Food Safety Monitoring of Salmonella spp. in Northern Italy 2019-2021.

Salmonella is the second most frequent bacterial pathogen involved in human gastrointestinal outbreaks in the European Union; it can enter the food-production chain from animal or environmental sources or from asymptomatic food operators. European food legislation has established microbiological criteria to ensure consumer protection. Salmonella is listed under both process hygiene criteria and food safety criteria. Each EU member state designates an agency to organize or perform controls and other official activities. This paper describes the official control plans performed by competent authorities in Northern Italy in the three-year period 2019-2021. A total of 4413 food samples were delivered to the IZS Food Safety laboratories for Salmonella detection, of which 36 (0.8%) tested positive. Salmonella was most frequently detected in poultry meat samples (25/36 positive samples) followed by other meat products and pork products. The official controls for the protection of consumer health apply the EU's farm-to-fork approach: the samples were collected during production (food production plants), from products on the market, and from collective catering (restaurants, cafeterias, canteens). This manuscript will provide information about the presence of Salmonella in foodstuffs that can help competent authorities to set control plans based on risk assessments.

Chlamydia Species and Related Risk Factors in Poultry in North-Western Italy: Possible Bird-to-Human Transmission for C. gallinacea.

Chlamydiaceae are obligatory intracellular bacteria causing acute and chronic diseases in animals and humans worldwide, with recently discovered species with a still unclear pathogenic potential (i.e., C. gallinacea). In Italy, Chlamydiaceae infections are underestimated both in animals and humans. To estimate the prevalence of Chlamydiaceae species in poultry and occupationally exposed workers on farm, a cross-sectional study was carried out in north-western Italy. A total of 2063 samples from 83 commercial and 31 backyard poultry farms were analysed using real-time PCRs for Chlamydiaceae screening and species typing. Chlamydiaceae were detected in 23 farms, with a herd prevalence of 20.2% (95%CI: 13.2-28.7), higher in backyard farms (38.7%; 95%CI: 21.8-57.8) compared to commercial ones (13.3%; 95%CI: 6.8-22.5). C. gallinacea was found in 18 chicken farms, both commercial and backyard, and C. psittaci only in 3 backyard farms. Exposure to wild birds and factors related to biosecurity resulted the main risk factors associated with Chlamydia positivity. Out of the 113 sputum samples collected from farmers, 16 tested positive to Chlamydiaceae, with a prevalence of 14.2% (95%CI: 8, 3-22). To the best of our knowledge, for the first time at international level, C. gallinacea was detected in humans with farmer positivity associated with farm infectious status, suggesting a bird-to-human transmission.

Hazard perception and possibility of simplifying food safety management systems in small businesses in Piedmont region, Italy.

Small food businesses, because of their limited resources, are hard pressed to comply with the requirements of a conventional food safety management system (FSMS). To overcome it, the European legislation provides some flexibility in the application of FSMS. With this study, we evaluated the change in the perception and awareness of hazards in food production and in the attitudes of food business operators (FBOs) after a regional regulation was introduced to allow flexibility and a campaign of training activities on the FSMS simplification opportunities. Training activities targeting various stakeholders have been carried out in Piedmont region since 2014. A total of 283 FBOs from the dairy and the meat supply chains were recruited for a two-round survey. Overall, the majority of the FBOs believed that application of an FSMS helps to overcome official controls, to produce healthy foods, to better manage the production process, and for staff training; its usefulness for enhancing customer trust was judged of limited value. FBO knowledge on the possibility of simplifying the FSMS activities increased significantly between surveys, suggesting the success of the information campaigns. Over time, simplification increased in the meat but not in the dairy supply chain, where it involved nearly 70% of FBOs. The cost of FSMS (mainly due to microbiological analysis) and the time it takes were the main reasons for FBO resistance to its application. Simplification of FSMS procedures were welcomed by the vast majority (>90%) of FBOs. The perception of hazards was low and generic, suggesting the need for targeted training activities.

Serum indirect immunofluorescence assay and real-time PCR results in dogs affected by Leishmania infantum: evaluation before and after treatment at different clinical stages.

We compared results of a serum immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and lymph node quantitative PCR (qPCR) in dogs classified as exposed, infected, or sick because of leishmaniasis. We also determined how IFA or qPCR results changed in response to treatment and reflected different clinical and clinicopathologic improvement of dogs. We included 108 dogs in our retrospective study: 12 exposed, 25 infected, and 71 sick, as classified according to Canine Leishmaniasis Working Group standards. Between-group comparison showed higher IFA values ( p < 0.01) for sick dogs; qPCR values were higher for sick than infected dogs ( p < 0.01). A novel clinical and clinicopathologic score was created and applied to 50 sick dogs. Using this score, 41 were reclassified as partially recovered (PR) within 3 mo, and 37 as totally recovered (TR) 3-6 mo after presentation. Statistically significant differences in IFA values were found between the sick and TR dogs ( p < 0.01), but not between sick and PR dogs ( p = 0.98). During follow-up, qPCR revealed a progressive decrease in parasite load, with a statistically significant difference in sick versus PR ( p < 0.01), sick versus TR ( p < 0.01), and PR versus TR ( p < 0.01) dogs. A decrease of 1 point in the clinical score corresponded to 1.3 Leishmania/µL qPCR decrease ( p < 0.01) and decrease of 1:42 in IFA ( p < 0.01). Our findings confirm that the clinical status of dogs affected by leishmaniasis is closely related to parasite load and antibody level, both before and after treatment.