RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Food reward and cue reactivity have been linked prospectively to problematic eating behaviours and excess weight gain in adults and children. However, evidence to date in support of an association between degree of adiposity and food reward is tenuous. A non-linear relationship between reward sensitivity and obesity degree has been previously proposed, suggesting a peak is reached in mild obesity and decreases in more severe obesity in a quadratic fashion. OBJECTIVE: To investigate and characterise in detail the relationship between obesity severity, body composition, and explicit and implicit food reward in adolescents with obesity. METHODS: Data from seven clinical trials in adolescents with obesity were aggregated and analysed in an independent participant data meta-analysis. Linear and curvilinear relationships between the degree of obesity and explicit and implicit reward for sweet and high fat foods were tested in fasted and fed states with BMI-z score as a continuous and discrete predictor using clinically recognised partitions. RESULTS: Although positive associations between obesity severity and preference for high-fat (i.e. energy dense) foods were observed when fasted, none reached significance in either analysis. Conversely, adiposity was reliably associated with lower reward for sweet, particularly when measured as implicit wanting (p = 0.012, ηp2 = 0.06), independent of metabolic state. However, this significant association was only observed in the linear model. Fat distribution was consistently associated with explicit and implicit preference for high-fat foods. CONCLUSIONS: A limited relationship was demonstrated between obesity severity and food reward in adolescents, although a lower preference for sweet could be a signal of severe obesity in a linear trend. Obesity is likely a heterogenous condition associated with multiple potential phenotypes, which metrics of body composition may help define. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATIONS: NCT02925572: https://classic. CLINICALTRIALS: gov/ct2/show/NCT02925572 . NCT03807609: https://classic. CLINICALTRIALS: gov/ct2/show/NCT03807609 . NCT03742622: https://classic. CLINICALTRIALS: gov/ct2/show/NCT03742622 . NCT03967782: https://classic. CLINICALTRIALS: gov/ct2/show/NCT03967782 . NCT03968458: https://classic. CLINICALTRIALS: gov/ct2/show/NCT03968458 . NCT04739189: https://classic. CLINICALTRIALS: gov/ct2/show/NCT04739189 . NCT05365685: https://www. CLINICALTRIALS: gov/study/NCT05365685?tab=history .
Assuntos
Obesidade Infantil , Recompensa , Humanos , Adolescente , Obesidade Infantil/psicologia , Masculino , Feminino , Preferências Alimentares/psicologia , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Comportamento Alimentar/psicologia , Comportamento Alimentar/fisiologia , Composição Corporal , Índice de Massa Corporal , AdiposidadeRESUMO
Acute moderate- to high-intensity exercise, primarily aerobic exercise, has been reported to decrease food reward in brain regions via the hedonic pathways and reduce preference for high-energy or high-fat foods. However, studies examining food reward responses to acute exercise have been limited to measuring food reward only after exercise and less frequently before and after exercise. Therefore, the changes in food reward in response to acute exercise remain unclear. This study investigated the effect of acute running on food reward in healthy young men. Fourteen young healthy men (mean ± standard deviation, age; 23 ± 2 years, body mass index; 21 ± 2 kg/m2) completed two trials (i.e., exercise and control) in a randomised, crossover design. Participants performed a 30-min running bout at 70% of maximal oxygen uptake or sitting rest before and after food reward evaluation with a computer-based food choice behaviour task tool. Food reward was assessed for foods varying in fat content and sweet taste, and there were four assessment parameters: explicit liking, explicit wanting, implicit wanting and frequency of choice of each food category (relative preference). Explicit and implicit wanting, and relative preference for high-fat relative to low-fat foods were reduced after the exercise trial compared to the control trial (trial-by-time interaction, all p ≤ 0.02). Implicit wanting and relative preference for sweet relative to savoury foods were increased after the exercise trial compared to the control trial (trial-by-time interaction, all p ≤ 0.003). These findings indicate that moderate-intensity acute running alters the reward bias away from high fat towards low fat foods and away from savoury towards sweet foods in healthy young men.
Assuntos
Estudos Cross-Over , Gorduras na Dieta , Preferências Alimentares , Recompensa , Corrida , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto Jovem , Preferências Alimentares/psicologia , Adulto , Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Corrida/fisiologia , Corrida/psicologia , Paladar/fisiologia , Comportamento de Escolha , Exercício Físico/psicologia , Índice de Massa CorporalRESUMO
From a public health perspective, much of the interest in the relationship between exercise and appetite rests on the implications for energy balance and obesity. Energy balance reflects a dynamic 2-way interaction between energy expenditure (EE) and energy intake (EI). Physical activity and exercise, and appetite are the behavioural components of EE and EI, respectively. Beyond EE, exercise is a powerful and complex physiological stimulus acting on several bodily systems. There are multiple effects of frequent and prolonged exercise on appetite which include inter alia an increase in fasting hunger, an enhancement of post-prandial satiety, a modulation of the hedonic responses to food and improvements in eating behaviour traits. These lead to variable adjustments in EI and in a reduction in the susceptibility to overconsumption. Frequent and prolonged physical activity and exercise behaviour can strengthen and sensitise the appetite control system, whilst physical inactivity and sedentariness (low level of EE) fails to downregulate EI and can permit overconsumption. Not all of the effects of exercise operate uniformly to drive appetite in the same direction. The complexity of the interaction between EE and EI means that the effects of prolonged exercise are characterised by substantial individual heterogeneity. This leads to variable effects on energy balance and body mass.
Assuntos
Regulação do Apetite , Apetite , Humanos , Apetite/fisiologia , Obesidade , Saciação/fisiologia , Comportamento Alimentar , Ingestão de Energia/fisiologia , Metabolismo Energético/fisiologiaRESUMO
There is very limited evidence on the influence of diurnal exercise timing on appetite control, and none on food reward or how an individual's chronotype could moderate such effects. We examined the impact of acute exercise timing on perceived appetite and food reward in young Saudi adults with early or late chronotypes. Forty-five young adults (23 ± 4 years; BMI = 25.1 ± 4.0 kg/m2) completed the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) and were divided into early (score = 59 ± 5) or late (score = 41 ± 6) chronotypes. Participants attended the laboratory after ≥4 h fast on two occasions for an AM (8:00-10:00) and PM (17:00-19:00) 30-min moderate-intensity cycling bout in a randomized counterbalanced order. Appetite ratings and food reward (Arab Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire) were measured before and after exercise. An acute exercise-induced decrease in hunger was found, which appeared to be dependent upon diurnal timing and chronotype, with hunger being more suppressed after AM exercise in the early chronotypes and after PM exercise in the late chronotypes. There was greater wanting for low-fat sweet foods after AM exercise relative to PM exercise, whereas there was greater wanting for high-fat sweet food and sweet relative to savoury food after PM exercise compared to AM exercise. These preliminary findings suggest that diurnal timing of exercise impacts food preferences, and that chronotype may influence the appetite response to an exercise bout at different times of day.
Assuntos
Cronotipo , Exercício Físico , Humanos , Masculino , CiclismoRESUMO
Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF15) is seemingly involved in appetite control. Acute exercise increases GDF15 concentrations in lean humans, but acute and long-term effects of exercise on GDF15 in individuals with overweight/obesity are unknown. We investigated the effects of acute exercise and exercise training on GDF15 concentrations in individuals with overweight/obesity and associations with appetite and cardiometabolic markers. 90 physically inactive adults (20-45 years) with overweight/obesity were randomized to 6-months habitual lifestyle (CON, n=16), or isocaloric exercise of moderate (MOD, n=37) or vigorous intensity (VIG, n=37), 5 days/week. Testing was performed at baseline, 3, and 6 months. Plasma GDF15 concentrations, other metabolic markers, and subjective appetite were assessed fasted and in response to acute exercise before an ad libitum meal. Cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, insulin sensitivity, and intraabdominal adipose tissue were measured. At baseline, GDF15 increased 18% (95%CI: 4; 34) immediately after acute exercise and 32% (16; 50) 60 min post-exercise. Fasting GDF15 increased 21% (0; 46) in VIG after 3 months (p=0.045), but this attenuated at 6 months (13% (-11; 43), p=0.316) and was unchanged in MOD (11% (-6; 32), p=0.224, across 3 and 6 months). Post-exercise GDF15 did not change in MOD or VIG. GDF15 was not associated with appetite or energy intake. Higher GDF15 was associated with lower cardiorespiratory fitness, central obesity, dyslipidemia, and poorer glycemic control. In conclusion, GDF15 increased in response to acute exercise but was unaffected by exercise training. Higher GDF15 concentrations were associated with a less favorable cardiometabolic profile but not with markers of appetite. This suggests that GDF15 increases in response to acute exercise independent of training state. Whether this has an impact on free-living energy intake and body weight management needs investigation.
Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares , Sobrepeso , Adulto , Humanos , Apetite/fisiologia , Ingestão de Energia/fisiologia , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Fator 15 de Diferenciação de Crescimento , Obesidade/complicações , Sobrepeso/metabolismo , Adulto Jovem , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Producing negative energy balance rests on the creation of energy deficits that have been shown, depending on their modality, to induce potential appetitive compensatory responses. The aim of this study was to compare energy intake (EI), appetite feelings, and the hedonic responses to equivalent acute energy deficits induced by exercise versus energy restriction in adolescents with obesity. METHODS: In a within-participants design, seventeen adolescents with obesity (12-16 years, Tanner stage 3-5, 9 males) randomly completed three conditions: i) control (CON); ii) deficit induced by diet only (Def-EI); and iii) deficit induced by exercise only (Def-EX). Lunch was calibrated to generate a 400-kcal deficit in Def-EI and remained similar in CON and Def-EX. A 400-kcal deficit was created through a cycling bout set at 65% VO2peak in Def-EX. Ad libitum EI, macronutrient intake and relative EI (REI) were assessed at dinner, subjective appetite sensations taken at regular intervals, and food reward measured before dinner. RESULTS: Food intake at dinner was greater in Def-EI (1112 ± 265 kcal) compared to CON (983 ± 277 kcal; p = 0.005) and Def-EX (1009 ± 281 kcal; p = 0.025). Absolute protein and lipid intake were significantly higher in Def-EI (52.4 ± 9.5 g and 36.8 ± 8.9 g respectively) compared with both CON (44.9 ± 12.6 g; p = 0.001 and 33.8 ± 10.1 g; p = 0.002 respectively) and Def-EX (47.3 ± 11.8 g, p = 0.018, 35.4 ± 10.1 g, p = 0.036 respectively). Area under the curve (AUC) for hunger, desire to eat and prospective food consumption were significantly higher in Def-EI compared with both CON (p = 0.0001) and Def-EX (p = 0.0001). AUC for fullness was significantly lower on Def-EI compared with CON and Def-EX (p = 0.0001). Implicit wanting for sweet food was significantly lower on Def-EX (p = 0.031), relative to CON. CONCLUSION: Appetitive compensatory responses that are observed after iso-caloric energy restriction in adolescents with obesity are absent with acute exercise, which could contribute to optimize our impact on short-term energy balance.
Assuntos
Obesidade Infantil , Masculino , Adolescente , Humanos , Dieta , Apetite/fisiologia , Ingestão de Energia/fisiologia , Ingestão de Alimentos/fisiologia , Metabolismo Energético/fisiologiaRESUMO
This secondary analysis examined the influence of changes in physical activity (PA), sedentary time and energy expenditure (EE) during dietary energy restriction on the rate of weight loss (WL) and 1-year follow-up weight change in women with overweight/obesity.Measurements of body weight and composition (air-displacement plethysmography), resting metabolic rate (indirect calorimetry), total daily (TDEE) and activity EE (AEE), minutes of PA and sedentary time (PA monitor) were taken at baseline, after 2 weeks, after ≥5% WL or 12 weeks of continuous (25% daily energy deficit) or intermittent (75% daily energy deficit alternated with ad libitum day) energy restriction, and at 1-year post-WL. The rate of WL was calculated as total %WL/number of dieting weeks. Data from both groups were combined for analyses.Thirty-seven participants (age=35±10y; BMI=29.1±2.3kg/m2) completed the intervention (WL=-5.9±1.6%) and 18 returned at 1-year post-WL (weight change=+4.5±5.2%). Changes in sedentary time at 2 weeks were associated with the rate of WL during energy restriction (r=-0.38; p=0.03). Changes in total (r=0.54; p<0.01), light (r=0.43; p=0.01) and moderate-to-vigorous PA (r=0.55; p<0.01), sedentary time (r=-0.52; p<0.01), steps per day (r=0.39; p=0.02), TDEE (r=0.46; p<0.01) and AEE (r=0.51; p<0.01) during energy restriction were associated with the rate of WL. Changes in total (r=-0.50; p=0.04) and moderate-to-vigorous PA (r=-0.61; p=0.01) between post-WL and follow-up were associated with 1-year weight change (r=-0.51; p=0.04).These findings highlight that PA and sedentary time could act as modifiable behavioural targets to promote better weight outcomes during dietary energy restriction and/or weight maintenance.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: While the popularity of aquatic physical activities continues to grow among women, the effects on energy expenditure (EE) and appetite control remain unknown. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of water temperature during aqua-cycling session on EE, rate of perceived exertion, energy intake, appetite sensations, and food reward in healthy premenopausal women. METHODS: Participants completed three experimental sessions, in the postprandial condition, in a randomized order: a land control session (CON), an aqua-cycling session in 18 °C (EXO18), and an aqua-cycling session in 27 °C (EXO27). The EE, food intake, appetite sensations, and food reward were investigated for each condition. RESULTS: EXO18 induced a significant increase in EE (p < .001) and oxygen consumption (p < .01) compared with EXO27. The carbohydrate oxidation was higher in EXO18 session compared with EXO27 and CON (p < .05 and p < .001, respectively). While fat oxidation was higher in exercise sessions compared with CONT (p < .01), no difference was observed between EXO18 and EXO27. Exercise sessions did not alter absolute energy intake session but induced a decrease in relative energy intake (p < .001) and in hunger, desire to eat, and prospective food consumption compared with CON (p < .001). The authors also show here that cold-water exposure can increase EE while rate of perceived exertion is lower at the end of exercise session compared with same exercise at 27 °C (p < .05). CONCLUSION: An exposure to a moderately cold-water during aqua-cycling is an efficient strategy to promote increased EE and decreased hunger, which may be effective for energy balance management in healthy premenopausal women.
Assuntos
Apetite/fisiologia , Ciclismo/fisiologia , Temperatura Baixa , Metabolismo Energético/fisiologia , Esforço Físico/fisiologia , Água , Carboidratos da Dieta/metabolismo , Ingestão de Alimentos , Ingestão de Energia , Feminino , Preferências Alimentares , Temperatura Alta , Humanos , Fome , Oxirredução , Consumo de Oxigênio/fisiologia , Percepção , Período Pós-Prandial , Pré-Menopausa , Distribuição Aleatória , Recompensa , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Continuous energy restriction (CER) is purported to be problematic because of reductions in fat-free mass (FFM), compensatory motivation to overeat, and weakened satiety. Intermittent energy restriction (IER) is an alternative behavioral weight loss (WL) strategy that may mitigate some of these limitations. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the DIVA study was to compare the effects of CER and IER on appetite when the degree of WL (≥5%) is matched. METHODS: Women with overweight/obesity (BMI 25.0-34.9 kg/m2; age 18-55 y) were recruited for this controlled-feeding RCT via CER (25% daily energy restriction) or IER (alternating ad libitum and 75% energy restriction days). Probe days were conducted at baseline and post-intervention to assess body composition, ad libitum energy intake and subjective appetite in response to a fixed-energy breakfast, and eating behavior traits. After baseline measurements, participants were allocated to CER (n = 22) or IER (n = 24). Per protocol analyses (≥5% WL within 12 wk) were conducted with use of repeated measures ANOVA. RESULTS: Thirty of 37 completers reached ≥5% WL [CER (n = 18): 6.3 ± 0.8% in 57 ± 16 d, IER (n = 12): 6.6 ± 1.1% in 67 ± 13 d; % WL P = 0.43 and days P = 0.10]. Fat mass [-3.9 (95% CI: -4.3, -3.4) kg] and FFM [-1.3 (95% CI: -1.6, -1.0) kg] were reduced post-WL (P < 0.001), with no group differences. Self-selected meal size decreased post-WL in CER (P = 0.03) but not in IER (P = 0.19). Hunger AUC decreased post-WL (P < 0.05), with no group differences. Satiety quotient remained unchanged and was similar in both groups. Both interventions improved dietary restraint, craving control, susceptibility to hunger, and binge eating (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Controlled ≥5% WL via CER or IER did not differentially affect changes in body composition, reductions in hunger, and improvements in eating behavior traits. This suggests that neither CER nor IER lead to compensatory adaptations in appetite in women with overweight/obesity. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03447600.
Assuntos
Apetite , Restrição Calórica , Dieta Redutora , Comportamento Alimentar , Obesidade/terapia , Sobrepeso/terapia , Adulto , Metabolismo Basal , Composição Corporal , Ingestão de Energia , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Cooperação do PacienteRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND AIM: Exercise timing has been suggested to affect appetite and energy intake (EI). The aim of this study was to examine the impact of exercising immediately before or after a meal on EI, appetite sensations and food reward (FR) in adolescents with obesity. METHODS AND RESULTS: Seventeen adolescents with obesity completed 3 experimental sessions (randomized controlled trial): rest + lunch (CON); exercise + lunch (EX-MEAL); lunch + exercise (MEAL-EX). The exercise consisted of cycling 30 min at 65%VÌO2peak. Outcomes included ad libitum EI (weighed lunch and dinner), FR (Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire at pre- and post-combination of exercise/rest and lunch, and pre-dinner) and appetite sensations (visual analogue scales). EI was not different between conditions. Compared with CON, relative EI at lunch was lower in EX-MEAL and MEAL-EX (p ≤ 0.05) and daily only in MEAL-EX (p < 0.01). Postprandial fullness was higher in EX-MEAL compared to CON. Compared with CON, both EX-MEAL and MEAL-EX attenuated the increase in wanting for sweet food and reduced explicit liking for fat. CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary results suggest that exercising immediately before or after a meal produce few differences in appetite and have small beneficial effects on overall energy balance in adolescents with obesity, as well as on FR. CLINICAL TRIALS: NCT03967782.
Assuntos
Comportamento do Adolescente , Comportamento Infantil , Ingestão de Energia , Exercício Físico , Comportamento Alimentar , Obesidade Infantil/terapia , Período Pós-Prandial , Adolescente , Fatores Etários , Regulação do Apetite , Ciclismo , Criança , Feminino , França , Humanos , Masculino , Obesidade Infantil/diagnóstico , Obesidade Infantil/fisiopatologia , Obesidade Infantil/psicologia , Recompensa , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To determine the accuracy of wrist and arm-worn activity monitors' estimates of energy expenditure (EE). DATA SOURCES: SportDISCUS (EBSCOHost), PubMed, MEDLINE (Ovid), PsycINFO (EBSCOHost), Embase (Ovid) and CINAHL (EBSCOHost). DESIGN: A random effects meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the difference in EE estimates between activity monitors and criterion measurements. Moderator analyses were conducted to determine the benefit of additional sensors and to compare the accuracy of devices used for research purposes with commercially available devices. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: We included studies validating EE estimates from wrist-worn or arm-worn activity monitors against criterion measures (indirect calorimetry, room calorimeters and doubly labelled water) in healthy adult populations. RESULTS: 60 studies (104 effect sizes) were included in the meta-analysis. Devices showed variable accuracy depending on activity type. Large and significant heterogeneity was observed for many devices (I2 >75%). Combining heart rate or heat sensing technology with accelerometry decreased the error in most activity types. Research-grade devices were statistically more accurate for comparisons of total EE but less accurate than commercial devices during ambulatory activity and sedentary tasks. CONCLUSIONS: EE estimates from wrist and arm-worn devices differ in accuracy depending on activity type. Addition of physiological sensors improves estimates of EE, and research-grade devices are superior for total EE. These data highlight the need to improve estimates of EE from wearable devices, and one way this can be achieved is with the addition of heart rate to accelerometry. PROSPEROREGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42018085016.
Assuntos
Acelerometria/instrumentação , Acelerometria/normas , Metabolismo Energético , Monitores de Aptidão Física/normas , Acelerometria/métodos , Atividades Cotidianas , Braço , Ciclismo/fisiologia , Desenho de Equipamento , Frequência Cardíaca/fisiologia , Humanos , Corrida/fisiologia , Comportamento Sedentário , Subida de Escada/fisiologia , Caminhada/fisiologia , PunhoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: There is evidence that the energetic demand of metabolically active tissue is associated with day-to-day food intake (EI). However, the extent to which behavioural components of total daily energy expenditure (EE) such as activity energy expenditure (AEE) are also associated with EI is unknown. Therefore, the present study examined the cross-sectional associations between body composition, resting metabolic rate (RMR), AEE and EI. METHODS: Data for 242 individuals (114 males; 128 females; BMI = 25.7 ± 4.9 kg/m2) were collated from the baseline control conditions of five studies employing common measures of body composition (air displacement plethysmography) and RMR (indirect calorimetry). Daily EI (weighed-dietary records) and EE (FLEX heart rate) were measured over 6-7 days, and AEE was calculated as total daily EE minus RMR. RESULTS: Linear regression indicated that RMR (ß = 0.39; P < 0.001), fat mass (ß = -0.26; P < 0.001) and AEE (ß = 0.18; P = 0.002) were independent predictors of mean daily EI, with AEE adding ≈3% of variance to the model after controlling for age, sex and study (F(10, 231) = 18.532, P < 0.001; R2 = 0.445). Path analyses indicated that the effect of FFM on mean daily EI was mediated by RMR (P < 0.05), while direct (ß = 0.19; P < 0.001) and indirect (ß = 0.20; P = 0.001) associations between AEE and mean daily EI were observed. CONCLUSIONS: When physical activity was allowed to vary under free-living conditions, AEE was associated with mean daily EI independently of other biological determinants of EI arising from body composition and RMR. These data suggest that EE per se exerts influence over daily food intake, with both metabolic (RMR) and behavioral (AEE) components of total daily EE potentially influencing EI via their contribution to daily energy requirements.
Assuntos
Dieta/estatística & dados numéricos , Ingestão de Energia/fisiologia , Metabolismo Energético/fisiologia , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Adulto , Composição Corporal/fisiologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: A growing number of studies suggest that exposure to cues which are associated with weight control can prime or prompt controlled food intake in tempting food environments. However, findings are mixed and understanding which types of cues and for whom such cues may be most effective is needed to inform subsequent research and societal applications. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to evaluate the effects of exposure to weight control cues compared with control cues on food intake. METHODS: PsycINFO, Medline, Embase and Web of Science were searched using key terms. Hedge's g was used to calculate effect sizes based on mean food intake, standard deviations and sample sizes extracted from relevant publications and, a random effects model was used for the meta-analysis. RESULTS: Twenty-five articles consisting of 26 studies were eligible. Data from 25 studies (31 effect sizes) were available for the meta-analysis. Overall, weight control cues reduced food intake, albeit to a trivial effect (ES: -0.149, 95% CI: -0.271 to - 0.027). Subgroup analyses when studies which induced negative affect were removed showed that for individuals with strong weight control goals the effect was small-to-moderate (ES: -0.440, 95% CI: -0.718 to - 0.163), whereas for individuals with weak weight control goals this effect was trivial and non-significant (ES: 0.014, 95% CI: -0.249 to 0.278). Cue type and level of engagement did not significantly moderate the effect; however, specific cues (low-calorie foods and thin models) and attended engagement yielded significant effects. Caution is needed interpreting these findings as most studies were rated with high risk of bias and a number of studies could not be included in the subgroup analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the data available, weight control cues reduce food intake in individuals with strong weight control goals. Further research is needed to explore longer term effects of cue exposure and confirm underlying mechanisms. PROSPERO registry#CRD42016052396.
Assuntos
Peso Corporal , Sinais (Psicologia) , Ingestão de Alimentos , Ingestão de Energia , Comportamento Alimentar , Objetivos , Obesidade , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Obesidade/etiologia , Obesidade/prevenção & controle , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Passive overconsumption is the increase in energy intake driven by the high-fat energy-dense food environment. This can be explained in part because dietary fat has a weaker effect on satiation (i.e. process that terminates feeding). Habitually active individuals show improved satiety (i.e. process involved in post-meal suppression of hunger) but any improvement in satiation is unknown. Here we examined whether habitual physical activity mitigates passive overconsumption through enhanced satiation in response to a high-fat meal. METHODS: Twenty-one non-obese individuals with high levels of physical activity (HiPA) and 19 individuals with low levels of physical activity (LoPA) matched for body mass index (mean = 22.8 kg/m2) were recruited. Passive overconsumption was assessed by comparing ad libitum energy intake from covertly manipulated high-fat (HFAT; 50% fat) or high-carbohydrate (HCHO; 70% carbohydrate) meals in a randomized crossover design. Habitual physical activity was assessed using SenseWear accelerometers (SWA). Body composition, resting metabolic rate, eating behaviour traits, fasting appetite-related peptides and hedonic food reward were also measured. RESULTS: In the whole sample, passive overconsumption was observed with greater energy intake at HFAT compared to HCHO (p < 0.01), without any differences between activity groups (p > 0.05). SWA confirmed that HiPA were more active than LoPA (p < 0.01). HiPA had lower body fat and greater fat-free mass than LoPA (p < 0.05 for both) but did not differ in resting metabolic rate, eating behaviour traits, appetite-related peptides or food reward (p > 0.05 for all). CONCLUSIONS: Non-obese individuals with high or low physical activity levels but matched for BMI showed similar susceptibility to passive overconsumption when consuming an ad libitum high-fat compared to a high-carbohydrate meal. This occurred despite increased total daily energy expenditure and improved body composition in HiPA. Greater differences in body composition and/or physical activity levels may be required to impact on satiation.
Assuntos
Apetite , Peso Corporal , Gorduras na Dieta/farmacologia , Ingestão de Energia/efeitos dos fármacos , Metabolismo Energético/fisiologia , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Resposta de Saciedade/efeitos dos fármacos , Tecido Adiposo/metabolismo , Adulto , Regulação do Apetite , Composição Corporal , Índice de Massa Corporal , Carboidratos da Dieta/farmacologia , Gorduras na Dieta/efeitos adversos , Ingestão de Alimentos , Ingestão de Energia/fisiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Hiperfagia , Masculino , Refeições , Obesidade , Valores de Referência , Saciação/efeitos dos fármacos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Weight loss results from a negative energy balance, when energy intake (EI) is less than energy expended, e.g., from physical activity (PA). However, PA may impact energy balance beyond energy expenditure alone, through indirect effects on eating behavior. Yet, no research has examined if engaging in PA-a central component of most weight loss programs-is associated with same-day EI among individuals with overweight/obesity pursuing weight loss. METHOD: Adults (N = 101) with overweight/obesity in a weight loss program were prescribed a reduced-calorie diet and PA regimen (250 min of moderate-to-vigorous PA at midtreatment). For 3 weeks at midtreatment, PA and EI were measured via an accelerometer and self-monitoring app, respectively. Multilevel models examined within-person relations between PA and EI preceding PA ("pre-PA"), acutely following PA ("acute post-PA," the 2 hr following PA), in the time following the acute post-PA period ("remaining time in day"), and across entire PA days ("full-day"), relative to non-PA matched time periods. RESULTS: EI was higher in the pre-PA and acute post-PA periods. There were no reliable differences in EI during the remaining time in day nor across the full-day on PA days versus within-subject matched non-PA days. There also was insufficient evidence to suggest EI pre-PA, post-PA, or across entire PA days, relative to non-PA matched time periods, was associated with percent weight change. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that engaging in PA was associated with different within-person EI patterns compared to non-PA days, though there was little evidence to support that these patterns relate to weight change. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
Assuntos
Ingestão de Energia , Sobrepeso , Adulto , Humanos , Obesidade , Exercício Físico , Metabolismo EnergéticoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Sweeteners and sweetness enhancers (S&SE) are used to replace energy yielding sugars and maintain sweet taste in a wide range of products, but controversy exists about their effects on appetite and endocrine responses in reduced or no added sugar solid foods. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the acute (1 day) and repeated (two-week daily) ingestive effects of 2 S&SE vs. sucrose formulations of biscuit with fruit filling on appetite and endocrine responses in adults with overweight and obesity. METHODS: In a randomised crossover trial, 53 healthy adults (33 female, 20 male) with overweight/obesity in England and France consumed biscuits with fruit filling containing 1) sucrose, or reformulated with either 2) Stevia Rebaudioside M (StRebM) or 3) Neotame daily during three, two-week intervention periods with a two-week washout. The primary outcome was composite appetite score defined as [desire to eat + hunger + (100 - fullness) + prospective consumption]/4. FINDINGS: Each formulation elicited a similar reduction in appetite sensations (3-h postprandial net iAUC). Postprandial insulin (2-h iAUC) was lower after Neotame (95% CI (0.093, 0.166); p < 0.001; d = -0.71) and StRebM (95% CI (0.133, 0.205); p < 0.001; d = -1.01) compared to sucrose, and glucose was lower after StRebM (95% CI (0.023, 0.171); p < 0.05; d = -0.39) but not after Neotame (95% CI (-0.007, 0.145); p = 0.074; d = -0.25) compared to sucrose. There were no differences between S&SE or sucrose formulations on ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide 1 or pancreatic polypeptide iAUCs. No clinically meaningful differences between acute vs. two-weeks of daily consumption were found. INTERPRETATION: In conclusion, biscuits reformulated to replace sugar using StRebM or Neotame showed no differences in appetite or endocrine responses, acutely or after a two-week exposure, but can reduce postprandial insulin and glucose response in adults with overweight or obesity. FUNDING: The present study was funded by the Horizon 2020 program: Sweeteners and sweetness enhancers: Impact on health, obesity, safety and sustainability (acronym: SWEET, grant no: 774293).
Assuntos
Apetite , Dipeptídeos , Diterpenos do Tipo Caurano , Stevia , Trissacarídeos , Adulto , Masculino , Humanos , Feminino , Sacarose/farmacologia , Sobrepeso/tratamento farmacológico , Paladar , Estudos Cross-Over , Estudos Prospectivos , Glicemia , Obesidade/tratamento farmacológico , Edulcorantes/farmacologia , Glucose , Insulina/farmacologia , Açúcares/farmacologiaRESUMO
At present, it is unclear whether eating behavior traits (EBT) predict objectively measured short-term energy intake (EI) and longer-term energy balance as estimated by body mass index (BMI). This systematic review examined the impact of EBT on BMI and laboratory-based measures of EI in adults ( ≥ 18 years) in any BMI category, excluding self-report measures of EI. Articles were searched up until 28th October 2021 using MEDLINE, PsycINFO, EMBASE and Web of Science. Sixteen EBT were identified and the association between 10 EBT, EI and BMI were assessed using a random-effects meta-analysis. Other EBT outcomes were synthesized qualitatively. Risk of bias was assessed with the mixed methods appraisal tool. A total of 83 studies were included (mean BMI = 25.20 kg/m2 , mean age = 27 years and mean sample size = 70). Study quality was rated moderately high overall, with some concerns in sampling strategy and statistical analyses. Susceptibility to hunger (n = 6) and binge eating (n = 7) were the strongest predictors of EI. Disinhibition (n = 8) was the strongest predictor of BMI. Overall, EBT may be useful as phenotypic markers of susceptibility to overconsume or develop obesity (PROSPERO: CRD42021288694).
Assuntos
Ingestão de Energia , Comportamento Alimentar , Adulto , Humanos , Índice de Massa Corporal , Comportamento Alimentar/fisiologia , Obesidade , Autorrelato , Ingestão de AlimentosRESUMO
CONTEXT: In addition to the low energy expenditure induced by sedentary behaviors such as sitting, it has been shown that intense cognitive work can lead to an increase in food intake. Walking Desk provide the opportunity for office workers to replace prolonged sitting at work with light intensity physical activity. OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of sitting vs standing vs walking during a cognitive task on energy intake, appetite sensations, food reward and overall energy balance. METHODS: Fifteen normal weight (BMI: 24.1 ± 1.2 kg m-2) young men (23.4 ± 2.1 years) randomly performed three conditions: sitting desk (SitD), standing desk (StD) and walking desk (WD), while performing a 45-min cognitive task. Energy expenditure was measured by indirect calorimetry, regular appetite sensations were assessed using visual analogue scales, energy intake measured during an ad libitum meal and the relative energy intake calculated. Pre and post-test meal food reward was evaluated through the Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire. RESULTS: Relative energy intake decreased by 150 kcal in WD compared with SitD, however it did not reach statistical significance. There were no differences in appetite sensations nor food reward between the three conditions. Energy expenditure was significantly higher in WD (141.8 ± 13 kcal) than in SitD (78.7 ± 5 8 kcal) and StD (85.9 ± 8 kcal) (p ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSION: Walking desk use can decrease sedentary time while working without any appetitive compensation. The small reduction in energy balance with walking while working could induce significant health benefits if repeated over time. Future longer studies need to clarify whether active desks can contribute to the prevention or management of weight gain.
Assuntos
Cognição , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto Jovem , Apetite , Cognição/fisiologia , Ingestão de Energia , Metabolismo Energético/fisiologia , Comportamento Sedentário , Caminhada/fisiologia , AdultoRESUMO
The Eating Disorders In weight-related Therapy (EDIT) Collaboration brings together data from randomised controlled trials of behavioural weight management interventions to identify individual participant risk factors and intervention strategies that contribute to eating disorder risk. We present a protocol for a systematic review and individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis which aims to identify participants at risk of developing eating disorders, or related symptoms, during or after weight management interventions conducted in adolescents or adults with overweight or obesity. We systematically searched four databases up to March 2022 and clinical trials registries to May 2022 to identify randomised controlled trials of weight management interventions conducted in adolescents or adults with overweight or obesity that measured eating disorder risk at pre- and post-intervention or follow-up. Authors from eligible trials have been invited to share their deidentified IPD. Two IPD meta-analyses will be conducted. The first IPD meta-analysis aims to examine participant level factors associated with a change in eating disorder scores during and following a weight management intervention. To do this we will examine baseline variables that predict change in eating disorder risk within intervention arms. The second IPD meta-analysis aims to assess whether there are participant level factors that predict whether participation in an intervention is more or less likely than no intervention to lead to a change in eating disorder risk. To do this, we will examine if there are differences in predictors of eating disorder risk between intervention and no-treatment control arms. The primary outcome will be a standardised mean difference in global eating disorder score from baseline to immediately post-intervention and at 6- and 12- months follow-up. Identifying participant level risk factors predicting eating disorder risk will inform screening and monitoring protocols to allow early identification and intervention for those at risk.
Assuntos
Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos , Sobrepeso , Adulto , Adolescente , Humanos , Sobrepeso/complicações , Sobrepeso/terapia , Obesidade , Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos/terapia , Terapia Comportamental , Revisões Sistemáticas como Assunto , Metanálise como AssuntoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Fat-free mass (FFM) has been shown to be positively associated with hunger and energy intake, an association mediated by resting metabolic rate (RMR). However, FFM comprises a heterogeneous group of tissues with distinct metabolic rates, and it remains unknown how specific high-metabolic rate organs contribute to the degree of perceived hunger. OBJECTIVE: To examine whether FFM and its anatomical components were associated with fasting hunger when assessed at the tissue-organ level. DESIGN: Body composition (quantitative magnetic resonance and magnetic resonance imaging), RMR and whole-body glucose oxidation (indirect calorimetry), HOMA-index as a marker of insulin sensitivity, nitrogen balance and fasting hunger (visual analogue scales) were assessed in 21 healthy males (age = 25 ± 3y; BMI = 23.4 ± 2.1 kg/m2) after 3 days of controlled energy balance. RESULTS: FFM (rs = 0.39; p = 0.09), RMR (rs = 0.52; p = 0.02) and skeletal muscle mass (rs = 0.57; p = 0.04), but not fat mass (rs = -0.01; p = 0.99), were positively associated with fasting hunger. The association between the combined mass of high-metabolic rate organs (i.e., brain, liver, kidneys and heart; rs = 0.58; p = 0.006) and fasting hunger was stronger than with FFM as a uniform body component. The strongest individual association was between liver mass and fasting hunger (rs = 0.51; p = 0.02). No associations were observed between glucose parameters, markers of insulin sensitivity and fasting hunger. The encephalic measure, an index of brain-to-body energy allocation, was negatively associated with fasting hunger (rs = -0.51; p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Fasting hunger was more strongly associated with the combined mass of high-metabolic rate organs than with FFM as a uniform body component, highlighting the importance of integrating individual tissue-organ masses and their functional correlates into homeostatic models of human appetite. The association between liver mass and fasting hunger may reflect its role in ensuring the brain's basal energy needs are met.