cross-reactivity between limpet and house-dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus.

BACKGROUND: Limpet is a mollusc that is frequently found along the shores of warm seas. Few allergic reactions to limpet have been described, and cross-reactivity with house-dust mites has not been established. METHODS: We report five patients with anaphylactic reactions due to limpet ingestion. A limpet extract was prepared and skin prick tests (SPT), radioallergosorbent assays (RAST), sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and IgE-immunoblotting were performed. In order to evaluate cross-reactivity, an immunoblotting inhibition assay with Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus was also done. RESULTS: All patients were asthmatics sensitized to house-dust mites. In each case, severe bronchospasm was evidenced, and three required mechanical ventilation. Positive SPT with limpet extract was found in the four patients tested. RAST showed specific IgE on each patient's sera. Immunoblotting showed several allergenic fractions with a wide molecular weight range (15-250 kDa). D. pteronyssinus inhibited IgE-binding molecules above 50 kDa in the limpet extract, particularly one molecule of 75 kDa. CONCLUSIONS: We describe five patients with IgE-mediated limpet allergy. Severe bronchospasm was the most important symptom. Cross-reactivity with D. pteronyssinus was demonstrated.

Occupational asthma caused by iroko wood.

We report on a patient with occupational asthma caused by iroko. BPT induced an early and late response with a long recovery period, and absence of inhibition on pretreatment with cromoglycate and beclomethasone. Three months after leaving his job, the patient was symptom-free, but non-specific bronchial hyperreactivity was still demonstrated.

Fixed drug eruption.

We presented 21 patients with fixed drug eruptions. All of them had positive provocation tests, showing the usefulness of this test for diagnosis. The lesions appeared on the skin or mucous membranes within 20 min. to 10 hours, after an oral provocation test with a sub-therapeutic dose. In those cases where we performed the basophil degranulation test, they were all negative. The drug more frequently implicated was cotrimoxazole (71%). In one patient the eruption was produced by oral neomycin.

Some cytological aspects of bronchial asthma.

We report the correlation between blood eosinophilia obtained by chamber count, percent in peripheral blood and the resulting value of this percent by the total number of leukocytes, together with the nasal and sputum eosinophilia and basophils in blood, in 57 asthmatic patients. Seventeen of them were on treatment with systemic steroids. We found blood eosinophilia in 24 patients (42%), being the chamber count method the most reliable. There was a significant difference in blood eosinophils between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients (p less than 0.05) without systemic steroid treatment. We did not find correlation between eosinophilia and the type of asthma (intrinsic-extrinsic). Only 5 out of 40 patients had eosinophilia on nasal smear, all with rhinitic symptoms. We studied sputum eosinophils in 40 out of 57 patients. Thirty (75%) had eosinophilia while only 45% of them had blood eosinophilia. Neither did we find correlation between blood and sputum eosinophilia (p greater than 0.05). We also encountered basophilia in 11 patients (19.2%). The number of basophils was inferior in asymptomatic patients treated with systemic steroids than in asymptomatic without systemic steroid treatment. Any relation between number of basophils, kind of asthma or clinical status was not observed. We did not find correlation between number of basophils and eosinophils in blood (r = 0.24; p greater than 0.05).