Value of cerebrospinal fluid lactate for the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis in postoperative neurosurgical patients.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the diagnostic value of CSF lactate (L(CSF)) for the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis (BM) following neurosurgery, and compare it with other CSF markers. METHODS: Prospective study of consecutive neurosurgical postoperative patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) at Maciel Hospital. Patients with clinical suspicion of BM were categorised, according to preset criteria, into 3 groups: (1) proven BM; (2) probable BM, and (3) excluded BM. CSF markers were plotted in a receiver operating curve (ROC) to evaluate their diagnostic accuracy. RESULTS: The study included 158 patients. We obtained 46 CSF samples from patients with clinical suspicion of BM by lumbar puncture (LP): 10 corresponded to proven BM, 4 to probable BM and 32 to excluded BM. Mean lactate in CSF (L(CSF)) was: 10.72±4.68mM for proven BM, 6.07±0.66mM for probable BM and 3.06±1.11mM for excluded BM (P<.001 for proven BM and probable BM vs excluded BM; P=NS for proven BM vs probable BM). L(CSF) displayed a better diagnostic accuracy for BM in the 2 scenarios studied: (1) positive bacterial CSF culture or Gram stain as positive control (gold standard) (sensitivity: 87%, specificity: 94%, cut-off value: 5.9mM), and (2) combination of proven BM and probable BM as positive control (sensitivity: 92%, specificity: 100%, cut-off value: 5.2mM). CONCLUSIONS: According to our results, determination of L(CSF) is a quick, sensitive and specific test to identify the need for antimicrobial therapy in neurosurgical postoperative patients with clinical suspicion of BM.

[Updated acute community-acquired pneumonia in adults: Guidelines for initial antimicrobial therapy based on local evidence from the South American Working Group (ConsenSur II)]. / Neumonía aguda adquirida en la comunidad en adultos: Actualización de los lineamientos para el tratamiento antimicrobiano inicial basado en la evidencia local del Grupo de Trabajo de Sudamérica (ConsenSur II).

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in adults is probably one of the infections affecting ambulatory patients for which the highest diversity of guidelines has been written worldwide. Most of them agree in that antimicrobial therapy should be initially tailored according to either the severity of the infection or the presence of comorbidities and the etiologic pathogen. Nevertheless, a great variability may be noted among the different countries in the selection of the primary choice in the antimicrobial agents, even for the cases considered as at a low-risk class. This fact may be due to the many microbial causes of CAP and specialties involved, as well as the different health-care systems effecting on the availability or cost of antibiotics. However, many countries or regions adopt some of the guidelines or design their own recommendations regardless of the local data, probably because of the scarcity of such data. This is the reason why we have developed a guideline for the initial treatment of CAP by 2002 upon the basis of several local evidences in South América (ConsenSur I). However, several issues deserve to be currently rediscussed as follows: certain clinical scores other than the Physiological Severity índex (PSI) have become more popular in clinical practice (i.e. CURB-65, CRB-65); some pathogens have emerged in the región, such as community-acquired methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) and Legionella spp; new evidences on the performance of the rapid test for the etiologic diagnosis in CAP have been reported (eg. urinary Legionella andpneumococcus antigens); new therapeutic considerations needs to be approached (i.e. dosage reformulation, duration of treatment, emergence of novel antibiotics and clinical impact of combined therapy). Like in the first versión of the ConsenSur (ConsenSur I), the various current guidelines have helped to organize and stratify the present proposal, ConsenSur II.

Community strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus as potential cause of healthcare-associated infections, Uruguay, 2002-2004.

Community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) strains have emerged in Uruguay. We reviewed Staphylococcus aureus isolates from a large healthcare facility in Montevideo (center A) and obtained information from 3 additional hospitals on patients infected with CA-MRSA. An infection was defined as healthcare-onset if the culture was obtained >48 hours after hospital admission. At center A, the proportion of S. aureus infections caused by CA-MRSA increased from 4% to 23% over 2 years; the proportion caused by healthcare-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA) decreased from 25% to 5%. Of 182 patients infected with CA-MRSA, 38 (21%) had healthcare-onset infections. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis determined that 22 (92%) of 24 isolates were USA1100, a community strain. CA-MRSA has emerged in Uruguay and appears to have replaced HA-MRSA strains at 1 healthcare facility. In addition, CA-MRSA appears to cause healthcare-onset infections, a finding that emphasizes the need for infection control measures to prevent transmission within healthcare settings.

Incidence rate of community-acquired pneumonia in adults: a population-based prospective active surveillance study in three cities in South America.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence rate and mortality of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in adults in three cities in Latin America during a 3-year period. DESIGN: Prospective population-based surveillance study. SETTING: Healthcare facilities (outpatient centres and hospitals) in the cities of General Roca (Argentina), Rivera (Uruguay) and Concepción (Paraguay). PARTICIPANTS: 2302 adults aged 18 years and older with CAP were prospectively enrolled between January 2012 and March 2015. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incidence rates of CAP in adults, predisposing conditions for disease, mortality at 14 days and at 1 year were estimated. Incidence rate of CAP, within each age group, was calculated by dividing the number of cases by the person-years of disease-free exposure time based on the last census; incidence rates were expressed per 1000 person-years. RESULTS: Median age of participants was 66 years, 46.44% were men, 68% were hospitalised. Annual incidence rate was 7.03 (95% CI 6.64 to 7.44) per 1000 person-years in General Roca, 6.33 (95% CI 5.92 to 6.78) per 1000 person-years in Rivera and 1.76 (95% CI 1.55 to 2.00) per 1000 person-years in Concepción. Incidence rates were highest in participants aged over 65 years. 82.4% had at least one predisposing condition and 48% had two or more (multimorbidity). Chronic heart disease (43.6%) and smoking (37.3%) were the most common risk factors. 14-day mortality rate was 12.1% and 1-year mortality was 24.9%. Multimorbidity was associated with an increased risk of death at 14 days (OR 2.91; 95% CI 2.23 to 3.80) and at 1 year (OR 3.00; 95% CI 2.44 to 3.70). CONCLUSIONS: We found a high incidence rate of CAP in adults, ranging from 1.76 to 7.03 per 1000 person-years, in three cities in South America, disclosing the high burden of disease in the region. Efforts to improve prevention strategies are needed.

Homicidios intencionales en la salud. Un tema huérfano de la seguridad asistencial / Intentional homicides in health. An ignored topic in healthcare security / Homicídios dolosos em saúde. Uma questão órfã de segurança de saúde

Resumen: Los homicidios intencionales cometidos por los trabajadores sanitarios durante el desempeño de sus tareas son eventos muy poco frecuentes. Su importancia reside en que a través de su análisis se exponen las debilidades estructurales y funcionales de los sistemas de salud. Sus efectos nocivos no se limitan a las víctimas y sus familias, sino que resulta dañada la confiabilidad del sistema sanitario en su conjunto. El presente artículo resume las características de estos ataques, haciendo énfasis en las estrategias de la seguridad asistencial que pueden interceptar a los ofensores.

Abstract: Intentional homicides committed by health workers in the course of their duties are very rare events. Its importance resides in the fact that the structural and functional weaknesses of health systems are exposed through its analysis. Moreover, their harmful effects are not limited to the victims and their families, since the reliability of the health system as a whole is damaged. This article summarizes the characteristics of these attacks, emphasizing the strategies of healthcare security that can intercept offenders.

Resumo: Homicídios dolosos cometidos por profissionais de saúde no exercício de suas funções são eventos muito raros. A sua importância reside no fato de, através da sua análise, expor as fragilidades estruturais e funcionais dos sistemas de saúde. Seus efeitos nocivos não se limitam às vítimas e suas famílias, e faz com que a confiabilidade no sistema de saúde como um todo fique prejudicada. Este artigo resume as características desses ataques, enfatizando as estratégias de segurança da saúde que podem interceptar os infratores.

Acute community-acquired pneumonia in adults: guidelines for initial antimicrobial therapy based on local evidence from a South American Working Group (ConsenSur).

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is probably one of the infections affecting ambulatory patients for which the most diverse guidelines have been written worldwide. Most guidelines agree that antimicrobial therapy should be initially tailored according to either the severity of the infection or the presence of co-morbidity and epidemiology. Nevertheless, a great variability may be noted among different countries in the selection of first choice antimicrobial agents, even for cases considered as low-risk. This may be due to the many microbial causes of CAP and specialties involved, as well as different healthcare systems which affect the availability or cost of antibiotics. However, many countries or regions adopt some of the guidelines or design their own recommendations, regardless of the local data, probably because of the scarcity of such data. A committee composed of South American infectious diseases specialists and microbiologists, with strong interest and recognized experience in CAP, were convened to establish a working group (ConsenSur) for designing a local evidence-based practice guideline for the initial management of CAP. This supplement is intended to give a practice recommendation for the initial antimicrobial treatment of CAP upon the basis of local evidence, in the hope of procuring a suitable tool for use by the different health-care providers concerned with the management of this infection in South America or in other countries where the main considerations for CAP are comparable.

Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with 2009 influenza A(H1N1) virus infection with respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation.

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of critically ill patients with 2009 influenza A(H1N1). METHODS: An observational study of patients with confirmed or probable 2009 influenza A(H1N1) and respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation was performed. RESULTS: We studied 96 patients (mean age, 45 [14] years [mean, SD]; 44% female). Shock and acute respiratory distress syndrome were diagnosed during the first 72 hours of admission in 43% and 72% of patients, respectively. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation was used in 45% of the patients, but failed in 77% of them. Bacterial pneumonia was diagnosed in 33% of cases, 8% during the first week (due to community-acquired microorganisms) and 25% after the first week (due to gram-negative bacilli and resistant gram-positive cocci). Intensive care unit mortality was 50%. Nonsurvivors differed from survivors in the prevalence of cardiovascular, respiratory, and hematologic failure on admission and late pneumonia. Reported causes of death were refractory hypoxia, multiorgan failure, and shock (50%, 38%, and 12% of all causes of death, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with 2009 influenza A(H1N1) and respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation often present with clinical criteria of acute respiratory distress syndrome and shock. Bacterial pneumonia is a frequent complication. Mortality is high and is primarily due to refractory hypoxia.

[Prognostic value of lactate clearance in the first 6 hours of intensive medicine course]. / Valor pronóstico del aclaramiento de lactato en las primeras 6 h de evolución en medicina intensiva.

OBJECTIVE: Analyze the clinical usefulness of lactate clearance (CL6) immediately after admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) in the first 6 hours. SETTING: Surgical-ICU. Centro de Asistencia del Síndicato Médico of Uruguay. DESIGN: Prospective, analytic and observational study performed between December 1, 2004 and March 31, 2006 in patients over 18 years whose arterial lactate level is higher than 2 mEq/l on admission to the ICU. Lactate clearance (CL6) was defined as the quotient between admissions (L0) minus the six hour lactate level (L6) divided by the admission lactate level. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative prognostic value for different CL6 cutoff were analyzed. The optimal CL6 was considered as the cutoff with the highest sum of sensitivity plus specificity. RESULTS: One hundred and eight patients were included; 64 patients died (mortality intra-ICU 59.3%). ICU mortality related variables, identified by Cox regression analysis, were CL6 (HR=0.458; CI 95%, 0.239-0.876), L0 (HR=1.16; CI 95%, 1.033-1.303) and SAPSII (HR=1.019; CI 95%, 1.006-1.034). A CL6 equal to or lower than 0.4 was considered as optimal cutoff with a positive prognostic value of 74% and negative prognostic value of 61%. It was also associated with lower survival adjusted by the SAPSII value and L0. CONCLUSIONS: In critically ill surgical patients, whose CL6 on admission was over 2 mEq/l, lactate clearance in the first six hours could be useful to predict the ICU outcome.

Sepsis posesplenectomía: síndrome deAustrian como forma de presentación / Post-splenectomy sepsis: Austrian syndrome as an onset

Los pacientes esplenectomizados poseen un riesgo aumentado de sufrir infecciones invasivas por microorganismos encapsulados comoStreptococcus pneumoniae. La asociación de neumonía, meningitis y endocarditis causada por Streptococcus pneumoniae constituye un cuadro muy poco frecuente en la actualidad conocido como síndrome de Austrian.Ambas representan entidades extremadamente graves y con elevada mortalidad. El diagnóstico precoz y comienzo inmediato del tratamiento intensivo y multidisciplinario son factores claves para el pronóstico de los pacientes. Presentamos un caso de enfermedad neumocóccica invasiva en un pacienteesplenectomizado, discutiendo algunos de los aspectos más importantes para la prevención y el tratamiento de estoscuadros.

Patients who underwent splenectomy have an increased risk of suffering invasive infections due to capsular microorganisms such as Streptococcus pneumoniae. The combination of pneumonia, meningitis and endocarditis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae constitute an unusual clinical condition currently known as Austrian syndrome. Both con di tions are ex tre mely serious and account for high mortality rates. Early diagnosis and immediate initiation of intensive and multidisciplinary treatment are key elements for the patientsÆ prognosis.The study presents a case of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in a patient with splenectomy, discussing the most important aspects in terms of prevention and treatment of this clinical conditions.

Os pacientes esplenectomizados apresentam um risco maior de sofrer infecciones invasivas por microrganismos encapsulados comoStreptococcus pneumoniae. A associaçao de pneumonia, meningite e endocardite causa da por Streptococcus pneumoniae constitue um quadro pouco frequente conhecido atualmente como síndrome de Aus trian. Ambas representam entidades extremadamente graves e com elevada mortalidade. Odiagnóstico precoce e o começo imediato do tratamento intensivo e multiprofissional sao fatores fundamentais para o prognóstico dos pacientes. Apresentamos um caso de doença pneumocócica invasiva em um paciente esplenectomizado, discutindo alguns dos aspectos mais importantes para a prevenção e o tratamento destesquadros.

Intoxicación grave por bloqueadoresde los canales de calcio / Calcium channel blockers severe poisoning

La intoxicación por bloqueadores de los canales de calcio puede dar lugar a un cuadro extremadamente grave. Presentamos el caso de un paciente con intoxicación severa por diltiazemque desarrolló un profundo estado de shock y disfunción multiorgánica. La inestabilidad hemodinámica puede serrefractaria a las medidas terapéuticas habituales, requiriendo la implementación de tratamientos coadyuvantes para sostener las funciones vitales. Analizamos la presentación clínica y fisiopatología de la intoxicación por calcio antagonistas.Finalmente, presentamos las alternativas terapéuticas en base a la evidencia actual.

Calcium channel blockers poisoning can result in a severe condition. The study presents the case of a patient suffering from severe poisoning caused by diltiazem who developed a deep shock and multiple organ dysfunction. Hemodynamics instability may be refractory to the usual therapeutic measures, requiring the implementationof adjuvant therapy to support vital functions. The study examines the clinical presentation and pathophysiology of calcium channel blockers. Last, the therapeutic alternatives are presented based on current evidence.

A intoxicação por bloqueadores dos canais de cálcio pode causar um quadro extremadamente grave. Apresentamos o caso de um paciente com intoxicação severapor diltiazem que evoluiu a estado de choque profundo e disfunção multiorgânica. A instabilidade hemodinâmica pode ser refratária às medidas terapêuticas habituais,sendo necessário implementar tratamentos coadjuvantes para manter as funções vitais. Analisamos aapresentação clínica e a fisiopatologia da intoxicação por cálcio antagonistas. Finalmente, apresentamos asalternativas terapêuticas considerando as evidencias disponíveis atualmente.

Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Uruguay.

A novel, methicillin-resistant [corrected] Staphylococcus aureus clone (Uruguay clone) with a non-multidrug-resistant phenotype caused a large outbreak, including 7 deaths, in Montevideo, Uruguay. The clone was distinct from the highly virulent community clone represented by strain MW2, although both clones carried Panton-Valentine leukocidin gene and cna gene.

Neumonía aguda adquirida en la comunidad en adultos: actualización de los lineamientos para el tratamiento antimicrobiano inicial basado en la evidencia local del Grupo de Trabajo de Sudamérica (ConsenSur II) / Updated acute community-acquired pneumonia in adults: guidelines for initial antimicrobial therapy based on local evidence from the South American Working Group (ConsenSur II)

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in adults is probably one of the infections affecting ambulatory patients for which the highest diversity of guidelines has been written worldwide. Most of them agree in that antimicrobial therapy should be initially tailored according to either the severity of the infection or the presence of comorbidities and the etiologic pathogen. Nevertheless, a great variability may be noted among the different countries in the selection of the primary choice in the antimicrobial agents, even for the cases considered as at a low-risk class. This fact may be due to the many microbial causes of CAP and specialties involved, as well as the different health-care systems effecting on the availability or cost of antibiotics. However, many countries or regions adopt some of the guidelines or design their own recommendations regardless of the local data, probably because of the scarcity of such data. This is the reason why we have developed a guideline for the initial treatment of CAP by 2002 upon the basis of several local evidences in South América (ConsenSur I). However, several issues deserve to be currently rediscussed as follows: certain clinical scores other than the Physiological Severity índex (PSI) have become more popular in clinical practice (i.e. CURB-65, CRB-65); some pathogens have emerged in the región, such as community-acquired methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) and Legionella spp; new evidences on the performance of the rapid test for the etiologic diagnosis in CAP have been reported (eg. urinary Legionella andpneumococcus antigens); new therapeutic considerations needs to be approached (i.e. dosage reformulation, duration of treatment, emergence of novel antibiotics and clinical impact of combined therapy). Like in the first versión of the ConsenSur (ConsenSur I), the various current guidelines have helped to organize and stratify the present proposal, ConsenSur II.

La neumonía adquirida por adultos en la comunidad (NAC) es, probablemente, una de las infecciones que afecta a los pacientes ambulatorios para la cual se ha escrito la mayor diversidad de lineamientos en todo el mundo. La mayoría de ellos concuerdan en que el tratamiento antimicrobiano debe ser ajustado inicialmente de acuerdo con la gravedad de la infección o con la presencia de co-morbilidades y el patógeno etiológico. Aun así, se puede notar una gran variabilidad entre los diferentes países en la selección de la elección primaria de los agentes antimicrobianos, incluso en los casos considerados como de bajo riesgo. Este hecho puede deberse a las múltiples causas microbianas de la NAC y las especialidades médicas involucradas, como así también los diferentes sistemas de asistencia de salud que afectan la disponibilidad o el costo de los antimicrobianos. No obstante, muchos países o regiones adoptan alguno de los lineamientos o diseñan sus propias recomendaciones independientemente de los datos locales, probablemente debido a la escasez de dichos datos. Por esta razón desarrollamos lineamientos para el tratamiento inicial de la NAC hacia el año 2002, sobre la base de varias evidencias locales en Sudamérica (ConsenSur I). Sin embargo, varios temas merecen discutirse nuevamente como sigue: ciertos puntajes clínicos además del índice Fisiológico de Severidad (IFS) se hicieron más populares en la práctica clínica (por ej. CURB-65, CRB-65); emergieron algunos patógenos en la región, tal como Staphylococcus aureus resistente adquirido en la comunidad (SAMR-AC) y Legionella spp; se reportaron nuevas evidencias sobre el desempeño de la prueba rápida para el diagnóstico etiológico de NAC (por ejemplo, Legionella urinaria y antígenos de Streptococcus pneumoniae); deben abordarse nuevas consideraciones terapéuticas (por ej.: reformulación de la dosis, duración del tratamiento, emergencia de antimicrobianos nuevos e impacto clínico del tratamiento...

Estudio sobre diarrea en una unidad de cuidados intensivos quirúrgica / Diarrhea in an Intensive Care Unit

Introducción: la diarrea frecuentemente complica la evolución de los pacientes críticos, siendo la complicación gastrointestinal no hemorr gica m s común. Su relativa alta incidencia y sus numerosos efectos adversos resaltan su importancia en la evolución de este tipo de pacientes. Objetivos: investigación prospectiva del impacto de la diarrea y sus factores determinantes en una unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) de orientación quirúrgica. Material y método: se estudiaron 78 pacientes admitidos consecutivamente, por m s de 48 horas, en los que se investigó el desarrollo de diarrea. Se definió diarrea como la expulsión de tres o m s deposiciones líquidas en 24 horas. Se realizaron estudios bacteriológicos en muestras de orina, sangre y heces. La determinación de la toxina A de Clostridium difficile (CD) en heces se realizó mediante test de aglutinación en l tex y ELISA. Resultados: desarrollaron diarrea 32 de 78 pacientes (41 por ciento), con una duración promedio de 6 + 4 días. La diarrea se correlacionó con la gravedad al ingreso (SAPS II = 30) y con la estadía en la UCI mayor a 15 días (p=0,02 y p=0,04 respectivamente), al igual que con el diagnóstico de sepsis (p=0,01). También se halló correlación significativa con la positividad del urocultivo (p=0,01). La citotoxina C de CD fue detectada en 26 por ciento de los pacientes en que se estudió. Conclusiones: la diarrea es un evento común en nuestra UCI, con una incidencia de 41 por ciento. La gravedad al ingreso y la prolongación de la estadía se asocian significativamente con ella. El diagnóstico de sepsis también tuvo una fuerte asociación, pudiendo indicar al intestino como blanco de la disfunción org nica múltiple. CD es un hallazgo de relativa frecuencia en nuestra UCI, present ndose a veces en microepidemias.

Programa de vacunación de grupos de riesgo: Fondo Nacional de Recursos, Uruguay - 2004 / At risk groups vaccination programme: Resource National Fund, Uruguay - 2004

El Fondo Nacional de Recursos de Uruguay financia actos de Medicina Altamente Especializada. En el 2004, agregó a los Programas de prevención secundaria la prevención con vacunas contra influenza y neumococo, justificado por las recomendaciones existentes por ser pacientes con factores de riesgo y debido a que la estrategia logra beneficios y efectividad frente a su costo. El objetivo del trabajo fue lograr el mayor porcentaje de vacunación en los pacientes asistidos en determinados actos y en determinados centros, que por patología o por la edad cumplieron con la recomendación de vacunación. La estrategia que se utilizó en la metodología fue clínica y de acciones individuales. La vacunación se realizó bajo protocolo, todo el año contra neumococo y durante dos meses la vacunación antigripal, la que se complementó con una encuesta no aleatoria, representativa en número para conocer la adhesión. El FNR financió 15.581 actos en 2004. Los actos elegidos para el Programa de Vacunación fueron Hemodinamia, Marcapasos, Artroplastia y Diálisis Crónica. La muestra de los 42 centros seleccionados fue de 6.945, se consultó a 5.576 pacientes (80.3%) y se vacunaron contra neumococo 2.644 (38.1%). Los pacientes en Diálisis Crónica fueron los que mejor adhirieron al programa, 1.116 de 2.150 (51.9%). La cobertura vacunal superó el 30%, con diferencias entre los procedimientos. Existen dificultades en la vacunación de los adultos para desarrollar una estrategia de prevención secundaria en población de riesgo, que podría mejorar con la colaboración del equipo de salud como estimulador de la misma

Hemorragia subaracnoidea en la unidad de cuidados intensivos: análisis de 97 casos clínicos / Subarachnoid hemorrhage in an Intensive Care Unit: analysis of 97 cases

El presente trabajo consiste en un análisis retrospectivo de la evolución en la unidad de cuidados intensivos del Hospital Maciel de 97 pacientes admitidos con diagnóstico de hemorragia subaracnoidea, en un plazo de dos años y medio. Se estudiaron las características clínicas y paraclínicas de los pacientes, el tratamiento quirúrgico, las complicaciones y la situación al egreso de la unidad. El grado clínico al ingreso según la escala de Hunt y Hess, el valor de coma de Glasgow y el score de gravedad SAPS II mostraron ser factores pronósticos. Se intervinieron quirúrgicamente 53 por ciento de los pacientes, los que tuvieron una mortalidad significativamente mayor que los no operados. Dentro de las complicaciones, la hipotensión arterial y la hipertensión endocraneana se correlacionaron en forma significativa con la mortalidad