[Getting to know former students of PROFAE nursing courses]. / Conhecendo egressos do curso técnico de Enfermagem do PROFAE.

The PROFAE (Professionalization Project in Nursing) was a relevant initiative for professional education. The objectives were to describe the profile of the former students of the technical nursing course of the São Paulo Health Department training centers so as to evaluate the effects of the course for the mobility and professional performance in the working market. Data collection was performed using a questionnaire answered by 216 former students and four focal groups with former students and nurse supervisors. Most respondents were women, with an average age of 42.2. The course received a positive evaluation, and two aspects were pointed out as motivating for searching for it: institutional support and COREN's resolutions. The former students perceive they had more initiative and theoretical preparation after the course. Nursing aide remains as the most common position in the area, thus causing dissatisfaction, because, especially in public services, technician positions are not available.

Food environment at subway stations: a study in the municipality of São Paulo, Brazil. / Ambiente alimentar de estações de metrô: um estudo no município de São Paulo, Brasil.

This study aimed to characterize the food environment within subway stations in São Paulo and describe the availability of food and drinks according to the social vulnerability of the area where the stations are located. A cross-sectional study was carried out involving 19 subway stations, and checklist instruments were used to audit outlets and vending machines. The São Paulo Social Vulnerability Index was adopted to characterize the location of the stations. Sixty-six outlets were found. The median of outlets per station was the same in all categories of the territory's social vulnerability (median=2 establishments/station). The most frequent types of food sold were convenience foods, present in all of the outlets. The territory's vulnerability did not result in a difference in the availability of healthy and unhealthy marker foods. The food environment at subway stations is marked by the high availability of ultra-processed food and drinks at all outlets.

Os objetivos deste estudo foram caracterizar o ambiente alimentar no interior de estações de metrô da cidade de São Paulo e descrever a disponibilidade de alimentos e bebidas segundo vulnerabilidade social da área onde as estações se localizam. Foi realizado um estudo transversal envolvendo 19 estações de metrô. Para a auditoria dos pontos comerciais e das vending machines foram utilizados instrumentos do tipo checklist. Para caracterização do local onde as estações estavam inseridas, utilizou-se o Índice Paulista de Vulnerabilidade Social. Foram encontrados 66 pontos comerciais. A mediana de pontos comerciais por estação foi a mesma em todas as categorias de vulnerabilidade social do território (mediana=2 estabelecimentos/estação). Os tipos de alimentos comercializados mais frequentes foram os de conveniência, presentes em 100% dos pontos comerciais. A vulnerabilidade do território não resultou em diferença na disponibilidade de alimentos marcadores saudáveis e não saudáveis. O ambiente alimentar das estações de metrô é marcado pela grande disponibilidade de alimentos e bebidas ultraprocessados em todos os pontos comerciais.

"A gente é invisível pra sociedade": impactos das condições de trabalho na saúde e qualidade de vida em entregadores de comida na pandemia de covid-19 / "We are invisible to society": impacts of working conditions on food delivery workers' health and quality of life during the COVID-19 pandemic

Resumo A pandemia de covid-19 agravou as situações de renda, fome, desemprego e informalidade provocados pela Reforma Trabalhista de 2017 e pelo desmonte de políticas sociais, levando muitos trabalhadores ao ramo da entrega de comida sem direitos ou garantias de proteção. Este trabalho procurou investigar as condições de trabalho e o impacto na saúde e qualidade de vida de entregadores de comida de Curitiba/PR, de acordo com as categorias de entrega, durante a pandemia de covid-19. Foi realizada pesquisa de campo em 10 points de entrega, seguindo a lógica da saturação de discursos, com o auxílio de instrumento de pesquisa com perguntas semiestruturadas. Paradoxalmente, apesar da menção a vários aspectos negativos das condições de trabalho, a qualidade de vida foi percebida como positiva por grande parte dos entregadores, sendo associada à possiblidade de trabalho e retorno financeiro. Os aspectos negativos das condições de trabalho e seus impactos na saúde e qualidade de vida foram sentidos com mais intensidade por entregadores de aplicativo. Esses achados trazem a necessidade de aprofundamento da discussão das condições de trabalho nos novos arranjos contemporâneos e precarizados e seus impactos na saúde dos trabalhadores, a partir de diferentes contextos e categorias de trabalhadores.

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic aggravated the scenario of low income, hunger, unemployment, and informality generated by the 2017 Labor Reform and the dismantling of social policies, leading many workers to enter the food delivery business that misses labor rights or protection. Thus, this study aimed at investigating how such working conditions impacted food delivery workers' health and quality of life in Curitiba, Brazil, during the pandemic according to delivery categories. Field research, based on saturation of discourse, was conducted in 10 delivery points using a semi-structured instrument. Despite mentioning several negative aspects regarding working conditions, most delivery workers perceived a positive quality of life, mainly associated with the possibility of work and financial return. App-based delivery workers felt more intensely the negative impacts on health and quality of life. These findings point to the need for further discussions on how these new contemporary and precarious labor arrangements impact occupational health in different contexts and categories.

A participação das famílias nas ações de alimentação em escolas para a promoção da alimentação adequada e saudável / Family participation in school feeding programs to promote adequate and healthy eating

Introdução: Os instrumentos e estratégias de Educação Alimentar e Nutricional de escolas públicas brasileiras devem apoiar pessoas, famílias e comunidades a adotarem práticas alimentares que favoreçam o desenvolvimento da autonomia e do exercício da cidadania. Objetivo: Compreender como escolas e famílias, a partir de suas ações conjuntas, podem favorecer a promoção da alimentação adequada e saudável. Métodos: Pesquisa de natureza qualitativa, na modalidade de estudo de caso, realizada em duas escolas públicas de ensino fundamental, que incluíram no Projeto Político-Pedagógico ações de alimentação e a participação das famílias. Utilizaram-se observação participante, diário de campo, entrevistas semiestruturadas e grupos focais com os membros da comunidade, analisados por triangulação de métodos qualitativos. Para as entrevistas e grupos focais, foram feitas transcrição, categorização e análise temática de conteúdo. Resultados: As categorias temáticas "Interação entre os atores sociais" e "Participação das famílias no espaço escolar" mostraram as possibilidades de ações conjuntas no papel coletivo de educadores. A organização da comunidade em grupos de responsabilidade conferiu sentido à participação social, rompeu com o suposto desinteresse pelas ações de alimentação e viabilizou a atuação nos processos decisórios da escola. Como desafios, têm-se a desconfiança recíproca e a dificuldade de promover reflexão coletiva para solucionar conflitos e disputas. Conclusões: O estabelecimento de parcerias bem-sucedidas entre escola e família coloca crianças e adolescentes no centro do debate, alusiva à função coletiva de todos como educadores, explorando características individuais e coletivas para as ações promotoras da alimentação adequada e saudável.

Introduction: Food and Nutrition Education resources and strategies in Brazilian public schools should support people, families, and communities to adopt eating practices that benefit the development of autonomy and the exercise of citizenship. Objective: To understand how schools and families, through their joint actions, can promote adequate and healthy eating. Methods: This is qualitative research carried out in two public elementary schools, which have included foodprograms and family participation in their Political-Pedagogical Project. Participant observation, field journals, semi-structured interviews, and focus groups with community members were used and analyzed using a triangulation of qualitative methods. For the interviews and focus groups, transcription, categorization, and thematic content, analysis were carried out. Results: The thematic categories "Interaction between social actors" and "Participation of families in the school space" showed the possibilities of joint actions in the collective role of educators. The organization of the community into responsibility groups gave meaning to social participation, broke down the supposed lack of interest in food actions and made it possible for them to take part in the school's decision-making processes. The challenges are mutual distrust and the difficulty of promoting collective reflection to resolve conflicts and disputes. Conclusions: Establishing successful school-family partnerships puts children and adolescents at the center of the debate, alluding to everyone's collective role as educators, exploiting individual and collective characteristics for actions to promote adequate and healthy eating.

Theory and practice in the context of health promotion program evaluation.

Evaluation of health promotion (HP) actions is a major challenge, generating inquiries and reflections that can contribute on the effectiveness of the actions themselves. With the aim on fostering exchange on monitoring and evaluation experiences related to the implementation of healthy settings, the 1 st Brazilian Seminar on Health Promotion Effectiveness was launched in 2005. The program included round table and workshops known as Working Groups (WG) in Brazil. The criteria used to constitute the workshops focused settings as spaces of circulation and living as an intrinsic connection to lifestyles and conditions, as well as to social and/or environmental risk factors associated with groups living in these settings day after day. Focusing on evaluation as an activity that generates knowledge, this article highlights and stimulates the discussion about some major issues arising from the theoretical-methodological approach and the discussions developed in the workshops. The debates carried out during the Seminar illustrated the different perceptions and views of the social players involved in implementation and evaluation of H P practices, disclosing a multiplicity of meanings. It became clear that procedures are needed to document a future maturation of concepts and methods, in combination with further in-depth theoretical discussion.

[Casa Siloé: the history of an NGO for children with HIV/AIDS]. / Casa Siloé: a história de uma ONG para crianças portadoras de HIV/aids.

Casa Siloé (Siloam House) is a Catholic support house that shelters children with human immunodeficiency virus or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The article presents a history of the institution and discusses its work. A qualitative approach was used, relying on oral history techniques and documental analysis. Eight key informants were interviewed: the president of the institution, two coordinators who worked at the home, a member of the supporting foundation, a volunteer social worker, a member of the state NGO/AIDS forum, a physician, and a psychologist from the state public service. Topics addressed include the Catholic Church and AIDS, community mobilization, the Casa Siloé, the State and civil society, and project evaluation and outlook.

Harm Reduction and Tensions in Trust and Distrust in a Mental Health Service: A Qualitative Approach.

BACKGROUND: People seeking care for substance use (PSCSU) experience deep social and health inequities. Harm reduction can be a moral imperative to approach these persons. The purpose of this study was to explore relationships among users, health care providers, relatives, and society regarding harm reduction in mental health care, using a trust approach rooted in feminist ethics. METHODS: A qualitative study was conducted in a mental health service for PSCSU, and included fifteen participants who were health care providers, users, and their relatives. Individual in-depth and group interviews, participant observation, and a review of patients' records and service reports were conducted. RESULTS: Three nested levels of (dis)trust were identified: (dis)trust in the treatment, (dis)trust in the user, and self-(dis)trust of the user, revealing the interconnections among different layers of trust. (Dis)trust at each level can amplify or decrease the potential for a positive therapeutic response in users, their relatives' support, and how professionals act and build innovations in care. Distrust was more abundant than trust in participants' reports, revealing the fragility of trust and the focus on abstinence within this setting. CONCLUSION: The mismatch between wants and needs of users and the expectations and requirements of a society and mental health care system based on a logic of "fixing" has contributed to distrust and stigma. Therefore, we recommend policies that increase the investment in harm reduction education and practice that target service providers, PSCSU, and society to change the context of distrust identified.

Background and elements of the linkage between the Brazilian school feeding program and family farming. / Antecedentes e elementos da vinculação do programa de alimentação escolar do Brasil com a agricultura familiar.

Since 2009, legislation of the National School Feeding Program of Brazil (PNAE) institutionalizes its linkage with family farming as it establishes the requirement that at least 30% out of the total financial resources allocated by the federal government to the states and municipalities for school feeding must be used in the purchase of products directly from this sector. This study analyzes the process of drafting this legislation, focusing on the elements related to the procurement from family farming, through a historical contextualization, and it also presents a graphical representation with the main elements of this linkage: its objectives, target population, actions implemented and expected results. Actors involved with the drafting of the legislation were interviewed. The analyses show that the procurement from family farming is a far-reaching initiative in terms of the concept, execution and results. It has also showed that a strong articulation between the actors and institutions of the different sectors involved is critical to its success. The education, agriculture, planning, procurement and civil society sectors should work articulately at national, state and local level. The results of this study demonstrate that initiatives like this, of institutional procurement from family farming, which are currently being implemented in several countries, constitute as an important strategy of food and nutrition security, for the fulfillment of the human right to adequate food and the promotion of long-term sustainable development.

Desde 2009, legislação do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar do Brasil (PNAE) institucionaliza a sua vinculação com a agricultura familiar ao estabelecer a obrigatoriedade de que, pelo menos, 30% do total dos recursos financeiros repassados pelo governo federal aos estados e municípios para a alimentação escolar devem ser utilizados na compra de produtos diretamente desse setor. Este estudo analisa o processo de construção desta legislação mediante contextualização histórica, focando nos elementos relacionados à compra da agricultura familiar e, também, apresenta uma representação gráfica com os principais elementos da vinculação: objetivos, público-alvo, ações implementadas e resultados esperados. Foram entrevistados atores envolvidos na construção da legislação. As análises evidenciam que a compra da agricultura familiar pelo PNAE é uma iniciativa de amplo alcance, do ponto de vista conceitual, de execução e de resultados. Também se evidenciou que, para o seu êxito, é fundamental uma ampla articulação entre os atores e órgãos dos vários setores envolvidos, assim como múltiplas estratégias implementadas pelas distintas esferas de governo. Dessa maneira, setores da educação, agricultura, planejamento, compras e sociedade civil devem articular-se em nível nacional, estadual e local. Os resultados deste estudo demonstram que iniciativas como essas, de compras institucionais da agricultura familiar, que estão sendo implantadas atualmente em vários países, configuram-se como importante estratégia de segurança alimentar e nutricional, de cumprimento do direito humano à alimentação adequada e de promoção do desenvolvimento sustentável a longo prazo.

Desde 2009, la legislación del Programa de Nacional Alimentación Escolar de Brasil (PNAE) institucionaliza su vinculación con la agricultura familiar, al establecer la obligatoriedad de que por lo menos un 30% del total de los recursos financieros asignados por el gobierno federal a los departamentos y municipios para la alimentación escolar, deben ser utilizados en la compra de productos directamente de ese sector. Este estudio analiza el proceso de creación de esta legislación, mediante contextualización histórica, enfocándose en los elementos relacionados con la compra de la agricultura familiar y, también, presenta una representación gráfica con los principales elementos de la vinculación: objetivos, público-objetivo, acciones implementadas y resultados esperados. Se entrevistaron a actores involucrados en la construcción de la legislación. Los análisis evidencian que la compra de la agricultura familiar por parte del PNAE es una iniciativa de amplio alcance, desde el punto de vista conceptual, de ejecución y de resultados. También se evidenció que, para su éxito, es fundamental una amplia articulación entre los actores y órganos de los diferentes sectores involucrados, así como múltiples estrategias implementadas por las distintas esferas de gobierno. De esta manera, sectores de educación, agricultura, planeamiento, compras y sociedad civil deben coordinarse en nivel nacional, departamental y local. Los resultados de este estudio demuestran que iniciativas como estas, de compras institucionales de la agricultura familiar, que están siendo implantadas actualmente en varios países, constituyen importante estrategia de seguridad alimentaria y nutricional, de cumplimiento del derecho humano a la alimentación adecuada y de promoción del desarrollo sostenible a largo plazo.

O processo de trabalho na Estratégia Saúde da Família voltado às pessoas com sobrepeso e obesidade em São Paulo / Work process in the Family Health Strategy oriented to people with overweight and obesity in São Paulo

RESUMO O objetivo do artigo é analisar as características dos processos de trabalho na Estratégia Saúde da Família direcionados às pessoas com sobrepeso e obesidade no município de São Paulo. Ancorado no referencial teórico da saúde coletiva sobre processo de trabalho, foi desenvolvido um estudo exploratório com abordagem qualitativa. Foram realizadas onze entrevistas com profissionais de uma unidade básica de saúde, na zona leste da cidade de São Paulo, entre os meses de julho e agosto de 2019. A partir da análise temática, o artigo apresenta os resultados e a discussão em três categorias analíticas: objeto de trabalho, instrumentos de trabalho e organização do trabalho. O cuidado às pessoas com sobrepeso e obesidade é mediado pelo baixo investimento em qualificação dos profissionais de saúde sobre o tema, pela falta de materiais técnicos de suporte ao trabalho e pelo modelo de gestão pautado pela produtividade e cobrança de resultados quantitativos. Conclui-se que os profissionais de saúde apresentam pouco domínio sobre seu processo de trabalho, cuja finalidade acaba sendo a mudança de comportamento e a perda de peso corporal, em vez de considerar as necessidades de saúde dos usuários e profissionais, produzindo, por vezes, insatisfação e desgaste com o trabalho.

ABSTRACT The goal of the article is to analyze the characteristics of the work processes in the Family Health Strategy directed to people with overweight and obesity in the city of São Paulo. Based on the theoretical framework of collective health about work processes, an exploratory study with a qualitative approach was developed. Eleven interviews were conducted with professionals from a basic health unit, in the east of the city of São Paulo, between July and August 2019. Starting with the thematic analysis, the article presents the results and discussion in three analytical categories: work object, work instruments and work organization. The care for people with overweight and obesity is mediated by the low investment in training health professionals on the subject, the lack of technical materials to support the work and the management model based on productivity and demand for quantitative results. It is concluded that health professionals have little control over their work process, whose purpose ends up being the change of behavior and the loss of body weight, instead of considering the health needs of users and professionals, sometimes producing dissatisfaction and weariness with work.

Shared Participatory Research Principles and Methodologies: Perspectives from the USA and Brazil-45 Years after Paulo Freire's "Pedagogy of the Oppressed".

The trajectory of participation in health research by community social actors worldwide has been built on a history of community participation from the Ottawa Charter Health Promotion call for community mobilization, to the emancipatory educational philosophy of Paulo Freire, to social movements and organizing for health and social justice. This paper builds on this history to expand our global knowledge about community participation in research through a dialogue between experiences and contexts in two prominent countries in this approach; the United States and Brazil. We first focus on differences in political and scientific contexts, financing, and academic perspectives and then present how, despite these differences, similarities exist in values and collaborative methodologies aimed at engaging community partners in democratizing science and knowledge construction. We present three case studies, one from the U.S. and two from Brazil, which illustrate similar multi-level processes using participatory research tools and Freirian dialogue to contribute to social mobilization, community empowerment, and the transformation of inequitable societal conditions. Despite different processes of evolution, we observed a convergence of participatory health research strategies and values that can transform science in our commitment to reduce health and social inequities and improve community wellbeing.

[Nutritional challenges in the Brazilian Unified National Health System for building the interface between health and food and nutritional security]. / Desafios da nutrição no Sistema Único de Saúde para construção da interface entre a saúde e a segurança alimentar e nutricional.

This article discusses the establishment of inter-sector action between health and food and nutritional security in Brazil from 2003 to 2010, when this issue was launched as a priority on the government's agenda. A qualitative study was developed according to constructivist epistemology, using key-informant interviews in the field's nationwide social oversight body. Advances and challenges in this process are addressed as analytical categories. The National Food and Nutrition Policy (PNAN) was mentioned as the link between the two fields, decentralized through a network with activity in the states and municipalities. However, the study found political, institutional, and operational obstacles to the effective implementation of the PNAN in the Brazilian Unified National Health System and consequently to a contribution to the advancement of Health and Food and Nutritional Security in the country. The predominance of the biomedical, curative, and high-complexity model was cited as the principal impediment, while health promotion policies like the PNAN were assigned secondary priority.

Possibilidades de atuação profissional em grupos educativos de alimentação e nutrição / Professional performance possibilities in educational food and nutrition groups / Posibilidades de actuación profesional en grupos educativos de alimentación y nutrición

Analisou-se a potencialidade do uso do grupo operativo (GO) em grupos de educação alimentar e nutricional a partir da atuação profissional. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo realizado na Atenção Básica (AB) com grupos de usuários portadores de doenças crônicas relacionadas à alimentação e nutrição. Efetuou-se observação por meio de filmagem em 15 encontros, após seleção, validação e transcrição de trechos representativos de ações da nutricionista nos vetores de avaliação do GO. As ações nos vetores de pertença e de tele convergiram para a formação do vínculo e da confiança grupal. As ações no vetor de comunicação se destacaram e influenciaram na cooperação, aprendizagem e pertinência. A atuação é dependente das habilidades do profissional, que ocorrem de acordo com o referencial metodológico adotado. A potencialidade consistiu-se na avaliação direta e sistematizada dos grupos e da análise da atuação profissional.(AU)

The potential of using operative group in food and nutrition education was analyzed based on professional performance. This qualitative study was conducted in primary care with groups of users with chronic diseases related to food and nutrition. A total of 15 meetings were observed and recorded. Parts of them representing professional work in the operative group's assessment vectors were selected, validated, and transcribed. The actions in the belonging and telé (empathy) vectors converged to build the group's bond and trust. The actions in the communication vector were highlighted and influenced cooperation, learning, and pertinence. Performance depends on the professional's skills, which occur according to the adopted methodological reference. The potential was constituted of direct and systematic assessment of groups and analysis of the professional performance.(AU)

Se analizó la potencialidad del uso del grupo operativo en grupos de educación de alimentación y nutrición, a partir de la actuación profesional. Este estudio cualitativo se realizó en la Atención Básica con grupos de usuarios portadores de enfermedades crónicas relacionadas a la alimentación y a la nutrición. Se efectuó la observación por medio de filmación de 15 encuentros, después de la selección, validación y transcripción de trechos representativos de acciones de la profesional en los vectores de evaluación del grupo operativo. Las acciones en los vectores de pertenencia y de tele convergieron para la formación del vínculo y de la confianza grupal. Las acciones en el vector de comunicación se destacaron y mostraron la influencia en la cooperación en el aprendizaje y en la pertinencia. La actuación depende de las habilidades del profesional que ocurren de acuerdo con la referencia metodológica adoptada. La potencialidad consistió en la evaluación directa y sistematizada de los grupos y del análisis de la actuación profesional.(AU)

[Community vegetable gardens as a health promotion activity: an experience in Primary Healthcare Units]. / Hortas comunitárias como atividade promotora de saúde: uma experiência em Unidades Básicas de Saúde.

Urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) is being practiced in different settings, contributing to the improvement of health in communities and healthier environments. In order to identify the meanings and implications of the practice of UPA in Primary Healthcare Units (PHU) as an activity of health promotion (HP), and to what extent its therapeutic dimension characterizes it as an activity aligned with complementary and integrative practices (CIP), a qualitative cross-sectional study was performed in Embu das Artes, State of São Paulo. From the analysis, the following main themes arose: health concept, health outcomes, the return to traditional practices and habits and the reorientation of health services. It was possible to identify the close link between the cultivation of vegetable gardens and HP guidelines and fields of action, such as creating healthier environments, boosting community actions, developing personal skills, stimulating autonomy and empowerment and demands for the reorientation of services. The garden activities, set up in PHU areas, proved to be an implementation strategy of CIP. The conclusion reached is that vegetable gardening activities in community gardens are seen to be health promotion practices that integrate key elements of CIP.

[Childbirth as I see it . . . or the way I wish it was? Expectations of pregnant women towards childbirth and obstetric care in the public health care system]. / O parto como eu vejo. ou como eu o desejo?: expectativas de gestantes, usuárias do SUS, acerca do parto e da assistência obstétrica.

Explanations for increased cesarean section rates in Brazil have focused on the organization of obstetric care, training of health professionals, and women's demand for surgical deliveries. This study aimed to identify pregnant women's expectations towards childbirth. Three focus groups were conducted in a public hospital in the city of São Paulo. Analytical categories were: vaginal birth, forceps, c-section, prenatal care, and obstetric care. The desire for c-sections was associated with a demand for tubal ligation, and although women feared labor pains, they were more afraid of how the obstetric team might react to their complaints. Lack of information on reproductive issues was associated with a demand for more information. There was a preference for vaginal births, since most women feared c-sections due to risks associated with this surgical intervention. The authors propose that the demand for cesareans among women should be reconsidered as one of the main factors in the rise in surgical deliveries in the Brazilian health care system.

[Health promotion evaluation: focus on "healthy cities"]. / Avaliação em promoção da saúde: foco no "município saudável".

Since the Healthy City movement is a health promotion strategy, an update study was carried out to put into context the health promotion evaluation debate stressing the principles to be considered in an evaluation initiative and in the problematic of Health Cities projects. A literature review of "Healthy Cities" was conducted. A typology based on of Healthy Cities papers found in MEDLINE, LILACS and published in the "Health Promotion International" between 1985 and 2000 was proposed taking into consideration the main focus of each paper. Articles on evaluation were analyzed in more details according to stressing methods, research tools, indicators, study results, and critical appraisal of their models. Finally, it is highlighted initiatives that would come close to the principles of "Health Promotion" and adopt evaluation as a tool for building up capabilities and the empowerment of community groups involved with Healthy Cities initiatives.

[Public water supply fluoridation in Brazil according to health sector leaders]. / Fluoretação das águas de abastecimento público no Brasil: o olhar de lideranças de saúde.

Various groups have opposed water supply fluoridation in Brazil, while others have supported the measure based on scientific evidence. This article describes the perceptions of delegates to the 13th National Health Conference on mandatory fluoridation of the country's public water supply. Interviews were processed using collective subject discourse analysis. A certain degree of misinformation persists regarding basic characteristics of water fluoridation, which is frequently confused with chlorination. The delegates' discourses showed a continuing need for public awareness-raising regarding fluoridation and the delegates' desire that the National Congress not take measures impacting public health without consulting society's stakeholders. However, most of the interviewees agreed that to repeal mandatory water fluoridation or loosen the control of its implementation could increase the incidence of tooth decay in the population.

School feeding programs' role in forming eating habits.

OBJECTIVE To identify teaching managers' perceptions regarding the relationship of school feeding and the promotion of healthy eating habits among students. METHODS A descriptive study with a qualitative approach was developed in the city of Guarulhos (Southeast Brazil). Key informants from municipal public schools were interviewed. Public schools were selected (n=13) and classified as to the level of social exclusion, size and economic activity of the region where the school was located. Pedagogic coordinators and school principals were individually interviewed with semi-structured questions. RESULTS From school principals and pedagogical coordinators' perceptions, three categories were identified: Food in the school context; School feeding program's role and the Concept of food and nutrition security, which indicate that they considered meals as part of school routine in order to attain physiological needs of energy and nutrients. Their answers also indicated that they did not consider school meals as a pedagogical action related to their specific responsibilities. CONCLUSIONS The relationship between the school feeding and the formation of eating habits is not a topic usually discussed between the different professionals involved with health and education. The implementation of health promoting policies will only be possible after a debate about how schools and their pedagogical team adopt the program guidelines and how the professionals decode these strategies in daily activities.

Participação social, planejamento urbano e promoção da saúde em Campo Grande (MS) / Social participation, urban planning, and the promotion of health in Campo Grande (State of Mato Grosso do Sul) / Participación social, planificación urbana y promoción de la salud en Campo Grande (Estado del Mato Grosso do Sul)

Resumo A pesquisa apresentada neste artigo buscou conhecer a participação social em uma iniciativa da promoção da saúde desenvolvida em Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul. Tratou-se de pesquisa desenvolvida em 2009 com abordagem qualitativa, em que foram realizados análise documental, entrevistas (com gestores e técnicos), grupos focais (com conselheiros regionais) e análise de conteúdo com triangulação dos dados. A percepção quanto à participação social não se restringiu à experiência, pois destacaram-se a institucionalização de canais de participação no município e os conselhos regionais urbanos, considerados como avanço nos processos democráticos, propulsores de maior envolvimento dos conselheiros nas decisões do planejamento urbano. Porém, barreiras ao exercício democrático foram ressaltadas: necessidade de formação política de conselheiros, fragilidade de presença da população nas instâncias participativas, dificuldade de articulação com o legislativo, falta de conhecimento e acesso à informação, dificuldades na atuação como conselheiro e descrença no processo participativo, causando evasão de lideranças. Observaram-se o fortalecimento desses espaços colegiados e a união das lideranças nos bairros em torno de objetivos comuns, com a formação de uma espiral crescente de participação, estimulada por uma rede de apoio comunitário.

Abstract The study presented in this article aimed to analyze social participation in a health promotion initiative carried out in the city of Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. This survey was conducted in 2009 based on a qualitative approach involving document analysis, interviews (with managers and technicians), focus groups (regional directors), and content analysis with data triangulation. The views on social participation were not restricted to the experience, since the institutionalization of participation channels in the city and regional urban boards stood out, and they are seen as progress made in the democratic processes and as drivers of the greater involvement of the members of the board in urban planning decisions. However, barriers to democratic exercise were highlighted: The need for training in policy for advisers, the fragility of the population's presence in participatory instances, difficulty in coordinating with the legislative, a lack of knowledge and access to information, difficulties in acting as an adviser, and disbelief in the participatory process, which causes the evasion of leaderships. It was noticed that these collegiate spaces were strengthened and that the leaders in the neighborhoods came around common objectives, forming a growing spiral of participation driven by a network of community support.

Resumen La investigación presentada en este artículo buscó conocer la participación social en una iniciativa de la promoción de la salud desarrollada en Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Se trató de una investigación realizada en 2009 con enfoque cualitativo, en que se realizaron análisis documental, entrevistas (con gestores y técnicos) y grupos focales (con consejeros regionales), y análisis de contenido con triangulación de los datos. La percepción en cuanto a la participación social no se restringió a la experiencia, pues se destacaron la institucionalización de canales de participación en el municipio y los consejos regionales urbanos, considerados como avance en los procesos democráticos, propulsores de mayor participación de los consejeros en las decisiones de la planificación urbana. No obstante, se destacaron barreras al ejercicio democrático: necesidad de formación política de consejeros, fragilidad de presencia de la población en las instancias participativas, dificultad de articulación con el poder legislativo, falta de conocimiento y acceso a la información, dificultades en la actuación como consejero y descrédito en el proceso participativo, causando evasión de líderes. Se observaron el fortalecimiento de estos espacios colegiados y la unión de los líderes en los barrios en torno a objetivos comunes, con la formación de una espiral creciente de participación, estimulada por una red de apoyo comunitario.