Need assessment of medical school curriculum for MOOCs: perspectives of instructors and students of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences.

INTRODUCTION: Designing, developing, and implementing a course without assessing and prioritizing instructional needs may result in inefficiency due to the disregard for the actual needs of the target population. The present study aimed to determine and prioritize medical students' instructional needs regarding Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. METHODS: This survey study was carried out in three stages (2020-2021) using the Delphi technique. Purposive and snowball sampling methods were used to select the instructors. The students were selected through simple random sampling. The first round of the Delphi technique involved a questionnaire consisting of one open-ended question, completed by 49 basic/clinical faculty members and 47 senior medical students. In the second round, a 5-point Likert scale-based questionnaire was used to prioritize the instructional needs. The reliability of the questionnaire was verified by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. In the third round, a focus group was used. A total of six expert faculty members and one senior medical student were invited to the focus group session to prioritize the needs. Data were analyzed using Friedman's non-parametric ranking test in SPSS version 26. RESULTS: Ten instructional needs priorities were extracted, including common pharmacotherapies (antibiotics and narcotics), prescriptions, physiology, anatomy, physical examination, electrocardiography interpretation, radiography, computed tomography scans, serum electrolyte disorders, and cardiovascular and internal (endocrine and metabolic) diseases. The chi-squared calculated value (715.584) indicated a significant difference in the importance of the questionnaire's questions (P < 0.001). These questions did not have equal value, and the importance, from the respondent's point of view and the observed distribution of ranks, was not the output of a random factor. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study can be used to design MOOCs, revise instructional programs, and adapt the curriculum to meet the needs of general practitioners, which will, in turn, help meet the medical needs of the general population.

Evaluating the effect of cow's milk fortified with albumin powder on malnutrition and anthropometric indices in primary-school children with mild-to-moderate underweight: A randomized double-blinded clinical trial.

Background: A proper diet plan is one of the necessary conditions for maintaining the children's health. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of consumption of pasteurized cow's milk fortified with albumin protein in primary-school children, in Yasuj, Iran. Materials and Methods: In this double-blind randomized clinical trial with 12 weeks of duration, 60 children aged 7-13 years, mild to moderate underweight (-1≥ weight-for-age z-score ≥-3), were randomly assigned to control and albumin groups. The albumin group and the control group received 200 cc of milk with 10 g of albumin powder and 200 cc of milk with 10 g of cornstarch powder, respectively. At the beginning and end of the study, food intake and anthropometric indices were measured. Results: After 12 weeks of intervention, none of the anthropometric indices (weight, weight-for-age z-score, body mass index (BMI), BMI-for-age z-score, and waist circumference) showed significant changes as compared to baseline in the control group, but weight-for-age z-score and BMI-for-age z-score showed significant increase as compared to baseline in the albumin group (before: -2.25 ± 0.40, after: -1.98 ± 0.35, P = 0.001 and before: -3.48 ± 0.86, after: -3.06 ± 0.71, P = 0.009, respectively). The comparison of the mean changes between the two groups showed significant difference regarding weight-for-age z-score (control group: -1.70 ± 0.31 in comparison with albumin group: -1.98 ± 0.35, P = 0.002), BMI (control group: 12.08 ± 1.96 in comparison with albumin group: 12.13 ± 1.49, P = 0.03), and BMI-for-age z-score (control group: -3.11 ± 0.91 in comparison with albumin group: -3.06 ± 0.71, P = 0.02). Conclusion: The consumption of albumin powder with milk can improve weight-for-age z-score and BMI-for-age z-score indices in children with mild-to-moderate underweight. Larger controlled interventional studies with longer duration are recommended.

Meta-analysis of vitamin D supplementation and hemoglobin concentration: methodological faults obscure the interpretation of the data.

We read the review by Arabi et al. with great interest which tried to examine the effects of vitamin D supplementation on hemoglobin concentration. It seems that the article suffers from fundamental methodological issues and the conclusions are likely to be erroneous. In this regard, we would like to ask the authors to address the mentioned limitations and to update the analysis in order to provide robust and trustful results. We are concerned that such meta-analyses may lead to the biased findings and conclusions.

Did Iranians change their eating behavior following COVID-19 outbreak?

BACKGROUND: Significant lifestyle changes have been reported after COVID-19 outbreak. The present study aimed at investigating changes in dietary habits in response to the COVID-19 outbreak in an Iranian population sample. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, the dietary habits of Iranian adults were assessed before and during the COVID-19 outbreak. Consumption of different food groups such as meats, dairy, fruits, vegetables, seeds, and nuts was assessed using a digital questionnaire which was shared on social media platforms. For the statistical analysis, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used. RESULTS: In this online survey, 1553 questionnaires were completed. The results showed that the reported consumption of protein-rich foods increased (P < 0.05), but fish and dairy consumption showed a significant reduction (P = 0.006 and <0.001, respectively). There was a significant reduction in reported fast-food consumption (P < 0.001). Fruits and vegetables (P < 0.001), natural fruit juices (P < 0.001), and water (P < 0.001) were consumed more frequently. Individuals also consumed more vitamin and mineral supplements (P < 0.001) including those containing Vitamin D. CONCLUSION: During the COVID-19 pandemic, participants reported a significant change in their dietary habits and intake of supplements. Higher intakes of meats, protein-rich foods, fruits, vegetables, and nutritional supplements and lower intakes of fish, dairy, and fast foods were reported.

Pomegranate juice improves cardiometabolic risk factors, biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation in hemodialysis patients: a randomized crossover trial.

BACKGROUND: Pomegranate has antioxidant, cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory properties. We designed a crossover study aimed at determining if consumption of pomegranate juice (PJ) improves lipid profile and oxidative and inflammatory biomarkers of hemodialysis patients. Forty-one hemodialysis patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups: PJ-treated group receiving 100 mL of natural PJ immediately after their dialysis session three times a week and the control group receiving the usual care. After 8 weeks, a 4-week washout period was established and then the role of the groups was exchanged. Lipid profile, blood pressure and oxidative and inflammatory biomarkers were measured before and after each sequence. RESULTS: Based on the results of intention-to-treat analysis, triglycerides were decreased in PJ condition and increased in the controls. Conversely, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was increased in PJ and decreased in the control group. Total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol did not significantly change in either condition. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure significantly decreased in PJ condition. Total antioxidant capacity increased in PJ condition (P < 0.001) and decreased in the controls (P < 0.001). Conversely, malondialdehyde and interleukin-6 decreased in PJ (P < 0.001) and increased in the control group (P ≤ 0.001). The changes of these biomarkers were significantly different between the two conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Eight-week PJ consumption showed beneficial effects on blood pressure, serum triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, oxidative stress and inflammation in hemodialysis patients. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

Resveratrol supplementation and plasma adipokines concentrations? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

The results of human clinical trials have revealed that the effects of resveratrol on adipokines are inconsistent. Our objective was to elucidate the role of resveratrol supplementation on adipokines through a systematic review and a meta-analysis of available randomized placebo-controlled trials (RCTs).1 The search included PubMed-MEDLINE, SCOPUS and ISI web of sciences database till up to 6th November 2016. Weight mean differences (WMD)2 were calculated for net changes in adipokines using fixed-effects or random-effects models; meta-regression analysis and publication bias were conducted in accordance with standard methods. Nine RCTs with 11 treatment arms were eligible for inclusion in this systematic review and meta-analysis. Meta-analysis of data from 10 treatment arms showed a significant change in plasma adiponectin concentrations following resveratrol supplementation (WMD: 1.10µg/ml, 95%CI: 0.88, 1.33, p<0.001); Q=11.43, I2=21.29%, p=0.247). There was a significant greater adiponectin-reducing effect in trials with higher than or equal to 100mg/day (WMD: 1.11µg/ml, 95%CI: 0.88, 1.34, p<0.001), versus those with less than 100 mg/day dosage (WMD: 0.84µg/ml, 95%CI: -0.62, 2.31, p=0.260). Meta-analysis of data from 5 treatment arms did not find any significant change in plasma leptin concentrations following resveratrol supplementation (WMD: 3.77ng/ml, 95% CI: -2.28, 9.83, p=0.222; Q=8.00, I2=50.01%). Resveratrol significantly improves adiponectin but does not affect leptin concentrations. Additional studies are required to further evaluate the potential benefits of resveratrol on adipokines in humans.

Development and Pilot Testing of an Online Calculation Tool for Relapse Risk Prediction in Ulcerative Colitis.

Background: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a relapsing gastrointestinal disease. Identifying patients at a high risk of UC relapse and initiating preventive treatment can reduce the risk of UC recurrence and its dangerous side effects. The present study was performed to design and pilot test an online calculation tool for relapse risk prediction in UC. Methods: This study is based on our previous prospective study on 157 patients with UC in-remission UC. We designed an online website rooted in our pre-developed equation to calculate relapse risk scores. Then, 280 patients with UC who were not in relapse were randomly selected from our database, and the required information was filled in on the website accordingly. Finally, the indicators were manually calculated using the formula and compared with online-calculated data. Results: The developed bilingual website is available at http://www.ucrelapserisk.com. Of the 280 patients with UC, 151 (53.9%) were male. 88 patients were at high risk of relapse in the following year. There were no differences between the manually and online calculated Seo index, UC risk score, and probability of relapse in one year. Conclusion: This online tool is now available for patients and clinicians and provides an accurate relapse risk prediction for UC patients.

Structural equation modeling of direct and indirect associations of social media addiction with eating behavior in adolescents and young adults.

Social media (SM) exerts important effects on health-related behaviors such as eating behaviors (EB). The present study was designed to determine the direct and indirect association of SM addiction with EB in adolescents and young adults through body image (BI). In this cross-sectional study, 12-22 years old adolescents and young adults, with no history of mental disorders or psychiatric medications usage were studied through an online questionnaire shared via SM platforms. Data were gathered about SM addiction, BI, and EB in its sub-scales. A single approach and multi-group path analyses were performed to find possible direct and indirect associations of SM addiction with EB through BI concerns. Overall, 970 subjects, 55.8% boys, were included in the analysis. Both multi-group (ß = 0.484, SE = 0.025, P < 0.001) and fully-adjusted (ß = 0.460, SE = 0.026, P < 0.001) path analyses showed higher SM addiction is related to disordered BI. Furthermore, the multi-group analysis showed one unit increment in SM addiction score was associated with 0.170 units higher scores for emotional eating (SE = 0.032, P < 0.001), 0.237 for external stimuli (SE = 0.032, P < 0.001), and 0.122 for restrained eating (SE = 0.031, P < 0.001). The present study revealed that SM addiction is associated with EB both directly and also indirectly through deteriorating BI in adolescents and young adults.

Post-dural puncture headache prevention and treatment with aminophylline or theophylline: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Post-dural puncture headache (PDPH) is one of the most common complications in patients undergoing spinal anesthesia. The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the therapeutic and prophylactic effects of aminophylline and theophylline on PDPH. METHODS: Relevant studies were identified by searching the following electronic databases, without language restriction, until June 2020: Scopus, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Cochrane Library-CENTRAL, and CINAHL Complete. Random effects models were used to calculate the standardized mean difference (SMD) and risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) to assess the therapeutic and prophylactic effects of aminophylline and theophylline on PDPH, respectively. The Cochrane tool was used for the quality assessment of the included studies. The certainty of the evidence was rated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation method. RESULTS: Of the 1,349 initial records, 15 met our eligibility criteria (6 studies on therapeutic and 9 on prophylactic effects). A significant reduction in the pain score was observed following aminophylline/theophylline treatment (SMD = -1.67; 95% CI, -2.28 to -1.05; P < 0.001, I2 = 84.7%; P < 0.001). Subgroup analysis revealed that the therapeutic effect was significantly higher when these agents were compared to placebo than when conventional therapies were used. The risk of PDPH after aminophylline administration was not significantly reduced (RR = 0.74; 95% CI, 0.42 to 1.31; P = 0.290). CONCLUSIONS: Theophylline and aminophylline have therapeutic, but not prophylactic, effects on PDPH.

The effect of acorn muffin consumption on glycemic indices and lipid profile in type 2 diabetic patients: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial.

Acorn is a nutritious fruit with the reported potential of ameliorating diseases, including diabetes. This research aimed to assess the effects of acorn muffin consumption on glycemic, lipid indices, and appetite in patients with type 2 diabetes. Sixty-six subjects were dichotomized to receive either one muffin containing 10 grams of acorn flour or a placebo muffin containing white wheat flour (no bran), per day, for 8 weeks. Acorn muffin consumption improved glycated hemoglobin (p = .06, mean difference [MD] = -0.65), triglyceride (p = .06, MD = -36.38), and high-density lipoprotein (p = .05, MD = 1.30), albeit only marginally significantly. Among appetite parameters, hunger, desire to eat, and prospective to eat were significantly lower, and satiety and fullness were significantly higher, in the acorn muffin group. In conclusion, acorn muffins could be utilized as an adjuvant therapy to control appetite and ameliorate glycated hemoglobin in patients with type 2 diabetes. However, further investigations are required for a more comprehensive conclusion.

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Vitamin D Status of Patients with Severe Obesity in Various Regions Worldwide.

INTRODUCTION: Managing nutritional deficiencies is an essential component in the treatment of severe obesity. Vitamin D deficiency is often reported in investigations in severely obese cohorts. However, no prior study has summarized findings on this topic. Consequently, the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate the 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] status in individuals with severe obesity in different regions worldwide. We also evaluated levels of calcium, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and magnesium as secondary outcome measures. METHODS: We searched Medline, PubMed, Scopus, the Cochrane Library, and EMBASE for relevant observational studies published in English from 2009 to October 2021. The heterogeneity index among the studies was determined using the Cochran (Q) and I2 tests. Based on the heterogeneity results, the random-effect model was applied to estimate the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency. RESULTS: We identified 109 eligible observational studies. Overall, 59.44% of patients had vitamin D deficiency [25(OH)D <20 ng/mL], whereas 26.95% had vitamin D insufficiency [25(OH)D 20-30 ng/mL]. Moreover, the mean 25(OH)D level was 18.65 ng/mL in 96 studies. The pooled mean estimate of the serum calcium, PTH, and magnesium was 9.26 mg/dL (95% confidence interval [CI]: 9.19-9.32, I2 = 99.7%, p < 0.001), 59.24 pg/mL (95% CI: 54.98, 63.51, I2 = 99.7%, p < 0.001), and 0.91 mg/dL (95% CI: 0.84, 0.98, I2 = 100.0%, p < 0.001), respectively. The results of the subgroup analysis indicated that the mean estimates of 25(OH)D were highest in North America (21.71 ng/mL [19.69, 23.74], [I2 = 97.2%, p < 0.001]) and lowest in Southeast Asia (14.93 ng/mL [14.54, 15.33], [I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.778]). CONCLUSION: The results obtained showed a significant prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among severely obese individuals in various geographical regions, whereas the highest and lowest mean estimates were reported for North America and Southeast Asia, respectively.

The effect of case-based e-learning on academic performance and problem-solving ability in nursing students: A pre- and post-test study.

BACKGROUND: Case-based learning is a modern learning approach, aims to prepare students for practical skills. In the present study, we aimed to determine the effectiveness of case-based e-learning (CBEL) on the academic performance and problem-solving ability of nursing students. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this pre- and post-test study, census sampling method was used to select 128 nursing students who had nutrition courses during 2015-2017 at (blinded). Before and after the educational intervention, the students completed the problem-solving inventory including problem-solving confidence (PSC), approach-avoidance style (AA), and personal control (PC) and a scientific test for evaluating academic function. Continuous variables before and after the intervention and categorical variables were analyzed using paired t-test and Chi-square test, respectively. RESULTS: The mean scores of PSC, AA, and PC decreased after the intervention (P < 0.001). The mean scientific score of the students improved after the intervention (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: This study showed that the CBEL method had a positive effect on the ability to solve the learning problems and the academic performance of the students and can be used to train nurses to improve their ability to confront clinical problems in the future.

Post-Infectious Irritable Bowel Syndrome after an Epidemic of Gastroenteritis in South of Iran.

Background: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic disabling condition without a well-defined etiology. Infectious gastroenteritis (IGE) has been linked to this syndrome. There are few data from Iran on this association. Methods: In August 2018, an epidemic of IGE caused by Escherichia coli occurred in a village in the west of Shiraz in southern Iran. One year after this epidemic, the occurrence of IBS was surveyed in those who suffered from IGE based on Rome IV criteria in that village. Results: Of 179 patients included in the present study, 17 patients (9.5%) had post-infectious (PI)-IBS. There was no difference in age, sex, antibiotic use, hematochezia, duration of infectious diarrhea, fever, and weight loss at the time of IGE between those with and without PI-IBS. Conclusion: PI-IBS is common after IGE, but no risk factor for its development was found in this study.

A comparison of the effects of cinnamon, ginger, and metformin consumption on metabolic health, anthropometric indices, and sexual hormone levels in women with poly cystic ovary syndrome: A randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled clinical trial.

Background/objectives: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine disorder in women that can alter blood glucose, lipid profile and sexual hormonal level. Therefore, the evaluation of potential therapeutic agents in this population is important. The aim of the study was to determine the effects of cinnamon, ginger, and metformin intake on improvement of sex hormones level, metabolic health (lipid profiles, insulin level and fasting blood glucose) and anthropometric indices (weight, body mass index (BMI), etc.) in women with PCOS. Methods: A total of 100 women with PCOS were randomly assigned to one of the following four groups: cinnamon (500 mg of cinnamon, 3 × day), ginger (500 mg of ginger, 3 × day), metformin (500 mg of metformin 3 × day) or placebo. However, 17 participants were excluded for various reasons and consequently, 83 participants were considered for analysis. Sexual hormones, anthropometrics, glycemic and lipid markers were evaluated before and after the 8-week intervention. Results: Weight and BMI decreased significantly in all intervention groups. The consumption of metformin and cinnamon significantly decreased insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in comparison to the placebo and ginger groups (P < 0.05). Moreover, a significant decrease in FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) and LH (Luteinizing hormone) levels were observed in the ginger compared to the placebo group. While metformin and cinnamon significantly lowered testosterone levels (P < 0.05), none of the groups experienced a significant change in DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that in women with PCOS, cinnamon supplementation causes similar reductions in insulin resistance and testosterone level to that of metformin. Ginger supplementation decreased FSH and LH, hormonal effects not seen following metformin consumption. Overall, cinnamon and ginger supplementations may potentially be used as alternative treatment in women with PCOS. Clinical trial registration: [https://www.irct.ir/trial/28548], identifier [IRCT20171227038105N1].

The barriers to whole-grain consumption among Iranian students.

Studies show that regularly consuming whole grains reduce the risk of obesity and a wide range of chronic diseases. Despite this, studies reveal that students are consuming fewer whole grains. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the barriers to the consumption of whole grains among Iranian students. This cross-sectional study examined students at Fasa, Iran in 2020-2021. The online questionnaires were completed by students after receiving informed consent. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 26 and Chi-square, t-test, and logistic regression (P > 0.05). The current study involved 1890 students (1287 (68.1%) girls and 603 (31.9%) boys). Despite the preference for white flour bread among 53.8% of all students, 77.4% ate other whole-grain products, and 75.2% consumed all products at least once a week. Additionally, barriers such as access issues (70.5%), family supply issues (91.8%), lack appeal (72.8%), non-consumption by classmates (96.2%), and high prices in recent years (43.9%) were identified as obstacles to whole grain consumption. Furthermore, white bread eating students had significantly lower appetite levels and tended to eat fast food more often than those who ate whole grains (P < 0.05). We found that slightly more than half of the participants preferred to eat bread prepared with refined flour. Several other factors, including lack of access, lack of attractiveness, product price, parents not purchasing whole-grain products, students not paying attention to nutrition labels, peers' effect, and eating with friends instead of family, also contribute to students avoiding whole-grain products.

Food insecurity arises the likelihood of hospitalization in patients with COVID-19.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the Corona pandemic as a public health emergency. This pandemic affects the main pillars of food security. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between food insecurity and the probability of hospitalization and the length of the recovery period after getting COVID-19. The cross-sectional study was performed through the census on COVID-19 patients diagnosed in Fasa, Iran. Informed consent, demographic, and food security questionnaire were completed over the phone. Then, all patients were followed up until recovery. Data were analyzed using SPSS26 and Chi-square test, t-test, and logistic regression (P < 0.05). In this study, 219 COVID-19 patients [100 (54.7%) male and 119 (54.3%) female] with a mean age of 40.05 ± 15.54 years old were examined. Possibility of hospitalization and the length of the recovery period of more than one month was significantly longer in the food-insecure group (P = 0.001) and (P = 0.37), respectively, but the mean length of hospital stay in the two groups was not significantly different (P = 0.76). After adjusting for all confounding variables, people with food insecurity were 3.9 times more likely to be hospitalized than those with food security. Overall, we observed that food-insecure people were significantly more likely to be hospitalized than the secure group.

Aminophylline for Prevention and/or Treatment of Post-Dural Puncture Headache: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Study Protocol.

OBJECTIVES: Post-dural Puncture Headache (PDPH) is prevalent among individuals undergoing lumbar punctures. The non-invasive effect of some drugs, such as aminophylline on PDPH has been investigated in several clinical studies. As there is no comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis about the preventive and therapeutic effects of aminophylline on PDPH in the literature, the clinical effectiveness of this drug on the prevention and/or treatment of PDPH will be assessed in this study. METHODS: PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, WoS (Clarivate Analytics), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), CINAHL Complete, Scopus, and Google Scholar as electronic databases will be precisely searched for clinical studies that assessed the effect of aminophylline on PDPH. Studies between 01-01-1980 and 30-06-2020 will be evaluated in this study, and there will not be any language restrictions. Contradictions between the reviewers within any phase of the study (screening, selecting, quality assessment, and data extraction) will be resolved by consensus; in case of unsolved disagreements, a third reviewer will eventually decide. The combination method will be applied according to the methodological resemblance in the selected articles using the Random Effect Model or the Fixed Effect Model. Also, for the included articles, forest plots will be drawn. For assessing statistical heterogeneity, the I2 statistic and the Q-statistic test will be applied. In addition, funnel plots will be used for assessing non-significant study effects and potential reporting bias. Furthermore, Egger's and Begg's tests will be done, and publication bias will be indicated by significant findings (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: It is expected that the results of this study will be of benefit to researchers and clinicians for managing PDPH, and will be reported in conferences and publications.

Intake of Various Food Groups and Risk of Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies.

Despite increasing evidence for the association of food-based dietary patterns with breast cancer risk, knowledge about the shape of the relationship and the quality of meta-evidence are insufficient. We aimed to summarize the associations between food groups and risks of breast cancer. We performed a systematic literature search of the PubMed and Embase databases up to March 2020. We included cohort, case-cohort, nested case-control studies, and follow-up studies of randomized controlled trials that investigated the relationship between breast cancer risk and at least 1 of the following food groups: red meat, processed meat, fish, poultry, egg, vegetables, fruit, dairy product (overall, milk, yogurt, and cheese), grains/cereals, nuts, legumes, soy, and sugar-sweetened beverages. Summary risk ratios (RRs) and 95% CIs were estimated using a random-effects model for linear and nonlinear relationships. Inverse linear associations were observed for vegetables (RR per 100 g/d, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.95-0.99), fruit (RR per 100 g/d, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.95-0.99), cheese (RR per 30 g/d, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.91-1.00), and soy (RR per 30 g/d, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.94-0.99), while positive associations were observed for red (RR per 100 g/d, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.03-1.18) and processed meat (RR per 50 g/d, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.04-1.33). None of the other food groups were significantly associated with breast cancer risk. A nonlinear association was observed only for milk, such that the intake of >450 g/d increased the risk, while no association was observed for lower intake amounts. High intakes of vegetables, fruit, cheese, and soy products and low intakes of red and processed meat were associated with lower risks of breast cancer. However, causality cannot be inferred from these statistical correlations.