Niche- and Gender-Dependent Immune Reactions in Relation to the Microbiota Profile in Pediatric Patients with Otitis Media with Effusion.

Otitis media with effusion (OME) is a common inflammatory disease that primarily affects children. OME is defined as a chronic low-grade inflammation of the middle ear (ME), without any signs of infection and with effusion persisting in the ME for more than 3 months. The precise pathogenesis is, however, not fully understood. Here, we comprehensively characterized and compared the host immune responses (inflammatory cells and mediators) and the overall microbial community composition (microbiota) present in matched middle ear effusion (MEE) samples, external ear canal (EEC) lavages, and nasopharynx (NPH) samples from children with OME. Female patients had significantly increased percentages of T lymphocytes and higher levels of a wide array of inflammatory mediators in their MEE compared to that of male patients, which were unrelated to microbiota composition. The relative abundances of identified microorganisms were strongly associated with their niche of origin. Furthermore, specific inflammatory mediators were highly correlated with certain bacterial species. Interestingly, some organisms displayed a niche-driven inflammation pattern in which presence of Haemophilus spp. and Corynebacterium propinquum in MEE was accompanied by proinflammatory mediators, whereas their presence in NPH was accompanied by anti-inflammatory mediators. For Turicella and Alloiococcus, we found exactly the opposite results, i.e., an anti-inflammatory profile when present in MEE, whereas their presence in the the NPH was accompanied by a proinflammatory profile. Together, our results indicate that immune responses in children with OME are highly niche- and microbiota-driven, but gender-based differences were also observed, providing novel insight into potential pathogenic mechanisms behind OME.

Alternative promoters and splicing create multiple functionally distinct isoforms of oestrogen receptor alpha in breast cancer and healthy tissues.

BACKGROUND: Oestrogen receptor alpha (ER) is involved in cell growth and proliferation and functions as a transcription factor, a transcriptional coregulator, and in cytoplasmic signalling. It affects, for example, bone, endometrium, ovaries and mammary epithelium. It is a key biomarker in clinical management of breast cancer, where it is used as a prognostic and treatment-predictive factor, and a therapeutical target. Several ER isoforms have been described, but transcript annotation in public databases is incomplete and inconsistent, and functional differences are not well understood. METHODS: We have analysed short- and long-read RNA sequencing data from breast tumours, breast cancer cell lines, and normal tissues to create a comprehensive annotation of ER transcripts and combined it with experimental studies of full-length protein and six alternative isoforms. RESULTS: The isoforms have varying transcription factor activity, subcellular localisation, and response to the ER-targeting drugs tamoxifen and fulvestrant. Antibodies differ in ability to detect alternative isoforms, which raises concerns for the interpretation of ER-status in routine pathology. CONCLUSIONS: Future work should investigate the effects of alternative isoforms on patient survival and therapy response. An accurate annotation of ER isoforms will aid in interpretation of clinical data and inform functional studies to improve our understanding of the ER in health and disease.

Mother-to-infant microbiota transmission and infant microbiota development across multiple body sites.

Early-life microbiota seeding and subsequent development is crucial to future health. Cesarean-section (CS) birth, as opposed to vaginal delivery, affects early mother-to-infant transmission of microbes. Here, we assess mother-to-infant microbiota seeding and early-life microbiota development across six maternal and four infant niches over the first 30 days of life in 120 mother-infant pairs. Across all infants, we estimate that on average 58.5% of the infant microbiota composition can be attributed to any of the maternal source communities. All maternal source communities seed multiple infant niches. We identify shared and niche-specific host/environmental factors shaping the infant microbiota. In CS-born infants, we report reduced seeding of infant fecal microbiota by maternal fecal microbes, whereas colonization with breastmilk microbiota is increased when compared with vaginally born infants. Therefore, our data suggest auxiliary routes of mother-to-infant microbial seeding, which may compensate for one another, ensuring that essential microbes/microbial functions are transferred irrespective of disrupted transmission routes.

Bacterial and fungal communities in tracheal aspirates of intubated COVID-19 patients: a pilot study.

Co-infections with bacterial or fungal pathogens could be associated with severity and outcome of disease in COVID-19 patients. We, therefore, used a 16S and ITS-based sequencing approach to assess the biomass and composition of the bacterial and fungal communities in endotracheal aspirates of intubated COVID-19 patients. Our method combines information on bacterial and fungal biomass with community profiling, anticipating the likelihood of a co-infection is higher with (1) a high bacterial and/or fungal biomass combined with (2) predominance of potentially pathogenic microorganisms. We tested our methods on 42 samples from 30 patients. We observed a clear association between microbial outgrowth (high biomass) and predominance of individual microbial species. Outgrowth of pathogens was in line with the selective pressure of antibiotics received by the patient. We conclude that our approach may help to monitor the presence and predominance of pathogens and therefore the likelihood of co-infections in ventilated patients, which ultimately, may help to guide treatment.

The effect of live attenuated influenza vaccine on pneumococcal colonisation densities among children aged 24-59 months in The Gambia: a phase 4, open label, randomised, controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Influenza and other respiratory viruses promote Streptococcus pneumoniae proliferation in the upper respiratory tract. We sought to investigate for what we believe is the first time, the effect of intranasal live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) on nasopharyngeal S pneumoniae density in a low-income to middle-income country population with high pneumococcal carriage rates. METHODS: In an open-label, randomised, controlled trial in The Gambia, 330 healthy children aged 24-59 months were randomly assigned 2:1 to receive one trivalent LAIV dose at enrolment (day 0, intervention) or at the end of active follow-up (day 21, control). The investigator team were initially masked to block size and randomisation sequence to avoid allocation bias. Group allocation was later revealed to the investigator team. The primary outcome was PCR-quantified day 7 and 21 pneumococcal density. Asymptomatic respiratory viral infection at baseline and LAIV strain shedding were included as covariates in generalised mixed-effects models, to assess the effect of LAIV and other variables on pneumococcal densities. The study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02972957, and is closed to recruitment. FINDINGS: Between Feb 8 and April 12, 2017, and Jan 15 and March 28, 2018, of 343 children assessed for eligibility, 213 in the intervention group and 108 in the control group completed the study and were included in the final analysis. Although no significant differences were seen in pneumococcal carriage or density at each timepoint when comparing groups, changes from baseline were observed in the LAIV group. The baseline S pneumoniae carriage prevalence was high in both LAIV and control groups (75%) and increased by day 21 in the LAIV group (85%, p=0·0037), but not in the control group (79%, p=0·44). An increase in pneumococcal density from day 0 amounts was seen in the LAIV group at day 7 (+0·207 log10 copies per µL, SE 0·105, p=0·050) and day 21 (+0·280 log10 copies per µL, SE 0·105, p=0·0082), but not in the control group. Older age was associated with lower pneumococcal density (-0·015 log10 copies per µL, SE 0·005, p=0·0030), with the presence of asymptomatic respiratory viruses at baseline (+0·259 log10 copies per µL, SE 0·097, p=0·017), and greater LAIV shedding at day 7 (+0·380 log10 copies per µL, SE 0·167, p=0·024) associated with higher pneumococcal density. A significant increase in rhinorrhoea was reported in the LAIV group compared with the control group children during the first 7 days of the study (103 [48%] of 213, compared with 25 [23%] of 108, p<0·0001), and between day 7 and 21 (108 [51%] of 213, compared with 28 [26%] of 108, p<0·0001). INTERPRETATION: LAIV was associated with a modest increase in nasopharyngeal pneumococcal carriage and density in the 21 days following vaccination, with the increase in density lower in magnitude than previously described in the UK. This increase was accelerated when LAIV was administered in the presence of pre-existing asymptomatic respiratory viruses, suggesting that nasopharyngeal S pneumoniae proliferation is driven by cumulative mixed-viral co-infections. The effect of LAIV on pneumococcal density is probably similar to other respiratory viral infections in children. Our findings provide reassurance for the use of LAIV to expand influenza vaccine programmes in low-income to middle-income country populations with high pneumococcal carriage. FUNDING: Wellcome Trust.