A cross-sectional study of the practice types of US adult primary care physician specialists.

BACKGROUND: Many physicians listed as primary care in databases such as the American Medical Association (AMA) Masterfile do not provide traditional ambulatory primary care. OBJECTIVE: To compare physicians listed in the AMA Masterfile as primary care physician (PCPs) specialists for adult patients with their actual practice type. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study of the AMA Masterfile report for PCPs who care for adults (listed as family medicine, internal medicine, medicine-paediatrics, and geriatrics) in the summer and fall of 2018 (spring of 2019 for Hartford, CT) in the primary counties of 8 metropolitan areas across the United States. We searched multiple websites to determine the actual practice type of each physician in the study counties. We correlated the 2 datasets: the AMA Masterfile list vs the results of our searches. RESULTS: Family physicians were more likely to function as traditional ambulatory PCPs than internists [1,738/2,101 (82.7%) vs 1,241/2,025 (60.9%), P < 0.001], and less likely to be hospitalists [83/2,101 (4.0%) vs 631/2,025 (31.0%), P < 0.001]. Other practice types included urgent care [105 (5.0%) family physicians, 16 (0.8%) internists] and emergency medicine [49 (2.3%) family physicians, 20 (1.0%) internists]. The AMA Masterfile identified 4,892 practicing PCPs for adult patients in the study counties, of which 3,084 (63.0%) matched by location and ambulatory PCP practice type [3,695 (75.5%) for ambulatory PCP practice type only]. CONCLUSIONS: We provide an updated estimate using a unique methodology to estimate how to correct the AMA Masterfile for PCPs who actually provide traditional ambulatory primary care to adult patients.

Maternity Care and Buprenorphine Prescribing in New Family Physicians.

The American Board of Family Medicine routinely surveys its Diplomates in each national graduating cohort 3 years out of training. These data were used to characterize early career family physicians whose services include management of pregnancy and prescribing buprenorphine. A total of 261 (5.1%) respondents both provide maternity care and prescribe buprenorphine. Family physicians who care for pregnant women and also prescribe buprenorphine represented 50.4% of all buprenorphine prescribers. The family physicians in this group were trained in a small number of residency programs, with only 15 programs producing at least 25% of graduates who do this work.

Retaining the perinatal care workforce: Lessons learned from experienced physicians who no longer attend deliveries.

OBJECTIVE: To inform policy supporting the retention of family physicians (FPs) in the perinatal care workforce by identifying physician characteristics that are associated with retention. DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SETTING: We surveyed FPs who had been in practice for at least 11 years and reported attending deliveries as part of their practice. STUDY DESIGN: We compared the characteristics of FPs who continue to provide perinatal care to those who have ceased and explored their reasons for no longer attending deliveries. DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS: We estimated a probit regression with the dependent variable: whether the physician currently delivers babies. Open-ended survey responses were analyzed and close-coded using a conceptual content analysis approach. PRINCIPLE FINDINGS: Of the FPs who received a survey, 1505 (37%) responded. Those who continue attending deliveries were more likely to receive a stipend or be paid per hour/shift in addition to their salary versus those paid a salary (percentage point difference = 13), and less likely to work part-time versus full-time (percentage point difference = -20). Those who ceased attending deliveries cite lifestyle (n = 208), call structure (n = 113), and delivery volume (n = 89) among the reasons for doing so. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence-based policies aimed at preventing attrition from the perinatal care workforce, which might include targeting compensation models and work-life balance.

The Effect of Patient-Physician Concordance on Perinatal Care: The Family Physicians' Perspective.

Demographic concordance between patients and clinicians has been associated with better outcomes. The current perinatal care workforce is not adequately diverse to allow for patient-clinician concordance. In this mixed-methods study, we aimed to understand family physicians' perception of the impact of patient-clinician concordance on perinatal care. The predominantly (91%) non-Hispanic White sample of 1,505 family physicians (FPs) perceived gender and language concordance to affect perinatal care more than racial or ethnic concordance. Religious concordance is not perceived to greatly affect perinatal care. Nearly half (721) of the respondents chose to leave a free-text comment on the impact of concordance on perinatal care. Four categories emerged (patients, physicians, the patient-physician relationship, and potential ways to mitigate the impact of discordance). Based on the perceptions of FPs experienced in perinatal care, intentionally supporting continuity of care between patients and clinicians may help to mitigate the negative impact of discordance on perinatal outcomes.

Faculty and Resident Contraceptive Opt Outs and Training Site Restrictions: A CERA Study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Contraception is a core component of family medicine residency curriculum. Institutional environments can influence residents' access to contraceptive training and thus their ability to meet the reproductive health needs of their patients. METHODS: Contraceptive training questions were included in the 2020 Council of Academic Family Medicine Educational Research Alliance (CERA) survey of family medicine residency program directors. The survey asked how many faculty and residents opt out of providing contraceptive methods for moral or religious reasons, and whether training sites have institutional restrictions on contraception. We performed descriptive statistics and regression to identify program characteristics associated with having a resident or faculty opt out of providing contraceptive care. RESULTS: Of 626 program directors, 249 responded to the survey, and 237 answered the contraceptive questions. Percentages of program directors reporting any residents or faculty who opted out of contraceptive services are as follows: pill/patch/ring (residents 27%; faculty 17%), emergency contraception (residents 40%, faculty 33%), or intrauterine devices/implants (resident 29%; faculty 23%). Programs in the South (OR 2.78; 1.19-6.49) and those with Catholic affiliation (OR 2.35; 1.23-4.91) had higher adjusted odds of at least one opt-out faculty but were not associated with having opt-out residents. Eleven percent of programs had at least one training site with institutional restrictions on contraception. CONCLUSIONS: To ensure that residents have access to adequate contraceptive training, residencies should proactively seek faculty and training environments that meet residents' needs, and should make limitations on services clear to potential residents and patients.

Maternity Care Tracks at US Family Medicine Residency Programs.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The number of family physicians providing maternity care continues to decline, jeopardizing access to needed care for underserved populations. Accreditation changes in 2014 provided an opportunity to create family medicine residency maternity care tracks, providing comprehensive maternity care training only for interested residents. We examined the relationship between maternity care tracks and residents' educational experiences and postgraduate practice. METHODS: We included questions on maternity care tracks in an omnibus survey of family medicine residency program directors (PDs). We divided respondent programs into three categories: "Track," "No Track Needed," and "No Track." We compared these program types by their characteristics, number of resident deliveries, and number of graduates practicing maternity care. RESULTS: The survey response rate was 40%. Of the responding PDs, 79 (32%) represented Track programs, 55 (22%) No Track Needed programs, and 94 (38%) No Track programs. Residents in a track attended more deliveries than those not in a track (at Track programs) and those at No Track Needed and No Track programs. No Track Needed programs reported the highest proportion of graduates accepting positions providing inpatient maternity care in 2019 (21%), followed by Track programs (17%) and No Track programs (5%; P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: Where universal robust maternity care education is not feasible, maternity care tracks are an excellent alternative to provide maternity care training and produce graduates who will practice maternity care. Programs that cannot offer adequate experience to achieve competence in inpatient maternity care may consider instituting a maternity care track.

The Overlap Between Rural Hospital Needs and Medical Student Goals in Texas.

INTRODUCTION: The rural health workforce in the United States is difficult to maintain and harder to increase. This may contribute to worse health outcomes in rural areas and threaten the sustainability of rural hospitals. Previous studies have attempted to identify medical student characteristics and strategies to help grow this workforce. In this study, we aimed to understand the needs of medical students and hospital administrators to identify potential strategies to improve the rural health workforce. METHODS: We conducted medical student and hospital administrator focus groups. We analyzed focus group data separately to identify themes, and reviewed these themes for overlap between groups and potential actionable areas. We calculated Cohen κ statistics. RESULTS: We identified 26 themes in the medical student focus groups, and 14 themes in the hospital administrator focus group. Of these themes, three were identical between groups (scope of practice, loan repayment and financial concerns, and exposure to rural health in training), and two were similar between the groups (family and leadership). CONCLUSION: The identification of two themes that are similar but not identical between medical students and hospital administrators may serve as part of future strategies to improving rural physician recruitment. Future studies should determine if a shift in language or focus in these areas specifically help to improve the rural health workforce.

The Impact of Practicing Obstetrics on Burnout Among Early-Career Family Physicians.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: According to a previous study, obstetric deliveries may be protective against burnout for family physicians. Analyses of interviews conducted during a larger qualitative study about the experiences of early-career family physicians who intended to include obstetric deliveries in their practice revealed that many interviewees discussed burnout. This study aimed to understand the relationship between practicing obstetrics and burnout based on an analysis of these emerging data on burnout. METHODS: We conducted semistructured interviews with physicians who graduated from family medicine residency programs in the United States between 2013 and 2016. We applied an immersion-crystallization approach to analyze transcribed interviews. RESULTS: Fifty-six early-career family physicians participated in interviews. Burnout was an emerging theme. Physicians described how practicing obstetrics can protect from burnout (eg, brings joy to practice, diversity in practice), how it can contribute to burnout (eg, time demands, increased stress), how it can do both simultaneously and the importance of professional agency (ie, the capacity to make own free choices), and other sources of burnout (eg, administrative tasks, complex patients). CONCLUSIONS: This study identifies a family medicine-obstetric paradox wherein obstetrics can simultaneously protect from and contribute to burnout for family physicians. Professional agency may partially explain this paradox.

Point-of-Care Ultrasound in Family Medicine Residencies 5-Year Update: A CERA Study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In 2014, family medicine residency programs began to integrate point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) into training, although very few had an established POCUS curriculum. This study aimed to evaluate the resources, barriers, and scope of POCUS training in family medicine residencies 5 years after its inception. METHODS: Questions regarding current training and use of POCUS were included in the 2019 Council of Academic Family Medicine Educational Research Alliance (CERA) survey of family medicine residency program directors, and results compared to similar questions on the 2014 CERA survey. RESULTS: POCUS is becoming a core component of family medicine training programs, with 53% of program directors reporting establishing or an established core curriculum. Only 11% of program directors have no current plans to add POCUS training to their program, compared to 41% in 2014. Despite this increase in training, the reported clinical use of POCUS remains uncommon. Only 27% of programs use six of the eight surveyed POCUS modalities more than once per year. The top three barriers to including POCUS in residency training in 2019 have not changed since 2014, and are (1) a lack of trained faculty, (2) limited access to equipment, and (3) discomfort with interpreting images without radiologist review. CONCLUSIONS: Training in POCUS has increased in family medicine residencies over the last 5 years, although practical use of this technology in the clinical setting may be lagging behind. Further research should explore how POCUS can improve outcomes and reduce costs in the primary care setting to better inform training for this technology.

The impact of continuity of care on antibiotic prescribing in acute otitis media.

BACKGROUND: The rate of antibiotic prescribing for acute otitis media (AOM) remains high despite efforts to decrease inappropriate use. Studies have aimed to understand the prescribing patterns of providers to increase antibiotic stewardship. Watch and wait (WAW) prescriptions are effective at decreasing the number of antibiotic prescriptions being filled by patients. Additionally, poor continuity of care has been associated with higher cost and lower quality health care. OBJECTIVE: To understand the antibiotic prescribing habits for AOM in a largely Hispanic population. METHODS: A retrospective review was performed from 2016 to 2018 of all patients under 25 years old with a diagnosis of AOM seen at multiple outpatient primary care clinics of a single institution. Charts were reviewed for factors including race, ethnicity, gender, insurance status, presence of fever, primary care physician visit, and treatment choice. Data were collected and analyzed using STATA software with t-tests, ANOVA, and Pearson chi squared analysis. RESULTS: Antibiotics were prescribed 95.6% of the time with 3.8% being WAW prescriptions. There was no significant difference in antibiotic prescribing by race (p = 0.66), ethnicity (p = 0.38), gender (p = 0.34) or insurance status (p = 0.24). There was a difference between physicians, nurse practitioners, and physician's assistants and antibiotic prescribing rate (p < 0.01). Additionally, seen by their primary care provider were less likely to be prescribed antibiotics (85.8% vs 94.4%, p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: While a patient's race, ethnicity, gender, and insurance status did not influence the prescribing rate of physicians, continuity of care may play an important role in decreasing inappropriate antibiotic prescribing.

Opportunities and Barriers for Family Physician Contribution to the Maternity Care Workforce.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The number of family physicians providing obstetric deliveries is decreasing, but high numbers of new graduates report they intend to include obstetric deliveries in their practices. The objective of this study was to understand barriers to providing obstetrical care faced by recent family medicine residency graduates who intended to provide obstetrical care at graduation. METHODS: Email surveys were sent to graduating family medicine residents who indicated intention to include obstetrics in their practice on the American Board of Family Medicine (ABFM) Certification Examination Registration Survey (2014-2016). We used descriptive and bivariate statistics to analyze the data. RESULTS: Of our sample of 2,098 early career family physicians, 1,016 (48.4%) responded. Seven hundred (68.9%) currently include obstetrics in their practices. Those currently including obstetrics were more likely to practice in a small rural or isolated (15.4% vs 5.2% and 4.6% vs 1.7%, P<0.001) community and report credentialing was easy (85.2% and 26.5%, respectively, P<0.001). Physicians not currently including obstetrics in their practice reported "found a job without OB" and "lifestyle concerns" as the most significant barriers. Respondents living in the Middle Atlantic and West South Central regions were least likely to provide obstetric deliveries, with fewer than 50% doing so. CONCLUSIONS: Among recent graduates who intended to practice obstetrics, finding a job without obstetrics and lifestyle concerns were the most significant barriers to realizing the scope of practice they intended.

Primary Care Physician Characteristics Associated with Low Value Care Spending.

BACKGROUND: Previous work has shown that $210 billion may be spent annually on unnecessary medical services and has identified patient and hospital characteristics associated with low value care (LVC). However, little is known about the association between primary care physician (PCP) characteristics and LVC spending. The objective of this study was to assess this association. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis by using Medicare claims data to identify LVC and American Medical Association Masterfile data for PCP characteristics. We included PCPs of adults aged 65 years and older who were enrolled in Medicare in 2011. We measured Medicare spending per attributed patient on 8 low value services. RESULTS: Our final sample contained 6,873 PCPs with 1,078,840 attributed patients. Lower per-patient LVC Medicare spending was associated with the following PCP characteristics: allopathic training, smaller Medicare patient panel, practiced family medicine, practiced in the Midwest region, were a recent graduate, or practiced in rural areas. The largest associations were seen in Medicare patient panel size and geographic region. The average per-patient LVC spending was $14.67. LVC spending among PCPs with small patient panels was $3.98 less per patient relative to those with larger panels. PCPs in the Midwest had $2.80 less per patient LVC spending than those in the Northeast. CONCLUSION: Our analysis suggests that LVC services are associated with specific PCP characteristics. Further research should assess the strength of these associations, and future policy efforts should focus on systemic interventions to reduce LVC spending.

Barriers Faced by Family Medicine Graduates Interested in Performing Obstetric Deliveries.

Fewer family physicians are providing deliveries, which raises concern for access to obstetric care. We found that among recent family medicine graduates who would like to do deliveries, difficulty finding a position that supports including deliveries was a major barrier.

A matched cohort study of laparoscopic biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch and sleeve gastrectomy performed by one surgeon.

SETTING: Spectrum Blodgett and Mercy Health St. Mary's hospitals in Grand Rapids, Michigan OBJECTIVE: To compare the 30-day outcomes of laparoscopic biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (BPD/DS) to laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (SG). BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic BPD/DS has been shown to be superior to SG in terms of excess weight loss. Despite this superiority, BPD/DS accounts for a small percentage of all metabolic surgeries due partly to the perception that BPD/DS has a higher complication rate than SG. METHODS: Retrospective review of all patients who underwent BPD/DS or SG from January 2008 to August 2014 by 1 surgeon was completed. These patients were used to construct cohorts matched via propensity score matching and compared by surgical type. Data collected included patient demographic characteristics; hospital length of stay (LOS); and 30-day rates of leak, bleed, reoperation, readmission, and mortality. RESULTS: Of the 741 patients who underwent BPD/DS or SG, 2 cohorts of 167 patients each were matched for age, sex, and BMI. LOS was longer in the BPD/DS cohort (2.5±.9 days versus 2.1±.7 days, P<.001). There were no significant differences between the groups in relation to 30-day postoperative rates of leak (.3% versus .6%, P>.99), bleed (0% versus .3%, P>.99), reoperation (1.2% versus .6%, P>.99), or readmission (3% versus 1.2%, P = .45). There were no mortalities. CONCLUSION: After matching for age, sex, and BMI, BPD/DS found no significant differences from SG with regard to 30-day postoperative rates of leak, bleed, reoperation, readmission, or mortality.

Intention Versus Reality: Family Medicine Residency Graduates' Intention to Practice Obstetrics.

Although 21% of new family medicine graduates in 2016 reported an intention to include obstetric delivery in their scope of practice, only 7% of family physicians currently do so. The reasons for this stark difference must be identified in order to address potential barriers leading to family medicine graduates ultimately not including obstetric delivery despite intent.